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VOTING FREE TRADE AGREEMENT UNDER DIVIDED GOVERNMENT: THE CASE OF US - COLOMBIA1
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THOMAZ, LAÍS FORTI

; MADEIRA, GABRIEL

; PEDROSA, PATRÍCIA BIANCHI DOS SANTOS

; CARVALHO, CARLOS EDUARDO

Revista de ciencia política (Santiago)

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Dez 2023, Volume 43 Nº 3 Páginas 549 - 571

Resumo: En Es | Texto: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

ABSTRACT This article analyzes the impact of partisanship under divided government on the approval process of the US-Colombia–Trade Agreement (FTA). Focusing on the case of the FTA between the United States and Colombia, this study examines how partisan and ideological dimensions in the executive and legislative branches shape trade policy decision making. Drawing on existing literature, this study explores the determinants of FTA approval under divided governments using individual and district-level characteristics. In this case, the findings indicate that party affiliation significantly influences members of Congress’ voting behavior on FTAs, with Democrats generally being more skeptical and Republicans more supportive. The article also explores how changes in government positions and the presence of a divided government affected President Barack Obama’s stance on the FTA, highlighting the importance of republican support in Congress. Overall, this research contributes to the understanding of the relationship between divided government and FTA approval, shedding light on the role of partisanship and ideology in shaping US trade policy.

RESUMEN Este artículo analiza el impacto del partidismo en un gobierno dividido en el proceso de aprobación del Acuerdo de Libre Comercio (ALC) entre Estados Unidos y Colombia. Centrándose en el caso del ALC entre Estados Unidos y Colombia, este estudio examina cómo las dimensiones partidistas e ideológicas en los poderes ejecutivo y legislativo moldean la toma de decisiones en política comercial. Basándose en la literatura existente, este estudio explora los determinantes de la aprobación de ALC en gobiernos divididos utilizando características a nivel individual y de distrito. En este caso, los hallazgos indican que la afiliación partidista influye significativamente en el comportamiento de voto de los miembros del Congreso en relación a los ALC, siendo los demócratas generalmente más escépticos y los republicanos más favorables. El artículo también explora cómo los cambios en las posiciones del gobierno y la presencia de un gobierno dividido afectaron la postura del Presidente Barack Obama ante el ALC, resaltando la importancia del apoyo republicano en el Congreso. En conjunto, esta investigación contribuye a la comprensión de la relación entre el gobierno dividido y la aprobación de ALC, arrojando luz sobre el papel del partidismo e ideología en la formación de la política comercial de Estados Unidos.

https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-090x2023005000122

Brazilian Medical Survey on Telemedicine since the onset of COVID-19
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Cordioli, Eduardo

; Giavina-Bianchi, Mara

; Pedrotti, Carlos Henrique Sartorato

; Podgaec, Sérgio

einstein (São Paulo)

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2023, Volume 21 elocation eAE0428

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT Objective The primary aim of this study was to understand the difference in the use of Telemedicine by Brazilian physicians before and after the onset of COVID-19 pandemic and their intention to continue using it post the pandemic period. The secondary objective was to analyze the differences of opinion between physicians in the private and public sectors. Methods We conducted an online medical survey through the SurveyMonkey platform in a large hospital in São Paulo, Brazil, from May to July 2022. Results Three-hundred-and -two physicians responded to the survey. We found that there was a significant increase in the number of physicians who started using Telemedicine in both the public and private sectors (p<0.0001) since the onset of COVID-19 pandemic and that >50% of them intend to continue using Telemedicine in their daily practice. Most responders consider that Telemedicine is useful in screening, diagnosis and management of patients; that it facilitates the physician’s daily practice; that it can maintain or even add financial gains through reducing office expenses; and that is another medium for dispensing medical care. They also believe that Telemedicine should be regulated by the Brazilian Federal Council of Medicine. There were no significant differences between the responses from private and public sector physicians. Conclusion Telemedicine has played a major role in healthcare since the onset of COVID-19 pandemic and most of the physicians approve its use and intend to continue using Telemedicine in their daily practice.

https://doi.org/10.31744/einstein_journal/2023ae0428

Influence of applied plasma power on degradation of L-proline in an inductively coupled RF plasma reactor
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Bianchi, José Carlos

; Farias, Carlos Eduardo

; Bernardelli, Euclides Alexandre

; Mafra, Márcio

Matéria (Rio de Janeiro)

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2022, Volume 27 Nº 4 elocation e202248897

