Abstract Enzymes are biological catalysts that play a key role in the food industry, responsible for desirable and undesirable chemical reactions. These compounds can occur spontaneously in food products or even be incorporated on purpose. The main enzyme classes (oxidoreductase, transferase, hydrolase, lyase, isomerase, and ligase) and their subclasses can be obtained from several sources, presenting numerous applications in foods such as inhibition of microorganisms, insertion of aromas, improvement of physico-chemical properties, decreased candy crystallization, meat tenderization, antioxidants, indicators of heat treatment, and so on. Each enzyme acts effectively under specific conditions of pH, temperature, concentration, and water activity. Enzymatic immobilization techniques have been studied to minimize adverse conditions that enzymes are subjected to during food processing. Among the immobilization technique, the enzymes can be immobilized to the packages, being known as enzymatic active packages, the packages allow the enzymes to be migrated to the product or trapped, increasing the shelf life of the products, this technique being innovative both for the packaging market and for the enzyme market. Thus, the main enzymes and their applications in food were briefly discussed in this review article, as well as the main techniques of immobilization and insertion of these compounds in active packaging. industry reactions purpose oxidoreductase, oxidoreductase (oxidoreductase transferase hydrolase lyase isomerase ligase sources microorganisms aromas physicochemical physico properties crystallization tenderization antioxidants treatment pH temperature concentration activity processing trapped Thus article

Abstract Most of the discarded plastics originate mainly from food and beverage packaging, thus the consumer's perception of biodegradable packaging must be understood. This study aimed to investigate the consumer perception of biodegradable packaging films made of pectin and whey protein isolate. An online questionnaire was conducted to assess the consumer responses. Results showed that the majority of consumers (77.3%) did not observe the biodegradability of the packaging during purchase, although biodegradable packaging can positively affect the purchase decision (71.9%). The acceptance, purchase intention, and preference are influenced by visual aspects, and the consumers preferred lighter and more transparent films, with less saturated colors. Consumers established correlations between color and transparency with film thickness and resistance, these correlations were not observed in the physical analysis of the film. In addition, a variety of applications were highlighted for the films produced, demonstrating the effectiveness of these materials for food and beverage packaging. s understood isolate responses 77.3% 773 77 3 (77.3% 71.9%. 719 71.9% . 71 9 (71.9%) acceptance intention aspects colors resistance addition produced 77.3 7 (77.3 71.9 (71.9% 77. (77. 71. (71.9 (77 (71. (7 (71 (

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da proteína isolada de soro de leite (PIS) associada aos biopolímeros prebióticos inulina (IN) e oligofrutose (OL) como material de parede na estabilidade físico-química, morfológica e térmica de microcápsulas de oleoresina de pimenta-rosa. Para a atomização nos tratamentos (PSI, PSI/IN e PSI/OL), foram utilizadas emulsões assistidas por ultrassom, preparadas com 30% (p/p) de material de parede, 5% (p/p) de oleoresina e proporção de substituição de 5:1 (p/p) para os tratamentos PSI/IN e PSI/OL. A PSI aumentou o tamanho das gotas de óleo e do pó reconstituído, o que proporcionou maior eficiência de encapsulação. Os tratamentos PSI e PSI/OL apresentaram maior capacidade antioxidante, enquanto PSI/IN e PSI/OL proporcionaram maior solubilidade do pó. As microcápsulas apresentaram estrutura esférica com alguma rugosidade, mas sem ruptura, o que favoreceu a retenção da oleoresina. Além disso, as paredes das microcápsulas não apresentaram nenhuma região cristalina definida. A adição de biopolímeros prebióticos reduziu a temperatura de início de degradação do material de parede, o que diminuiu sua estabilidade térmica. O uso de PIS associado à inulina e à oligofrutose é adequado para a produção de emulsões para a microencapsulação por atomização de oleoresina de pimenta-rosa.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of whey protein isolate (WPI) associated with the prebiotic biopolymers inulin (IN) and oligofructose (OL) as a wall material on the physicochemical, morphological and thermal stability of pink-pepper oleoresin microcapsules. For spray drying in the treatments (WPI, WPI/IN, and WPI/OL), ultrasound-assisted emulsions were used, being prepared with 30% (w/w) wall material, 5% (w/w) oleoresin, and a 5:1 (w/w) replacement ratio for the WPI/IN and WPI/OL treatments. WPI increased the size of the oil droplets and of the reconstituted powder, which provided a greater encapsulation efficiency. The WPI and WPI/OL treatments showed a better antioxidant capacity, whereas WPI/IN and WPI/OL provided a better powder solubility. The microcapsules showed a spherical structure with some roughness, but no rupture, which favored the retention of oleoresin. Moreover, the microcapsule walls had no defined crystalline region. The addition of prebiotic biopolymers decreased the temperature at which the wall material started to degrade, decreasing its thermal stability. The use of WPI associated with inulin and oligofructose is suitable for the production of emulsions for the spray-drying microencapsulation of pink-pepper oleoresin.

