Abstract: School connivance is referred to as one of the difficulties to be solved in the academic field. The study proposes to analyze the psychometric properties of the M-EP scale, adapted to the Dominican Republic and to investigate the perception of norms of school connivance by students from the educational community of Santo Sunday and its influence in the appearance of violent situations in the school setting. 1945 students from different primary education centers in Santo Domingo participated, aged between 11 and 17 years old. The instruments used were: The M-EP, which evaluates measures to improve school connivance perceived, and, the CUVE3-EP, which assesses the frequency with which the students consider that occur different types of school violence. The results are discussed in order to guide a more effective intervention.

Resumen: La convivencia escolar refiere una de las dificultades a resolver en el ámbito académico. El estudio plantea analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala M-EP, adaptado a la República Dominicana, investigar la percepción de normas de convivencia escolar por parte de los estudiantes de la comunidad educativa de Santo Domingo, y su influencia en la aparición de situaciones violentas dentro de marco escolar. Participaron 1945 estudiantes procedentes de centros educativos de Santo Domingo, de edades comprendidas entre 11 y 17 años. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: El M-EP, que evalúa medidas de mejora de la convivencia escolar percibida, y el CUVE3-EP, que evalúa la frecuencia con la que el alumnado considera que ocurren diferentes tipos de violencia escolar. Los resultados se discuten con el objeto de orientar una intervención más eficaz.

Abstract Burnout syndrome has had a long history in the public arena of professionals dedicated to the care of the elderly. In this study, we aim to understand the influence of various socio-demographic variables on work-related wear of professionals in public residences. The sample consists of 136 workers of both genders, aged between 18 and 60, who carry out direct care and psychosocial management tasks. The instruments applied were the burnout inventory by Maslach & Jackson (1986), and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) by Goldberg & Hillier (1979). Our results point to the existence of differences by sex in emotional fatigue as well as in burnout in general; and by work seniority (specifically, in personal fulfillment; and in burnout in general). These results will reinforce the need to strengthen the resilience of interdisciplinary professional teams aimed at protecting the health of working people in terms of occupational risk prevention.

Resumen El síndrome deBurnouttiene un largo recorrido histórico en el ámbito público de los profesionales dedicados al cuidado de ancianos. En este estudio pretendemos conocer la influencia de diversas variables sociodemográficas sobre el desgaste laboral en profesionales de residencias públicas. La muestra está constituida por 136 trabajadores de ambos géneros y con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 60 años, que desempeñan labores de atención directa y gestión psicosocial. Los instrumentos aplicados han sido el Inventario deburnoutde Maslach & Jackson (1986), y el Cuestionario de Salud General (GHQ-28), de Goldberg & Hillier (1979). Nuestros resultados refieren la existencia de diferencias por sexo (en el cansancio emocional, así como en elburnouten general) y por tiempo de antigüedad en la profesión (concretamente en realización personal y enburnouten general). Estos resultados van a reforzar la necesidad de potenciar la resiliencia de los equipos interdisciplinares de profesionales orientados a proteger la salud de las personas trabajadoras en materia de prevención de riesgos laborales.

La desadaptación juvenil está asociada con diversos factores psicosociales, y los de carácter familiar y escolar son algunos de los más significativos. El objetivo del estudio es explicar la relación que existe entre los factores de socialización y afrontamiento en la resolución de problemas para el desarrollo de una competencia social adaptada en el periodo adolescente. Para ello, se seleccionaron los participantes mediante un muestreo intencional, con submues-treo por conglomerados, y el total fue de 493 alumnos adolescentes (rango de edad de 12 a 19 años). Los resultados confirman que los adolescentes cuentan con los medios suficientes para afrontar los problemas y optan por la inmediatez de la respuesta, constatando como variables importantes aquellas que tienen que ver con el apoyo social y la consideración de los demás, la influencia negativa del retraimiento social y el autocontrol en las relaciones sociales. Se plantea la importancia del proceso de socialización en el andamiaje para alcanzar una adaptación competente.