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT Surface treatments such as heat treatments, paints, plasma treatments and galvanizing are important in metal working industry. In those treatments, the required adhesion characteristics can be limited if contaminants are present, so there is a need to clean these surfaces. Conventional processes can be costly, some generated waste may be environmentally hazardous and, in some cases, due to part geometry, they are not effective. Alternatively, plasma treatments which are considered to be environmentally clean, more efficient and with lower operating costs can overcome those difficulties. Due to the reactional complexity of these treatments, there are many fields to be researched, such as which reactions are due to impacts of (neutral) chemical species and which are due to excited species and radiation. The present work aims to verify the interactions between Ar-10%O2 plasma using amino acid L-proline in an inductively coupled radiofrequency plasma. This study showed that oxidative plasma promotes high degradation of the sample. A gas analyzer (quadrupole mass spectrometer) coupled to the gas outlet was used and many gaseous products are detected during treatment, such: H2, H2O, CO, NO (Nitric Oxide) and CO2 while L-proline undergoes intense degradation. The conclusions allow to state that the interaction between the Ar/O2 plasma and L-proline promotes intense degradation through the breakdown of the heterocyclic ring of the molecule.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1517-7076-rmat-2022-48897

Perfil Clínico, Laboratorial e de Métodos de Imagem na Amiloidose Sistêmica em um Centro de Referência Cardiológico Brasileiro
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Fernandes, Fábio

; Alencar Neto, Aristóteles Comte de

; Bueno, Bruno Vaz Kerges

; Cafezeiro, Caio Rebouças Fonseca

; Rissato, João Henrique

; Szor, Roberta Shcolnik

; Carvalho, Mariana Lombardi Peres de

; Mathias Júnior, Wilson

; Lino, Angelina Maria Martins Castelli, Jussara Bianchi Souza, Evandro de Oliveira Ramires, Félix José Alvarez Hotta, Viviane Tiemi Soares Júnior, José Tavares, Caio de Assis Moura Krieger, José Eduardo Rochitte, Carlos Eduardo Dabarian, André Hajjar, Ludhmila Abrahão Kalil Filho, Roberto Mady, Charles

Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia

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2022, Volume 118 Nº 2 Páginas 422 - 432

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Resumo Fundamento Amiloidose sistêmica é uma doença com manifestações clínicas diversas. O diagnóstico envolve suspeita clínica, aliada a métodos complementares. Objetivo Descrever o perfil clínico, laboratorial, eletrocardiográfico e de imagem no acometimento cardíaco da amiloidose sistêmica. Métodos Estudo de uma amostra de conveniência, analisando dados clínicos, laboratoriais, eletrocardiográficos, ecocardiográficos, medicina nuclear e ressonância magnética. Considerou-se significância estatística quando p < 0,05. Resultados Avaliaram-se 105 pacientes (com mediana de idade de 66 anos), sendo 62 homens, dos quais 83 indivíduos apresentavam amiloidose por transtirretina (ATTR) e 22 amiloidose por cadeia leve (AL). Na ATTR, 68,7% eram de caráter hereditário (ATTRh) e 31,3% do tipo selvagem (ATTRw). As mutações mais prevalentes foram Val142Ile (45,6%) e Val50Met (40,3%). O tempo de início dos sintomas ao diagnóstico foi 0,54 e 2,15 anos nas formas AL e ATTR (p < 0,001), respectivamente. O acometimento cardíaco foi observado em 77,9% dos ATTR e 90,9% dos AL. Observaram-se alterações de condução atrioventricular em 20% e intraventricular em 27,6% dos pacientes, sendo 33,7 % na ATTR e 4,5% das AL (p = 0,006). A forma ATTRw apresentou mais arritmias atriais que os ATTRh (61,5% x 22,8%; p = 0,001). Ao ecocardiograma a mediana da espessura do septo na ATTRw x ATTRh x AL foi de 15 mm x 12 mm x 11 mm (p = 0,193). Observou-se BNP elevado em 89,5% dos indivíduos (mediana 249 ng/mL, IQR 597,7) e elevação da troponina em 43,2%. Conclusão Foi possível caracterizar, em nosso meio, o acometimento cardíaco na amiloidose sistêmica, em seus diferentes subtipos, através da história clínica e dos métodos diagnósticos descritos.