Abstract Sulfiting agents are added to crustaceans products to prolong their shelf life. However, depending on the concentration, these agents can be toxic to consumers due to the presence of SO2. In this context, a colorimetric indicator label based on starch and iodine was developed to detect SO2 in shrimp, showing whether the product is safe or not for consumers. The incorporation of iodine into the starch matrix resulted in labels with a smooth and homogeneous surface, and reduced water solubility from 9.26% to around 0.12%. In both in vitro and shrimp paste test, a visual detection response was observed in the label containing 0.02% of iodine when evaluated in the presence of 100 to 160 ppm of SO2, with ΔE* values greater than 5 (can be identifiable by the human eye). Therefore, the elaborated label showed potential as an economical and simple method to detect SO2 concentration in shrimp-based foods.

ABSTRACT Motivated by the lack of studies that standardize and optimize the parameters of texture tests, this study aimed to determine the operating conditions for TPA to maximize the discrimination among samples of fruit preserves. The texture of the commercial guava preserves was evaluated using a texturometer. The Design Central Composite Rotational (DCCR) method was applied with four independent variables: speed test, sample volume, time between compression cycles and compression percentage. Only the compression percentage and test speed were significantly influenced by the texture parameters evaluated. The optimum operating region of TPA to better discriminate differences in texture parameters depended on the variable to be optimized, and for adhesiveness a compression of 75% and a compression speed of 0.23 mm·s are recommended. To detect differences among the samples for the parameters of cohesiveness, gumminess and resilience, the use of 15% compression and 2.59 mm·s speed is suggested. In both cases, one must employ the shortest time between two cycles and use a smaller sample size to save both the time of analysis and of the sample, respectively. For the parameters of hardness, elasticity and chewiness, optimal regions were not identified.

Abstract Factors that influence the acceptability and preferences of consumers have been perceived as sensory attributes, such as color, appearance, flavor, and texture. Understanding which attributes are most important for overall liking would be helpful to establish meaningful criteria for product grading. Thus, in addition to the overall chemical and sensory qualities, it is important to appreciate which sensory attributes make a product pleasant or unpleasant to a consumer. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the sensory attribute that contributes most to the overall liking by a gamma regression model using different formulations of mixed fruit jams made with Brazilian Cerrado fruits. Based on the proposed model, we concluded that appearance was the most important predictor of the overall liking of the assessors.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a substituição parcial da goma arábica por amidos modificados, na microencapsulação do óleo essencial de capim-limão (Cymbopogon flexuosus), por meio de secagem por atomização. As emulsões assistidas por ultrassom foram preparadas com 30% (m/m) de material de parede, 7,5% (m/m) de carga de óleo e 1:1 (m/m) de taxa de substituição para todos os tratamentos. Após 16 horas, a incompatibilidade observada entre a goma arábica e o anidrido octenil succínico (AOS) não afetou as micropartículas obtidas, uma vez que o tratamento com o amido AOS, em substituição parcial à goma arábica, apresentou os melhores resultados quanto ao rendimento do processo e à retenção de carga de óleo após a secagem por atomização, e o tratamento mostrou viscosidade newtoniana próxima à do tratamento preparado com goma arábica. A maltodextrina dextrose equivalente 10 (10DE) mostra uma carga de óleo semelhante à do tratamento com goma arábica, enquanto a presença de maltodextrina de milho DE20 reduz o teor de óleo encapsulado e a eficiência do processo de secagem, em razão da aderência das partículas à câmara. Portanto, a substituição parcial da goma arábica mostra-se como alternativa para a formação de emulsões, para a microencapsulação por meio de secagem por atomização do óleo essencial de capim-limão.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the partial replacement of gum arabic by modified starches on the spray-drying microencapsulation of lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) essential oil. The ultrasound-assisted emulsions were prepared with 30% (w/w) of wall material, 7.5% (w/w) of oil load, and 1:1 (w/w) replacement ratio for all treatments. After 16 hours, the incompatibility observed between gum arabic and octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) starch did not affect the obtained microparticles, since the treatment with OSA starch, partially replacing gum arabic, showed the best results for the process yield and for the oil charge retention after spray-drying process, and the treatment showed Newtonian viscosity close to that of the treatment prepared with gum arabic. Maltodextrin dextrose equivalent 10 (10DE) shows an oil load similar to that of the treatment with gum arabic, while the presence of maize maltodextrin DE20 reduces the content of encapsulated oil and the efficiency of the drying process due to the adherence of particles to the chamber. Therefore, the partial substitution of gum arabic is an alternative for the formation of emulsions, for the spray-drying microencapsulation of lemongrass essential oil.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of thermal vacuum processing and thermal processing without vacuum on the content of bioactive compounds and the antioxidant activity of low-calorie mixed Brazilian cerrado fruit jam. The mixed jam consisted of 60% of mixed pulp of Marolo, soursop and sweet passion fruit, and 40% other ingredients. This jam was utilized a completely randomized design to evaluate the antioxidant activity, total phenolic profile and content, carotenoid profile, and ascorbic acid content. The results showed that there was a reduction in bioactive compounds in the jam of 44.37% for total phenolics, 50.56% for ascorbic acid, 78.40% total carotenoids, and 65.14% for antioxidant activity when compared with the mixed pulps. In the carotenoid profile, reduction was observed for all compounds in relation to the mixed pulps, especially β-carotene (average loss of 81.89%). Independent of the processing, there was a significant increase in m-coumaric acid in the jam compared with the mixed pulp. The concentrations of other phenolic compounds decreased after processing. These results suggest that thermal vacuum processing is most suitable for the production of jam with higher nutritional value.