The juvenile maladjustment is associated with several psychosocial factors, the family and school some of the most significant. The aim of this study is to explain the relationship between socialization and coping factors in problem solving for the development of social competence adapted in the adolescent period. To this end, participants selected trough by purposive sampling with subsampling cluster with a total of 493 adolescents students (age range 12-19 years). The found results confirm that our teenagers have the means to address problems and opt for the immediacy of the response, noting important variables as those having to do with social support and consideration of others, the negative influence of social withdrawal and self-control in social relations. The importance of the socialization process in the scaffold is proposed to achieve a competent adaptation

Abstract Violence in interpersonal relationships in young people has been the subject of several studies in recent years. Studies of dating violence show that one of the resources available for the young to help perceive and distinguish abusive or violent behaviour is an indicator which increases the ability to recognise as well as confront the reality of abuse. Certain violent behaviour however can be perceived as non-abusive, where the victim and the aggressor can share an abnormal view of the relationship in which possession, jealousy and exclusivity are considered significant elements within the relationship. The objective of this study is to understand and establish the levels of aggravation (degree of tolerance) towards violent behaviour in relationships of engaged adolescent Mexicans affected by abuse, by considering gender and level of perception of abuse as variables. The sample was formed of 3304 young Mexican students between the ages of 13 and 22, containing 1432 boys and 1872 girls, 1383 pursuing university studies, whereas the remaining 1921 were pre-university students. CUVINO was administered in order to determine the abusive conduct and levels of discomfort (tolerance), which allowed us to observe that the highest levels of discomfort, greater than those caused by any other kind of abuse, are experienced by women, especially regarding sexual victimization within the category of those non-abused women that presented a lower level of tolerance. This finding led us to identify, as a major risk factor, those men and women with a high level of tolerance, who did not perceive themselves as having been abused.

AbstractThere is a good deal of evidence suggesting that the prevalence of mental disorders among imprisoned people is significantly higher that in general population. In this context, literature shows that there is an important presence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) within this population. However, research on this topic is lacking. This study estimated the prevalence of ADHD in a penitentiary population by means of positive screening and established the sociodemographic characteristics related to the presence of the disorder. Two different scales of ADHD, widely applied and validated for adult population, were used for this purpose - ASRS and WURS. One-hundred and forty three prisoners between 18 and 69 years old from Villabona's Penitentiary Establishment (Asturias, Spain) took part in this study. Results showed 25% of apparent prevalence of ADHD, using both scales. Statistically significant differences were found in sex, educational level and employment situation, showing different profiles as a function of the presence of ADHD symptoms. These results highlight the need to study the consequences of this disorder within imprisoned populations in order to improve therapeutic management, paying attention to their characteristics.

ResumenDiversos estudios coinciden en señalar que la prevalencia de enfermedades mentales en internos penitenciarios es significativamente mayor que en la población general. En este contexto, la literatura muestra que existe una importante presencia de síntomas del Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (TDAH) en esta población. Sin embargo, la investigación al respecto es escasa. En este estudio se estimó la prevalencia con cribado positivo para TDAH en la población penitenciaria, y se establecieron las características sociodemográficas asociadas al trastorno. Se administraron dos escalas de evaluación del TDAH ampliamente empleadas y validadas en población adulta - ASRS y WURS. Los participantes fueron 143 presos del Establecimiento Penitenciario de Villabona (Asturias, España), con un rango de edad entre 18 y 69 años. Los resultados obtenidos indican una prevalencia aparente del TDAH en torno al 25% utilizando ambas escalas y con resultados coincidentes entre ellas. Además se encontraron diferencias significativas por sexo, por nivel de escolaridad y situación laboral, con diferentes perfiles según la presencia de los síntomas del TDAH. Estos resultados evidencian la necesidad de estudiar las consecuencias de este trastorno en la población penitenciaria, con el objeto de mejorar el manejo terapéutico en este contexto, atendiendo a sus características.

The aim of this study is to examine the prevalence of violent behavior or partner abuse (dating violence), as well as gender differences and level of schooling in a sample of 3495 Mexican youth (1537 males and 1958 females; 55.2% pre-undergraduate and 44.8% undergraduate students) through the eight factors from the CUVINO measure (alpha = .92). The results showed a high prevalence of victimization, especially for the abuse categorized as psychological (detachment, coercion, humiliation), gender-related and sexual-related; Female adolescents report more perpetration of dating violence and less victimization, both at the pre-undergraduate and undergraduate levels. Males have a greater perception of abuse, especially physical, emotional and instrumental punishment, though not higher occurrence behaviors. The implications of the results are discussed.