Abstract Background Systemic amyloidosis is a disease with heterogeneous clinical manifestations. Diagnosis depends on clinical suspicion combined with specific complementary methods. Objective To describe the clinical, laboratory, electrocardiographic, and imaging profile in patients with systemic amyloidosis with cardiac involvement. Methods This study was conducted with a convenience sample, analyzing clinical, laboratory, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, nuclear medicine, and magnetic resonance data. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results A total of 105 patients were evaluated (median age of 66 years), 62 of whom were male. Of all patients, 83 had transthyretin (ATTR) amyloidosis, and 22 had light chain (AL) amyloidosis. With respect to ATTR cases, 68.7% were the hereditary form (ATTRh), and 31.3% were wild type (ATTRw). The most prevalent mutations were Val142Ile (45.6%) and Val50Met (40.3%). Time from onset of symptoms to diagnosis was 0.54 and 2.15 years, in the AL and ATTR forms, respectively (p < 0.001). Cardiac involvement was observed in 77.9% of patients with ATTR and in 90.9% of those with AL. Alterations were observed in atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction in 20% and 27.6% of patients, respectively, with 33.7% in ATTR and 4.5% in AL (p = 0.006). In the ATTRw form, there were more atrial arrhythmias than in ATTRh (61.5% versus 22.8%; p = 0.001). On echocardiogram, median septum thickness in ATTRw, ATTRh, and AL was 15 mm, 12 mm, and 11 mm, respectively (p = 0.193). Elevated BNP was observed in 89.5% of patients (median 249, ICR 597.7), and elevated troponin was observed in 43.2%. Conclusion In this setting, it was possible to characterize cardiac involvement in systemic amyloidosis in its different subtypes by means of clinical history and the diagnostic methods described.

https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20201003

Brazilian recommendations for the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with axial spondyloarthritis
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Lage, Ricardo da Cruz

; Marques, Claudia Diniz Lopes Oliveira, Thauana Luiza Resende, Gustavo Gomes Kohem, Charles Lubianca Saad, Carla Gonçalves Ximenes, Antônio Carlos Gonçalves, Célio Roberto Bianchi, Washington Alves Meirelles, Eduardo de Souza Keiserman, Mauro Waldemar Chiereghin, Adriano Campanholo, Cristiano Barbosa Lyrio, André Marun Schainberg, Cláudia Goldenstein Pieruccetti, Lenise Brandao Yazbek, Michel Alexandre Palominos, Penelope Esther Goncalves, Rafaela Silva Guimarães Assad, Rodrigo Luppino Bonfiglioli, Rubens Lima, Sônia Maria Alvarenga Anti Loduca Carneiro, Sueli Azevedo, Valderílio Feijó Albuquerque, Cleandro Pires Bernardo, Wanderley Marques Sampaio-Barros, Percival Degrava Pinheiro, Marcelo de Medeiros

Advances in Rheumatology

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2021, Volume 61 elocation 4

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Abstract Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is a group of chronic inflammatory systemic diseases characterized by axial and/or peripheral joints inflammation, as well as extra-articular manifestations. Over some decades, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been the basis for the pharmacological treatment of patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). However, the emergence of the immunobiologic agents brought up the discussion about the role of NSAIDs in the management of these patients. The objective of this guideline is to provide recommendations for the use of NSAIDs for the treatment of axSpA. A panel of experts from the Brazilian Society of Rheumatology conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials for 15 predefined questions. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology to assess the quality of evidence and formulate recommendations were used, and at least 70% agreement of the voting panel was needed. Fourteen recommendations for the use of NSAIDs in the treatment of patients with axSpA were elaborated. The purpose of these recommendations is to support clinicians’ decision making, without taking out his/her autonomy when prescribing for an individual patient.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s42358-020-00160-6 505 downloads

Brazilian Society of Rheumatology 2020 guidelines for psoriatic arthritis
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Carneiro, Sueli

; Palominos, Penelope Esther Anti, Sônia Maria Alvarenga Assad, Rodrigo Luppino Gonçalves, Rafaela Silva Guimarães Chiereghin, Adriano Lyrio, Andre Marun Ximenes, Antônio Carlos Saad, Carla Gonçalves Gonçalves, Célio Roberto Kohem, Charles Lubianca Marques, Cláudia Diniz Lopes Schainberg, Cláudia Goldenstein Meirelles, Eduardo de Souza Resende, Gustavo Gomes Pieruccetti, Lenise Brandao Keiserman, Mauro Waldemar Yazbek, Michel Alexandre Sampaio-Barros, Percival Degrava Lage, Ricardo da Cruz Bonfiglioli, Rubens Oliveira, Thauana Luíza Azevedo, Valderílio Feijó Bianchi, Washington Alves Bernardo, Wanderley Marques Simões, Ricardo dos Santos Pinheiro, Marcelo de Medeiros Campanholo, Cristiano Barbosa

Advances in Rheumatology

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2021, Volume 61 elocation 69

