Abstract: Studies on wood durability have highlighted the use of new environmentally friendly substances. In this sense, research carried out with Amazonian forest species is extremely important for the discovery of new bioactive substances from durable wood and its residues. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antitermitic and antifungal potential of extracts obtained from industrial processing residues of wood species from Central Amazonia, Brazil. The sawdust of seven Amazonian wood species were collected to obtain extracts and quantify the extractive content. The extracts produced were tested for inhibition of fungal growth of Rhodonia placenta and Trametes versicolor and impregnated in low natural durability wood known as Simarouba amara (marupa) to verify the effect on wood natural durability against Nasutitermes sp. termites and Gloeophyllum trabeum fungus. Simarouba amara (marupa) wood was easily impregnated and showed satisfactory retention values. The species Buchenavia sp., Dinizia excelsa (red angelim), Hymenolobium flavum (angelim pedra) and Manilkara elata (maçaranduba) exhibited high contents of secondary metabolites. It was observed that the extracts of Roupala montana (louro faia) and Hymenolobium flavum (angelim pedra) exhibited the best performance in inhibiting fungal growth. In the accelerated decay test, marupa wood impregnated with Buchenavia sp. (tanimbuca) extract showed the lowest weight loss after exposure to the fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum. In the termite choice feeding test, wood impregnated with Dinizia excelsa (red angelim) and Buchenavia sp. (tanimbuca) extracts were most consumed and the extracts of Roupala montana (louro faia), Cordia sp., Hymenolobium flavum (angelim pedra) and Manilkara elata (maçaranduba) provided greater inhibition of termite attack. The combination of extracts must be tested in future studies to verify the synergistic effect, in addition to the chemical analyses of the selected extracts.

RESUMO A avaliação da resistência natural da madeira a organismos xilófagos é de importância fundamental na escolha de espécies a serem utilizadas na construção civil e na indústria de móveis. Assim, avaliaram-se os efeitos do teor de extrativos e da densidade na resistência biológica das madeiras deAcacia mangium, Casuarina equisetifolia, Corymbia torelliana, Eucalyptus cloeziana, Tectona grandis e Caesalpinia echinata ao térmita xilófago Nasutitermes corniger, em condições de laboratório. Corpos de prova, com dimensões de 2,00 x 2,54 x 0,64 cm (radial x longitudinal x tangencial) foram retirados de cada madeira em quatro posições no sentido medula-casca (cerne interno, cerne mediano, cerne externo e alburno). As madeiras foram expostas à ação dos térmitas por 28 dias em ensaio de alimentação forçada. As amostras não selecionadas para o ensaio com os térmitas foram transformadas em serragem e os extrativos obtidos da fração que passou pela peneira de 40 e ficou retida na de 60 "mesh". A resistência natural da madeira, dentre as posições medula-casca, para as espécies estudadas, não está correlacionada com a densidade e teor de extrativos das mesmas. No entanto, entre as madeiras, aquelas com maiores densidade e teor de extrativos são mais resistentes. As madeiras com maior resistência biológica ao térmitaNasutitermes corniger (menores perda de massa, desgaste e tempo de sobrevivência dos insetos) são Corymbia torelliana eCaesalpinia echinata e a de menor resistência aCasuarina equisetifolia.

ABSTRACT The evaluation of the natural resistance of wood to wood-destroying organisms is of fundamental importance in the choice of species to be used in buildings and furniture industry. Thus, the effects of extractives and wood density on biological resistance of Acacia mangium, Casuarina equisetifolia, Corymbia torelliana, Eucalyptus cloeziana, Tectona grandis andCaesalpinia echinata woods to the xylophagous termiteNasutitermes corniger was evaluated under laboratory conditions. Test samples, with dimensions of 2.00 x 2.54 x 0.64 cm (radial x tangential x longitudinal) in four positions in pith-bark direction (internal heart, intermediate heart, outer heart and sapwood) were taken. The woods were exposed to termite action for 28 days in no-choice feeding test. The samples not selected for the termite test were turned into sawdust and the extractive contents were obtained using the shavings that passed through the sieve of 40 and were retained in the sieve of 60 mesh. The wood natural resistance, within the pith-bark positions, for the studied species, is not correlated with the density and extractive content. However, among the woods, those with higher density and extractive content are more resistant. The woods with greater biological resistance to the termite Nasutitermes corniger(smaller mass loss, waste and survival time of insects) are Corymbia torelliana and Caesalpinia echinata and of less resistance is Casuarina equisetifolia.

O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar a eficiência do preservativo CCB na melhoria da resistência de duas espécies de bambu (Bambusa vulgaris e Dendrocalamus giganteus) à ação de cupins e coleópteros xilófagos. As hastes de bambu coletadas nas proximidades dos municípios de Alegre e Jerônimo Monteiro, sul do Espírito Santo, foram transformadas em colmos de 2,0 m de comprimento e tratadas em solução de 1 ou 3% de ingredientes ativos (i.a.) do produto comercial "MOQ OX 50", à base de cobre, cromo e boro (CCB). Os métodos de tratamento empregados foram os de transpiração radial (diafragma integro e rompido), imersão prolongada e Boucherie modificado. Nos métodos por transpiração radial e imersão prolongada, os colmos foram expostos nas soluções por períodos de 5, 10 ou 15 dias, já no método de Boucherie modificado não houve segregação entre os tempos de tratamento. Para avaliar a eficiência dos métodos, foram retiradas amostras na posição a 50 cm da base dos colmos. Nos ensaios foram utilizados térmitas da espécie Nasutitermes corniger e o coleóptero Dinoderus minutus. A partir das análises dos resultados obtidos, foi verificado que, as duas espécies de bambu tratadas apresentaram alta resistência ao ataque dos cupins e coleópteros, e inclusive as amostras não tratadas apresentaram baixa perda de massa quando submetidas aos ensaios.