A industrialização do maracujá como suco gera uma considerável quantidade de resíduos que podem ser aproveitados como alimento. Este trabalho teve como objetivos determinar a influência do volume do suco de maracujá adicionado à calda e tempo de cozimento sobre a cor e a textura de doces de albedo de maracujá em calda. Modelos lineares foram bem ajustados para descrever o valor de a* (para o albedo) e de b* (para o albedo e calda), apresentando altos coeficientes de correlação de 98%, 84% e 88%, respectivamente. O volume de suco adicionado e o tempo de cozimento, envolvidos no processamento dos doces do albedo do maracujá em calda, influenciaram significativamente nas análises de cor. A textura não foi afetada pelos parâmetros estudados. Portanto, o uso de maiores volumes de suco de maracujá e maiores tempos de cozimento é recomendado para a produção de doces em calda do albedo do maracujá com coloração amarela característica da fruta.

The industrialization of passion fruit in the form of juice produces considerable amounts of residue that could be used as food. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of the volume of passion fruit juice added to the syrup and the cooking time on the color and texture of passion fruit albedo preserved in syrup. Multi-linear models were well fit to describe the value for a* (for the albedo) the values for b* (for the albedo and syrup), which exhibited high correlation coefficients of 98%, 84%, and 88%, respectively. The volume of passion fruit juice added and the cooking time of the albedos in the syrup, involved in the processing of passion fruit albedo preserves in syrup, significantly affected color analyses. The texture was not affected by the parameters studied. Therefore, the use of larger volumes of passion fruit juice and longer cooking time is recommended for the production of passion fruit albedo preserves in syrup to achieve the characteristic yellow color of the fruit.

A secagem por atomização é um importante método utilizado pela indústria de alimentos na produção de flavors microencapsulados, melhorando suas propriedades de manuseio e dispersão. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência das condições de processo nas propriedades de óleo essencial de alecrim microencapsulado por secagem por atomização, utilizando-se goma Arábica como agente encapsulante. Os efeitos da concentração de material de parede (10% a 30%), temperatura de entrada do ar (135-195 ºC) e vazão de alimentação (0.5-1.0 L.h-1) na umidade, higroscopicidade, molhabilidade, solubilidade, densidades de leito e compactada, densidade de partícula, e fluidez e coesividade foram avaliados através de um delineamento experimental composto central rotacional 2³. A umidade, higroscopicidade e molhabilidade foram afetadas significativamente pelos três fatores analisados. A densidade de leito foi influenciada positivamente pela concentração de material de parede e negativamente pela temperatura do ar de entrada. Já a densidade de partícula foi influenciada pelas variáveis concentração de material de parede e temperatura do ar de entrada, ambas de forma negativa. Para a solubilidade, densidade compactada, fluidez e coesividade, os modelos não apresentaram bons ajustes para a variação dos dados. Os resultados indicaram que uma moderada concentração de material de parede (24%), baixa temperatura de entrada do ar (135 ºC) e moderada vazão de alimentação (0,7 L.h-1) foram as melhores condições para o processo de secagem por atomização.