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Abstract Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic and systemic immune disease characterized by inflammation of peripheral and/ or axial joints and entheses in patients with psoriasis (PsO). Extra-articular and extracutaneous manifestations and numerous comorbidities can also be present. These recommendations replace the previous version published in May 2013. A systematic review of the literature retrieved 191 articles that were used to formulate 12 recommendations in response to 12 clinical questions, divided into 4 sections: diagnosis, non-pharmacological treatment, conventional drug therapy and biologic therapy. These guidelines provide evidence-based information on the clinical management for PsA patients. For each recommendation, the level of evidence (highest available), degree of strength (Oxford) and degree of expert agreement (interrater reliability) are reported.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s42358-021-00219-y

The Brazilian Society of Rheumatology guidelines for axial spondyloarthritis – 2019
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Resende, Gustavo Gomes

; Meirelles, Eduardo de Souza Marques, Cláudia Diniz Lopes Chiereghin, Adriano Lyrio, Andre Marun Ximenes, Antônio Carlos Saad, Carla Gonçalves Gonçalves, Célio Roberto Kohem, Charles Lubianca Schainberg, Cláudia Goldenstein Campanholo, Cristiano Barbosa Bueno Filho, Júlio Silvio de Sousa Pieruccetti, Lenise Brandao Keiserman, Mauro Waldemar Yazbek, Michel Alexandre Palominos, Penelope Esther Goncalves, Rafaela Silva Guimarães Lage, Ricardo da Cruz Assad, Rodrigo Luppino Bonfiglioli, Rubens Anti, Sônia Maria Alvarenga Carneiro, Sueli Oliveira, Thauana Luíza Azevedo, Valderílio Feijó Bianchi, Washington Alves Bernardo, Wanderley Marques Pinheiro, Marcelo de Medeiros Sampaio-Barros, Percival Degrava

Advances in Rheumatology

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2020, Volume 60 elocation 19

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Abstract Spondyloarthritis is a group of chronic inflammatory systemic diseases characterized by axial and/or peripheral joints inflammation, as well as extra-articular manifestations. The classification axial spondyloarthritis is adopted when the spine and/or the sacroiliac joints are predominantly involved. This version of recommendations replaces the previous guidelines published in May 2013. A systematic literature review was performed, and two hundred thirty-seven studies were selected and used to formulate 29 recommendations answering 15 clinical questions, which were divided into four sections: diagnosis, non-pharmacological therapy, conventional drug therapy and biological therapy. For each recommendation the level of evidence supporting (highest available), the strength grade according to Oxford, and the degree of expert agreement (inter-rater reliability) is informed. These guidelines bring evidence-based information on clinical management of axial SpA patients, including, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s42358-020-0116-2 1116 downloads

Evaluation of Tensile Bond Strength of Metallic Prefabricated Posts Cemented with Different Luting Agents
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Vicentin, Morgana

; Portella, Fernando Freitas

; Reston, Eduardo Galia

; Braga, Carlos

; Bianchi, André Luis

; Arossi, Guilherme Anzilliero

Pesquisa Brasileira em Odontopediatria e Clínica Integrada

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2020, Volume 20 elocation e4009

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Abstract Objective: To assess the tensile bond strength of prefabricated metal posts cemented with different luting agents. Material and Methods: Fifty single-rooted endodontically treated human teeth had their crowns cut, mounted into acrylic-resin blocks and then an 8mm depth post space were prepared. Prefabricated cylindrical metal posts were cemented using different luting agents: a zinc phosphate cement (SS White), a conventional glass ionomer cement (Vidrion C), two resin-modified glass ionomer cements (Vitremer and RelyX Luting 2) and a resin cement (RelyX ARC). Samples were stored in distilled water for seven days and then submitted to a tensile bond strength test until complete dislocation of the post. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey test for pairwise multiple comparisons were used to evaluate differences between luting agents. Results: Tensile bond strength was 563.88±203.41 N for zinc phosphate cement, 336.86 ± 137.64 N for Vidrion C, 515.24 ± 239.48 N for Vitremer, 828.47±433.99 N for RelyX Luting 2 and 1262.51 ± 356.29 for RelyX ARC. The Relyx ARC presented the highest tensile bond strength regard the luting agent tested (p< 0.05). Conclusion: RelyX ARC presented the higher tensile bond strength compared to the other luting agents evaluated.

https://doi.org/10.1590/pboci.2020.089 258 downloads

Atualização da Diretriz de Ressuscitação Cardiopulmonar e Cuidados Cardiovasculares de Emergência da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - 2019
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Bernoche, Claudia