The research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of CCB preservative in improving the resistance of two bamboo species (Bambusa vulgaris and Dendrocalamus giganteus) the action of termites and xylophagous beetles. The bamboo stems collected in the vicinity of Alegre and Jerônimo Monteiro, towns of southern Espírito Santo state, Brazil, were transformed into culms of 2.0 m long and treated in a solution of 1 or 3% active ingredient (a.i.) of the commercial product "MOQ OX 50", based on copper, chromium and boron (CCB).The treatment methods used were the sap displacement (intact and ruptured diaphragm), long-term immersion and Boucherie modified. In the methods by sap displacement and the long-term immersion the stems were exposed in solutions for periods of 5, 10 or 15 days, and in Boucherie's modified method of treatment there was no segregation between treatment times. To assess the efficiency of the methods, test samples were taken at the position of 50 cm from the base of the stems. In the tests, the termite species Nasutitermes corniger and the beetle Dinoderus minutus were used. Based on the analysis of the results obtained, it was found that the two species of bamboo treated showed high resistance to attack by termites and beetles, and including untreated samples showed low mass loss when subjected to the tests.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a qualidade do tratamento preservativo das espécies de bambu Dendrocalamus giganteus e Bambusa vulgaris submetidas a dois métodos de tratamento. Os bambus foram colhidos em touceiras em Alegre e Jerônimo Monteiro, sul do Espírito Santo. As hastes foram seccionadas em colmos de 2,0 m de comprimento e tratadas em soluções de 1 e 3% de ingredientes ativos (i.a.) de um produto à base de cobre, cromo e boro (CCB). No método de imersão prolongada, os colmos foram imersos na solução por 5, 10 e 15 dias. No método de Boucherie modificado, a solução penetrou no bambu pela ação de uma pressão de 0,7 MPa. Foi avaliada a qualidade do tratamento por meio da penetração e da retenção do CCB nos colmos. Houve maior penetração de i.a. na base dos colmos e a retenção ficou abaixo da recomendada pela norma brasileira para tratamento de madeira.

This study aimed to evaluate the quality of preservative treatment of Bambusa vulgaris and Dendrocalamus giganteus bamboo species employing two treatment methods. The bamboos were collected in clumps in the municipalities of Alegre and Jerônimo Monteiro, southern of Espírito Santo State, Brazil. The stems were sectioned in 2.0 m-long culms and treated in solutions with 1 and 3% of the active ingredients (a.i.) of a product based on copper, chromium and boron (CCB). In the long-term immersion method, the culms were immersed in the solution for 5, 10 and 15 days. In the modified Boucherie method, the solution penetrated the bamboo species using a pressure of 0.7 MPa. Treatment quality was evaluated by means of penetration and retention of CCB in the culms. There was greater penetration of a.i. at the base of the culms, and retention was below recommendation according to the Brazilian standards for wood treatment.

Objetivou-se avaliar a resistência de aglomerados confeccionados com madeira de Acacia mangium Willd. colada com adesivo à base de ureia-formaldeído e taninos a organismos xilófagos. Os painéis foram produzidos com 40 × 40 × 1,27 cm (largura × comprimento × espessura); ao adesivo, foram adicionados 10, 20 e 30% de taninos, sendo empregadas quatro razões de compactação (1,39; 1,55; 1,73 e 2,00). Nos ensaios com fungos e térmitas, utilizaram‑se amostras de 2,50 × 2,50 × 1,27 cm (largura × comprimento × espessura). Empregaram-se os fungos Gloeophyllum trabeum e Trametes versicolor (12 semanas de ensaio) e o térmita Nasutitermes sp. (45 dias de ensaio). Para o Gloeophyllum trabeum, os painéis com maior proporção de taninos e razão de compactação foram mais eficientes. Para o Trametes versicolor, não houve diferença entre os adesivos e razões de compactação utilizados. O Gloeophyllum causou maior perda de massa que o Trametes. Os térmitas consumiram completamente as amostras.

This study aimed to evaluate the resistance of particleboards made of Acacia mangium Willd. wood, bonded with urea-formaldehyde and tannins as adhesive, against xylophagous organisms. Panels of 40 × 40 × 1.27 cm (width x length x thickness) were produced; 10, 20 and 30% of tannins were added to the adhesive; four compaction ratios (1.39; 1.55; 1.73 and 2.00) were employed. Samples of 2.50 × 2.50 × 1.27 cm (width x length x thickness) were used in the tests with fungi and termites. Gloeophyllum trabeum and Trametes versicolor (12 weeks) fungi and Nasutitermes sp. (45 days) termites were employed in the tests. Panels with the highest compaction ratio and proportion of tannins provided the most effective resistance to Gloeophyllum trabeum. No difference between the adhesives and compaction ratios was observed for Trametes versicolor. Gloeophyllum trabeum caused greater mass loss than Trametes versicolor. The samples were completely consumed by the termites.