Spray drying is an important method used by the food industry in the production of microencapsulated flavors to improve handling and dispersion properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the process conditions on the properties of rosemary essential oil microencapsulated by spray drying using gum Arabic as encapsulant. The effects of the wall material concentration (10-30%), inlet air temperature (135-195 ºC), and feed flow rate (0.5-1.0 L.h-1) on the moisture content, hygroscopicity, wettability, solubility, bulk and tapped densities, particle density, flowability, and cohesiveness were evaluated using a 2³ central composite rotational experimental design. Moisture content, hygroscopicity and wettability were significantly affected by the three factors analyzed. Bulk density was positively influenced by the wall material concentration and negatively by the inlet air temperature. Particle density was influenced by the wall material concentration and the inlet air temperature variables, both in a negative manner. As for the solubility, tapped density, flowability, and cohesiveness, the models did not fit the data well. The results indicated that moderate wall material concentration (24%), low inlet air temperature (135 ºC), and moderate feed flow rate (0.7 L.h-1) are the best spray drying conditions.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito da concentração de ácido cítrico, a relação polpa/açúcar e a concentração de albedo da casca de maracujá sobre características físicas, físico-químicas e sensoriais dos doces da banana 'Prata'. Utilizou-se um planejamento fatorial 2³ com 3 repetições no ponto central. A concentração de albedo entre 0 e 3% teve influência significativa na redução dos açúcares redutores e na diminuição da acidez titulável. O aumento da razão polpa/açúcar exerceu um efeito negativo em relação ao pH e positivo em relação à acidez titulável, a adição de ácido teve influência negativa no teor dos açúcares não redutores. As análises sensoriais e a intenção de compra indicaram que a incorporação de 1,5% de albedo nas formulações contendo 50% de polpa e 0,5% de ácido cítrico tiveram ótima aceitabilidade, quando comparadas com a formulação que continha 60% de polpa e ausência de albedo e ácido cítrico.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of the citric acid concentration, pulp/sugar ratio, and albedo concentration of the passion fruit peel on physical, physiochemical, and sensorial characteristics of the 'Silver' banana preserves. A 2³ factorial design and 3 repetitions in the central point were used. The albedo concentration between 0 and 3% had significant influence on the reduction of the reducing sugars and on the decrease in titratable acidity. The increase in the pulp/sugar ratio exerted a negative effect on the pH and positive on the titratable acidity; the acid addition reduced the non-reducing sugar level. The sensorial evaluation and purchase intention indicated that the incorporation of a maximum of 1.5% albedo in formulations containing 50% pulp and 0.5% citric acid resulted in products with good acceptability in comparison with the formulation in which 60% pulp and an absence of acid or albedo is utilized.

A polpa de umbu é um importante produto na economia da região semiárida do Brasil e sua conservação pode ser estendida por tratamento térmico. Um planejamento fatorial completo com 2 fatores (tempo e temperatura) e 3 pontos centrais foi utilizado para verificar o efeito do processo HTST sobre a qualidade físico-química, química, física, microbiológica e sensorial de polpas de umbu. Os resultados mostraram que o tratamento térmico aplicado resultou em produtos sem significantes alterações nas características físico-químicas, químicas e microbiológicas. Com respeito à cor, os parâmetros L e a* foram alterados pelo aumento da temperatura, indicando um escurecimento na cor. A avaliação sensorial indicou que o tratamento 88 °C por 10 segundos foi a melhor condição de processamento, devido à maior similaridade do produto resultante com a amostra referência (polpa branqueada).

Umbu pulp is an important product in the economy of the northeastern region of Brazil, and its preservation can be ensured by heat treatment. A complete factorial design with 2 factors (time and temperature) and 3 central points was used to verify the effect of the HTST process on the physicochemical, chemical, physical, microbiological, and sensory qualities of umbu pulps. The results showed that the heat treatments applied resulted in products without significant alterations on the physicochemical, chemical, and microbiological characteristics. With respect to color, the parameters L and a* were altered by increases in temperature indicating by darkening of color. The sensory evaluation indicated that a treatment of 88 °C for 10 seconds was the best processing condition due to the greater similarity of the resulting product to the reference sample (blanched pulp).

Os modelos de regressão Oswin e Halsey são utilizados na engenharia de alimentos na estimação de curvas de isotermas de adsorção, úteis em diversas aplicações. No entanto, por serem não lineares, podem-se questionar a validade de previsão do comportamento assintótico, ou equivalentemente, a extensão do comportamento linear. Mediante o exposto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar esses modelos na construção de isotermas com a realização de um estudo via simulação Monte Carlo, no qual foram gerados valores aleatórios de níveis de atividades de água (a w) como variável independente para os referidos modelos. Com enfoque na obtenção dos resultados das propriedades de não linearidade, concluiu-se, por meio da medida de curvatura intrínseca, que ambos os modelos, quando utilizados com altos valores de a w, comportaram-se de forma similar, obtendo-se resultados promissores em relação à complexidade de convergência. Os resultados da curvatura extrínseca evidenciaram que em todas as faixas de a w avaliadas os modelos carecem de uma parametrização que possa garantir um comportamento mais próximo ao linear.