; Timerman, Sergio Polastri, Thatiane Facholi Giannetti, Natali Schiavo Siqueira, Adailson Wagner da Silva Piscopo, Agnaldo Soeiro, Alexandre de Matos Reis, Amélia Gorete Afonso da Costa Tanaka, Ana Cristina Sayuri Thomaz, Ana Maria Quilici, Ana Paula Catarino, Andrei Hilário Ribeiro, Anna Christina de Lima Barreto, Antonio Carlos Pereira Azevedo Filho, Antonio Fernando Barros de Pazin Filho, Antonio Timerman, Ari Scarpa, Bruna Romanelli Timerman, Bruno Tavares, Caio de Assis Moura Martins, Cantidio Soares Lemos Serrano Junior, Carlos Vicente Malaque, Ceila Maria Sant’Ana Pisani, Cristiano Faria Batista, Daniel Valente Leandro, Daniela Luana Fernandes Szpilman, David Gonçalves, Diego Manoel Paiva, Edison Ferreira de Osawa, Eduardo Atsushi Lima, Eduardo Gomes Adam, Eduardo Leal Peixoto, Elaine Evaristo, Eli Faria Azeka, Estela Silva, Fabio Bruno da Wen, Fan Hui Ferreira, Fatima Gil Lima, Felipe Gallego Fernandes, Felipe Lourenço Ganem, Fernando Galas, Filomena Regina Barbosa Gomes Tarasoutchi, Flavio Souza, Germano Emilio Conceição Feitosa Filho, Gilson Soares Foronda, Gustavo Guimarães, Helio Penna Abud, Isabela Cristina Kirnew Leite, Ivanhoé Stuart Lima Linhares Filho, Jaime Paula Pessoa Moraes Junior, João Batista de Moura Xavier Falcão, João Luiz Alencar de Araripe Ramires, Jose Antônio Franchini Cavalini, José Fernando Saraiva, José Francisco Kerr Abrão, Karen Cristine Pinto, Lecio Figueira Bianchi, Leonardo Luís Torres Lopes, Leonardo Nícolau Geisler Daud Piegas, Leopoldo Soares Kopel, Liliane Godoy, Lucas Colombo Tobase, Lucia Hajjar, Ludhmila Abrahão Dallan, Luís Augusto Palma Caneo, Luiz Fernando Cardoso, Luiz Francisco Canesin, Manoel Fernandes Park, Marcelo Rabelo, Marcia Maria Noya Malachias, Marcus Vinícius Bolívar Gonçalves, Maria Aparecida Batistão Almeida, Maria Fernanda Branco de Souza, Maria Francilene Silva Favarato, Maria Helena Sampaio Carrion, Maria Julia Machline Gonzalez, Maria Margarita Bortolotto, Maria Rita de Figueiredo Lemos Macatrão-Costa, Milena Frota Shimoda, Mônica Satsuki Oliveira-Junior, Mucio Tavares de Ikari, Nana Miura Dutra, Oscar Pereira Berwanger, Otávio Pinheiro, Patricia Ana Paiva Corrêa Reis, Patrícia Feitosa Frota dos Cellia, Pedro Henrique Moraes Santos Filho, Raul Dias dos Gianotto-Oliveira, Renan Kalil Filho, Roberto Guinsburg, Ruth Managini, Sandrigo Lage, Silvia Helena Gelas Yeu, So Pei Franchi, Sonia Meiken Shimoda-Sakano, Tania Accorsi, Tarso Duenhas Leal, Tatiana de Carvalho Andreucci Guimarães, Vanessa Sallai, Vanessa Santos Ávila, Walkiria Samuel Sako, Yara Kimiko

Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia

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Set 2019, Volume 113 Nº 3 Páginas 449 - 663

Resumo: Pt | Texto: Pt | PDF: Pt

https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20190203 54793 downloads

10.

Aplicação da técnica de CAMQL na retificação cilíndrica externa do aço AISI 4340 utilizando rebolo de CBN
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Fragoso, Kamira Miksza

; Francelin, Alan Polato

; Lopes, José Claudio

; Sanchez, Luiz Eduardo de Angelo

; Melo, Hamilton José de

; Lodi, Alexandre Araujo

; Aguiar, Paulo Roberto

; Bianchi, Eduardo Carlos

Matéria (Rio de Janeiro)

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2019, Volume 24 Nº 3 elocation e12444