El objetivo de este estudio es examinar la prevalencia de conductas de violencia o maltrato de pareja (dating violence), y las diferencias por sexo y nivel de estudios a través de los ocho factores reportados desde el cuestionario CUVINO (alfa = .92). La muestra utilizada fue de 3495 jóvenes mexicanos (1537 hombres y 1958 mujeres), de los cuales 55.2% eran preuniversitarios y 44.8% universitarios. Los resultados mostraron una elevada prevalencia de victimización especialmente en el tipo de maltrato categorizado como psicológico (desapego, coerción, humillación), por género y sexual; las adolescentes reportan más perpetración de violencia en el noviazgo y menos victimización, tanto en preuniversitarios como en universitarios. Los varones tienen una percepción de maltrato mayor, especialmente de tipo físico, castigo emocional e instrumental, aunque no son las conductas de mayor ocurrencia. Se discuten las implicaciones de los resultados.

Asumiendo que la percepción del clima emocional resulta de la interacción social del individuo con los eventos del entorno, el estudio considera como necesidad contar con un instrumento para evaluar este clima en un ambiente estresante como el penitenciario. El objetivo es adaptar una escala de clima emocional y a su vez establecer los factores que lo conforman y la relación de estos con el grado de quema de los trabajadores penitenciarios en el desarrollo de su trabajo; asimismo, se busca conformar el grado de estabilidad en el ámbito transcultural. Los participantes son 728 trabajadores de instituciones penitenciarias de Colombia (N = 506; 369 varones y 137 mujeres) y España (N = 222; 164 varones y 58 mujeres), con edades entre 18 y 60 años y que pertenecen principalmente al colectivo de vigilancia. Se utilizaron los instrumentos: Clima emocional organizacional penitenciario (Ruiz, 2007a, 2007b) y el Inventario de burnout de Maslach y Jackson (1981). Los resultados refieren, a través del análisis factorial confirmatorio, una estructura bifactorial: clima positivo y negativo, ofreciendo una buena consistencia tanto para las subescalas y la escala global como en ambas realidades penitenciarias evaluadas, aunque con diferencias significativas en el ámbito transcultural. Las realidades de estrés muestran una convergencia diferencial con respecto a cada uno de los contextos evaluados, a la vez que identifican realidades contextuales diferenciales. Se discuten los resultados en cuanto a la implicación para una mejor comprensión de la estructura bifactorial del clima emocional y sus implicaciones para futuras investigaciones y en cuanto a intervención.

Assuming that the perception of emotional climate results in the social interaction of the individual with environmental events, this study is based on the need for a tool to assess the climate in a stressful environment like prisons. The objective is to adapt an emotional climate scale, whilst establishing the factors that shape it and their relationship to the level of burn-out in prison workers in their work, and seeking to determine the degree of stability at a transcultural level. The participants were 728 prison workers in Colombia (N = 506, 369 men and 137 women) and in Spain (N = 222, 164 males and 58 females), with ages ranging from 18 to 60 years, and were mainly prison guards. The tools used were the CEP- Organizational Emotional Climate in Prisons (Ruiz, 2007a, 2007b) and the Burnout Inventory-MBI by Maslach and Jackson (1981). Using confirmatory factor analysis, the results show a two-factor structure: a positive and negative climate, offering good consistency, both for subscales and global scale, as evaluated in both prison climates, although with significant differences at the transcultural level. The stress variable exhibit differential convergence with respect to each of the contexts evaluated, and identify differential contextual variables. The results are discussed at the level of involvement for a better understanding of the bifactorial structure of emotional climate and its implications for future research and intervention level.