Oswin and Halsey Regression models are used in food science to adjust isotherm curves in various applications. However, since they are nonlinear models, one can question its asymptotic proprieties which in turn are related to their capacity to become linear. The purpose of this study conducted via Monte Carlo simulation, considering as independent variable levels of water activity (a w) was on obtaining results from the properties of nonlinearity, by measuring the intrinsic (IN) and extrinsic curvature (PE) . Both models, when considering high values of a w behaved similarly, with promising results regarding the complexity of convergence. The results of the PE showed that in all ranges of a w evaluated the models require a parameterization that can guarantee a behavior closer to that of an equivalent linear model.

Permeado de soro de queijo foi usado como um substrato para a fermentação de Propionibacterium freudenreichi PS1 para produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, constituintes do bioaroma de queijo suíço. O bioaroma líquido foi encapsulado por secagem por atomização sob diferentes condições de temperatura de entrada de ar e vazão de alimentação. Um estudo foi realizado sobre a estabilidade do bioaroma durante estocagem em embalagens laminadas a 30 °C por 90 dias, usando o produto que mostrou maior retenção de ácido acético e propiônico. Os resultados mostraram que a melhores condições de secagem foram uma temperatura do ar de entrada de 180 °C e taxa de alimentação de 24 g/min, resultando em partículas com superfície lisa e poucas invaginações e microfissuras. No entanto, 72% do ácido acético e 80% do ácido propiônico foram perdidos durante a estocagem, mostrando que o material de parede usado foi inadequado para garantir a estabilidade do produto.

Cheese whey permeate was used as a substrate for the fermentation of Propionibacterium freudenreichi PS1 for the production of short chain fatty acids, components of the bio-aroma of Swiss cheese. The liquid bio-aroma was encapsulated by spray drying under different conditions of air inlet temperature and feed rate. A study was carried out on the stability of the bio-aroma during storage in laminated packages at 30 °C for 96 days using the product showing the greatest retention of acetic and propionic acids. The results showed that the best drying conditions were an air entrance temperature of 180 °C and a feed rate of 24 g/min resulting in particles with a smooth surface and few invaginations and micro-fissures. However, 72% of the acetic acid and 80% of the propionic acid were lost during storage showing that the wall material used was inadequate to guarantee product stability.

A elaboração de doces através do processamento de frutas é uma alternativa promissora para a sua conservação pelo fato de proporcionar um sabor agradável, com o aumento da doçura, e permitir uma boa conservação do produto por tempo prolongado. Diante da busca por qualidade e maior durabilidade de doces de frutas, o objeto do trabalho foi avaliar a interferência da adição de sorbato de potássio e das embalagens de polipropileno, metálicas e de filmes de celofane sobre a qualidade, por meio das características físicas, químicas e microbiológicas do doce em massa de goiaba (Psidium guajava L.) durante o armazenamento. As análises físicas, químicas e microbiológicas mostraram que os diferentes tipos de embalagens não interferiram na estabilidade do doce de goiaba em massa até o 5° mês de armazenamento, sendo o tempo, o fator que mais influenciou na qualidade do doce quando armazenado em temperatura e umidade de 19,6 °C e 76,2%, respectivamente. O sorbato de potássio ocasionou um aumento do teor de sólidos solúveis e diminuição da atividade de água. Independente do tratamento, os doces permaneceram microbiologicamente estáveis durante o armazenamento.

The elaboration of preserves through fruit processing is a promising alternative for their conservation. Such processing provides pleasant flavor due to the increase of sweetness and allows good conservation of the product for a prolonged time. Seeking quality and higher durability of fruit preserves, the purpose of this work was to evaluate the interference of potassium sorbate addition, and polypropylene, metallic and cellophane film packaging on the quality of guava (Psidium guajava L.) preserves during storage, through the physical, physiochemical and microbiological characteristics. The physical, physiochemical and microbiological analyses showed that the different types of packaging did not interfere in the stability of the guava preserves until the 5th month of storage - time being the factor that most influences the quality of the preserves when stored under temperature and humidity of 19.6 °C and 76.2%, respectively. The potassium sorbate caused an increase of the soluble solid levels and a decrease of the water activity. Regardless of the treatment, the preserves remained microbiologically stable during storage.