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

RESUMO O processo de retificação possui como características o bom acabamento superficial e alta precisão dimensional e geométrica. Assim, peças usinadas por este processo possuem um alto valor agregado por se tratar de um processo de acabamento que é comumente realizado nas últimas etapas da fabricação. Um fator limitador do processo de retificação é a quantidade de calor gerada, a qual é minimizada pela aplicação de fluidos de corte. Os fluidos utilizados, na maior parte dos casos são poluentes e contém substâncias que são nocivas à saúde e ao meio ambiente, além do mesmo possuir um alto custo de compra, manutenção e descarte. Visando reduzir a quantidade de fluido utilizada durante o processo de retificação, o presente trabalho foi desenvolvido. O seu principal objetivo é melhorar a técnica da mínima quantidade de lubrificação através da aplicação combinada com ar comprimido a baixa temperatura. Esta aplicação visa aumentar o efeito de refrigeração e assim minimizar a geração de calor na região de corte. Para avaliar a eficácia da técnica foram analisados os parâmetros de rugosidade, circularidade, desgaste do rebolo e potência consumida durante a usinagem. Estes valores foram medidos para três métodos distintos de aplicação de fluidos de corte durante o processo de retificação, a fim de compará-los. A técnica de lubri-refrigeração convencional obteve melhores resultados para os parâmetros analisados, ficando a técnica de CAMQL (mínima quantidade de fluido combinado com a aplicação de ar comprimido resfriado) com resultados intermediários e a técnica de MQL (mínima quantidade de lubrificação) com os piores resultados obtidos em todos os parâmetros. A técnica proposta de redução de quantidade de fluido utilizada atingiu, em geral, resultados positivos, provando a viabilidade da mesma para a retificação do aço AISI 4340 utilizando rebolo de CBN, o Nitreto Cúbico de Boro, um superabrasivo com capacidade de corte inferior apenas ao diamante.

ABSTRACT The grinding process provides us with good surface finish and good dimensional and geometric precision. Also, ground pieces have a high added value due to this process being a finishing one and is commonly carried out in the last stages of manufacture. A limiting factor for grinding is the great amount of heat generated, which is better removed from the cutting zone by the application of cutting fluids. The fluid used, in most of cases, are pollutants and contain substances that are harmful both to workers and environment, besides having a high cost of purchase, maintenance and disposal. In order to reduce the amount of fluid used during grinding, the present work was developed. Its main objective is to improve the technique of minimum quantity of lubrication (MQL) by combining it with the application of compressed cold air. This aims to increase the cooling effect and yet minimize the heat concentration in the cutting zone. To evaluate the effectiveness of the technique, the parameters of roughness, circularity, grinding wheel wear and power consumption during machining were analyzed. These values were measured for three different methods of application of cutting fluids during grinding to compare. The conventional flood application obtained the best results for the parameters analyzed while CAMQL (cold air minimum quantity lubrication) presents intermediate results and MQL (minimum quantity lubrication) the worst results obtained in all analyzed parameters. The proposed technique of reducing the amount of fluid used has generally been positive, proving its feasibility for the grinding of AISI 4340 steel using CBN grinding wheel with CBN being Cubic Boron Nitride, a superabrasive material.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s1517-707620190003.0760 360 downloads

11.

Microscale direct transesterification of microbial biomass with ethanol for screening of microorganisms by its fatty acid content
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Sorgatto, Vanessa Ghiggi

; Carvalho, Julio Cesar de

; Sydney, Eduardo Bittencourt

; Medeiros, Adriane Bianchi Pedroni

; Vandenberghe, Luciana Porto de Souza

; Soccol, Carlos Ricardo

Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology

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2019, Volume 62 elocation e19180178

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Abstract We present an improved method of direct transesteriﬁcation suitable for the quantitative analysis of multiple dry samples for its fatty acid content, using a minimal amount of biomass and reactants. The method features an acid-catalyzed direct alcoholysis of microgram samples of dry biomass; the rationale behind the solvent and reagent proportions chosen is discussed. The method was validated using seven microbial strains with diverse lipid content (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces boulardii, Candida tropicalis, Haematococcus pluvialis, Chlorella vulgaris, Spirulina platensis and Schizochytrium limacinum), and compared with a macroscale direct transesterification method, and with gravimetric analysis of lipids extracted with solvents. The microscale method showed a conversion of 98.06 ± 0.87% of the lipids, using approximately 3 mg of dry biomass, 1mL of 0.2M H2SO4 dissolved in anhydrous ethanol (the acid is the catalyzer and ethanol the reactant)). The mixture was maintained at 70 °C for 20 h with periodic mixing, and then extracted with 2mL n-heptane and analyzed by GC-FID. The lipid content was then calculated considering dilution and sample mass. This method is effective, reliable, and technically attractive for analytical and comparative purposes.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4324-2019180178 1674 downloads

12.