La vinculación entre comportamiento transgresor y consumo de sustancias psicoactivas ha sido estudiada en diferentes investigaciones con el objetivo de establecer una posible relación causal, sin que hasta la fecha se haya llegado a conclusiones definitivas. El objetivo que nos planteamos en este estudio es conocer la edad de inicio al consumo de algunas sustancias, tanto legales como ilegales, dentro de una muestra penitenciaria, separando ésta por el número de ingresos penitenciarios. Participaron 157 reclusos de la cárcel de Villabona (Asturias), de edades que abarcan desde los 19 a los 49 años, siendo solamente mujeres el 5,1%. El número de ingresos en prisión se ha clasificado en dos grupos: Primarios (una sola entrada en la cárcel) y reincidentes (dos ó más ingresos). El análisis de supervivencia realizado mediante el procedimiento Kaplan-Meier, ofrece diferencias significativas en la edad de inicio del consumo en algunas de las sustancias consideradas, resaltando la importancia del inicio precoz en el consumo para identificar la población reclusa reincidente.

The entail between behavior transgressor and consumption of psychoactive substances has been studied in different investigations by the aim to establish a possible causal relation, without up to the date it has come near to definitive conclusions. The aim that we appear in this study is to know the age of beginning to the consumption of some substances, both legal and illegal, inside a penitentiary sample, dividing this one for the number of penitentiary income. There took part 157 prisoners of Villabona'sprision (Asturias), of ages that they include from the 19 at the age of 49, being only women 5,1 %. The number of income in prison has qualified in two groups: Primary (an alone entry in the jail) and recidivism (two ó more income). The analysis of survival realized by means of the procedure Kaplan-Meier, it offers significant differences in the age of beginning of the consumption in some of the considered substances, highlighting the importance of the precocious beginning in the consumption for the backslider prisoner population.

El éxito académico de los adolescentes se relaciona con el tiempo que dedican al estudio, determinado por su grado de responsabilidad, así como por el registro comportamental conflictivo. Por ello, este estudio ha relacionado el rendimiento escolar con el comportamiento antisocial y el nivel de responsabilidad de una muestra de 433 adolescentes asturianos (España) provenientes de diferentes centros educativos públicos. Para ello se han utilizado tres instrumentos de evaluación: un cuestionario que recoge información sobre el rendimiento escolar, un cuestionario de personalidad (Big-Five) y un inventario de conductas antisociales (ICA). Se comprobó que el comportamiento antisocial auto-informado por los adolescentes, y la variable individual de responsabilidad, inciden tanto en la adaptación escolar de nuestros adolescentes como en el interés por dedicar su tiempo al aprendizaje escolar. De igual forma, se analizan implicaciones y se indican futuras directrices para investigar.

The academic success of teenagers is related to the time that they devote to studying, which in turn is determined by their level of responsibility as well as for their record of troublesome behavior. Thus, this study aims at examining the relationship between school performance, antisocial behavior and level of responsibility in a sample of 433 teenagers from Asturia (Spain) who attended different public educational centers. With this purpose three assessment instruments were used: A questionnaire that gathers information about school performance; a personality questionnaire (Big-Five) and an inventory for antisocial behavior (ICA). Findings showed that the adolescents’ self-informed antisocial behavior and the individual variable of responsibility affect both the school adjustment of our teenagers as well as their interest to devote their time to school learning. The study analyzes the implications of these findings and shows some guidelines for future research in this field.

O sucesso escolar dos adolescentes está relacionado ao tempo que gastam em estudo, determinado pelo seu grau de responsabilidade, e pelo registro de comportamento conflituoso. Portanto, este estudo tem vinculado o desempenho escolar ao comportamento anti-social e o nível de responsabilidade de uma amostra de 433 adolescentes em Astúrias (Espanha), de diferentes escolas públicas. Utilizaram-se três instrumentos de avaliação: um questionário que coleta informação sobre o desempenho escolar, um questionário de personalidade (Big Five) e um inventário de comportamento anti-social (ICA). Verificou-se que o comportamento anti-social auto-informado pelos adolescentes e a variável individual de responsabilidade influenciam tanto na adaptação da escola dos adolescentes como no seu interesse para dedicar seu tempo ao aprendizado escolar. Da mesma forma, se discutem as implicações e sinalam-se direções futuras para pesquisa.