Evaluation of the oil flow using the MQL technique applied in the cylindrical plunge grinding of AISI 4340 steel with cbn grinding wheel
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Francelin, Rafael Polato

; Costa, Wangner Barbosa da Lopes, José Claudio Francelin, Alan Polato Mello, Hamilton Jose de Aguiar, Paulo Roberdo de Bianchi, Eduardo Carlos

REM - International Engineering Journal

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Jul 2018, Volume 71 Nº 3 Páginas 397 - 402

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Abstract The grinding process is defined as an abrasive cutting action of a tool known as grinding wheel, which is submitted to high rotations, promoting excellent finishing and accuracy in dimensions, respecting the parameters established in each project. During the machining, the cutting edges of the abrasive grains undergo wearing and this increases the contact surface of the tool with the workpiece, increasing the machining temperature and creating possibilities of damaging it. Therefore, it is necessary to use a cutting fluid, responsible for lubricating and cooling the cutting zone, removing the chips from the cutting region between the workpiece and the wheel, and even having an anticorrosive action. However, its composition causes contamination to the environment and to the operator. In face of the increasingly strict environmental laws, it has become necessary to search for new methods of cooling that are at least as effective as conventional one and economically practicable. Thus, the Minimum Quantity of Lubrication was developed as a mist of air and oil applied at high pressure, reducing drastically the use of contaminants. In this work, two oil flows were used for the MQL technique, 30 ml/h and 120 ml/h. The wheel used was a CBN (Boron Cubic Nitride) one, composed of synthetic grains and the workpiece, in a ring format, were produced in AISI 4340 steel quenched and tempered. It was observed from results that MQL can be applied in the industrial processes without losing piece quality.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0370-44672017710139 709 downloads

13.

Influence of water in the MQL technique in the grinding of steel AISI 4340 using CBN wheels
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Sato, Bruno Kenta

; Sales, Alan Rodrigo de Lopes, José Claudio Sanchez, Luiz Eduardo de Angelo Mello, Hamilton Jose de Aguiar, Paulo Roberto de Bianchi, Eduardo Carlos

REM - International Engineering Journal

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Jul 2018, Volume 71 Nº 3 Páginas 391 - 396

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Abstract Usually, machining employs cooling methods to avoid high temperatures. In most cases, the cutting fluid is applied with high flow and low pressures. This technique consumes a large amount of cutting fluid that causes serious problems in the environment and in the health of the worker. An alternative to the conventional cooling method is the Minimum Quantity of Lubricant. The MQL attempts to minimize the consumption of cutting fluid, which this study is about, whereby the reduction provided by this MQL was 99.99%. This technique consumes only the necessary quantity of cutting fluid to create a thin film of lubricant on the cutting surface grinding wheel. The MQL aerosol is injected with high pressure in the contact zone, efficiently lubricating the grinding process. However, the cooling effect of MQL is not enough to dissipate all heat produced during the grinding process. This study analyzes the improvement in the cooling effect caused by the addition of water in the MQL. The tests were done using different concentrations of cutting fluid in water, e.g. 1:0, 1:1, 1:3, 1:5 (oil:water). The experiment occurred on the external cylindrical plunge grinding with a vitrified cubic boron nitrite (CBN) grinding wheel, serving as the workpiece, the AISI 4340 quenched and tempered steel. The analyzed outputs were: surface roughness, roundness deviation, acoustic emission and vibration.. The results improved with the addition of water in the cutting fluid used in the MQL technique. The comparison with the MQL conditions showed that the best condition was the fluid with more water concentration.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0370-44672017710152 769 downloads

14.

Application viability evaluation of the Minimum Quantity Lubrication coolant technique under different flow rates in Plunge Cylindrical Grinding of the ABNT 4340 steel with aluminum oxide wheel
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Rodriguez, Rafael Lemes Hildebrandt, Rodolfo Alexandre Lopes, José Claudio Mello, Hamilton Jose de Silva, Rosemar Batista da Aguiar, Paulo Roberto de Bianchi, Eduardo Carlos

REM - International Engineering Journal

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Dez 2017, Volume 70 Nº 4 Páginas 429 - 436

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Abstract The coolant delivery technique known as Minimal Quantity Lubrication (MQL) has been employed in machining since the end of the 20th Century and has gained considerable evidence in the last years as a viable alternative to the use of the conventional coolant technique (flood). Due to the low oil flow rate delivered by the MQL technique in grinding operations, that generally varies from 20 to 240 ml / h in relation to near 600,000 ml / h flow rate of the conventional coolant technique, the MQL technique provides a reduced risk for human health and environmental damage associated with the use, maintenance and disposal of cutting fluids. In this context, this study was carried out to evaluate the application viability of the minimum quantity lubrication coolant technique under different flow rates in the plunge cylindrical grinding of ABNT 4340 steel with an aluminum oxide wheel. Three flow rates were tested: 30, 60 and 120 ml/h. Grinding trials with the conventional coolant delivery method were also tested for comparative purposes. The output variables used to assess the efficiency of the MQL technique in this work are: roughness, roundness and hardness of the workpiece. Grinding wheel wear and power consumption were also monitored. The results showed that, despite the higher values of roughness and roundness of the workpiece, as well as the grinding wheel wear, the values of these same parameters obtained after machining with the MQL technique were close to those obtained after machining with the conventional technique. No thermal damages and cracks on the machined surface, or even below the machined surface, were observed after grinding ABNT 4340 steel irrespective of the coolant-lubrication condition investigated. The results showed that the MQL with 120 ml/h can be an alternative coolant technique due to cleaner environment and lower consumption of fluid in grinding under the conditions investigated in this work.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0370-44672016700195 893 downloads

15.

Contribuição ao Processo de Afiação de Ferramentas Monocortantes de Aço Rápido
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Paiva, Raphael Lima de Silva, Rosemar Batista da Arencibia, Rosenda Valdés Ruzzi, Rodrigo de Souza Bianchi, Eduardo Carlos Aguiar, Paulo Roberto de

Matéria (Rio de Janeiro)

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2017, Volume 22 Nº 3 elocation e11864

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

RESUMO Apesar do grande desenvolvimento de ferramentas com insertos de metal duro, material cerâmico e outros nas últimas três décadas, algumas das ferramentas de corte ainda necessitam ser reafiadas após a perda do corte por meio do processo de afiação com rebolos abrasivos. A afiação tem como objetivo gerar as arestas de corte de ferramentas novas ou restabelecer as arestas de corte de ferramentas desgastadas e, para que este processo seja eficiente, ela dependerá da seleção correta dos parâmetros de corte, da máquina ferramenta e habilidade do operador. Se neste processo um parâmetro de corte não for corretamente selecionado a geometria poderá ser comprometida e, no pior dos casos, a peça poderá sofrer queima. A queima leva, na maioria dos casos, à perda da dureza da ferramenta, propriedade essencial para que a ferramenta consiga resistir aos esforços durante a usinagem como, por exemplo, quando uma ferramenta monocortante de aço rápido é empregada no processo de torneamento cilíndrico de aços ao carbono. A fim de estudar o processo de afiação deste tipo de ferramenta, esta pesquisa aborda o procedimento de afiação com quatro diferentes valores de profundidade de corte, considerado um dos principais parâmetros que afeta a qualidade da geometria gerada. Utilizou-se um rebolo do tipo copo reto de óxido de alumínio branco, típico para esta operação. O material da peça foi o aço rápido (HSS) com dureza de 62 ± 2 HRC. As variáveis de saída foram os ângulos de saída, de posição principal e de posição secundário, que foram medidos com o auxílio de um projetor de perfil e um transferidor universal (apenas para o ângulo de saída). Além disso, a incerteza de medição foi calculada para caracterizar a dispersão dos valores atribuídos a cada ângulo medido. Os resultados mostraram que houve variação nas medidas dos ângulos em função da penetração de trabalho, como esperado, e que a maior exatidão dos ângulos gerados foi obtida após a profundidade de corte igual a 0,06 mm. Não houve formação de rebarba e nem a presença de queima das superfícies usinadas.

ABSTRACT Despite of technological advances in developments of cutting tools such as carbide inserts, ceramic materials and others in the last three decades, some of cutting tools still needs to have their cutting geometry restored due to wear through the sharpening operation with abrasive wheels. Sharpening aims to provide shape either to new cutting tools and worn ones. The efficiency of this operation depends on the correct selection of cutting parameters, machine tool and operator's ability. In this process, if an improper cutting parameter is selected, the workpiece geometry can be compromised and, at the worst-case scenario, surface burning can occur, thereby leading to reduction of tool hardness. Tool hardness and strength are essential to withstand cutting forces during machining, for example, when a lathe tool bit is employed for cylindrical turning of a mild steel. In this context, this work presents an experimental study on the sharpening operation of HSS lathe tool bit using four different values of depth of cut. The grinding wheel employed was a straight cup white aluminium oxide, which is highly recommended for such operation. The workpiece material was the high speed steel (HSS) with hardness of 62 ± 2 HRC. The output parameters evaluated were the values of the rake angle, side cutting edge angle and end cutting edge angle, that were all measured with aid of a profile projector and a universal protractor (only for the rake angle). All the experimental trials were replicated once and the angles were measured five times. Statistical analyse of the results were performed to evaluate the statistical significance of comparisons and the measurement uncertainty was calculated. The results showed that all angles were affected by the depth of cut, as expected, and the highest angles accuracy was obtained after machining with a depth of cut of 0.06 mm. No burrs and burning of machined surfaces were observed.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s1517-707620170003.0198 3714 downloads

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