RESUMO O objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos de uma subdose de hCG aplicada no acuponto Hou Hai na qualidade do corpo lúteo (CL) e na indução da ovulação em éguas. Quinze éguas mestiças foram distribuídas em blocos ao acaso, sendo o período utilizado como fator de blocagem, em: T1 = 1500 UI de hCG por via intravenosa (IV); T2 = 450 UI de hCG aplicado no falso acuponto (IV) e T3 = 450 UI de hCG aplicada no acuponto Hou Hai. Avaliou-se diâmetro médio do CL, concentração sérica de progesterona (P4), vascularização do folículo pré-ovulatório e do CL. As fêmeas que receberam 450 UI de hCG no acuponto Hou Hai apresentaram maiores taxas de ovulação (33,33%) 48h após a indução. O número de pixels coloridos (NPC) mínimo do folículo pré-ovulatório das fêmeas do grupo controle foi superior (40,33) ao das éguas que receberam 450 UI de hCG IV no falso acuponto (36,84) e semelhante ao das éguas que receberam hCG no acuponto Hou Hai (39,31); correlações moderadamente positivas foram encontradas entre o diâmetro do CL e a concentração de P4, ambos no D8 (P <0,05). A administração IV de 450 UI de hCG ou no acuponto Hou Hai foi eficiente na indução da ovulação e na garantia da qualidade do CL nas éguas.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of an hCG sub dose applied at the Hou Hai acupoint on corpus luteum (CL) quality and ovulation induction in mares. Fifteen crossbred mares were distributed in randomized blocks and used in three periods with each period employed as the blocking factor in three treatments: T1 = 1500 IU of hCG via intravenous (IV); T2 = 450 IU of hCG applied at the false acupoint (IV); and T3 = 450 IU of hCG applied at the Hou Hai acupoint. Mean diameter of the CL, serum concentration of progesterone (P4), vascularization of the pre-ovulatory follicle and CL were evaluated. Females administered 450 IU of hCG at the Hou Hai acupoint exhibited greater ovulation rates (33.33%) 48h after induction; The minimum number of colored pixel (NCP) of the pre-ovulatory follicle of control females was superior (40.33) to that of mares administered 450 IU of hCG IV at the false acupoint (36.84) and similar to that of those administered hCG at the Hou Hai acupoint (39.31). Further, moderately positive correlations were found between the CL diameter and the P4 concentration on D8 (P<0.05). IV administration of 450 IU of hCG or at the Hou Hai acupoint was efficient at inducing ovulation and ensuring the quality of CL in mares.

A pesar de la importancia de las capturas del atún de aleta negra Thunnus atlanticus en el noreste de Brasil y en las cercanías del Archipiélago San Pedro y San Pablo (ASPSP), hay una escasez de información sobre su reproducción, especialmente en las islas. La reproducción del atún de aleta negra en este archipiélago se estudió de diciembre 2008 a julio 2010. Con este fin, se recolectaron 361 gónadas de hembras y machos, los machos fueron predominantemente más frecuentes en la muestra total, con una proporción sexual de 1♀:2.2 ♂. La longitud furcal todos los ejemplares muestreados varió entre 38 y 98 cm, y los machos fueron más abundantes en las clases de mayor longitud. Los valores medios mensuales del índice gonadal (IG) variaron de 6.6 (SD=4.1) a 58.4 (SD=34.7) y de 2.6 (SD=1.3) a 66.2 (SD=30.4) para hembras y machos, respectivamente. Los mayores valores de IG para ambos sexos fueron observados el inicio del primer semestre. Los análisis histológicos mostraron que la mayoría de los ovarios y testículos correspondieron a especímenes aptos para reproducirse. Sin embargo, hembras con ovarios maduros, con gran cantidad de oócitos hidratados y folículos post ovulatorios, se encontraron principalmente de diciembre a marzo, que se considera es la época de reproducción del atún de aleta negra alrededor del ASPSP.

The reproduction of Blackfin tuna Thunnus atlanticus has been described for coastal regions, and for a long time, this species was considered to be a strictly continental spawner. Recently, this species was observed around a seamount habitat 500 nautical miles Northeast of Brazil, located between South America and Africa. In this study we describe the reproductive biology of Blackfin tuna at Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago (SPSPA). Male and female gonads were sampled from December 2008 to July 2010, and analyzed macro and microscopically. A total of 361 fish were sampled (247 males and 114 females). Males were more common than females, with a sex ratio of 2.2 ♂:1♀. The fork length (FL) of all sampled specimens ranged from 38 to 98cm, and larger length classes were more frequent in males. It was possible to distinguish six maturity phases for females: immature, developing, spawning capable, actively spawning, regressing and recovering. Five phases were identified for males: immature, developing, spawning capable, actively spawning and recovering. The gonad index (GI) mean monthly values ranged from 6.6 (SD=4.1) to 58.4 (SD=34.7) for females, and from 2.6 (SD=1.3) to 66.2 (SD=30.4) for males. For both sexes, the largest GI values were observed at the beginning of the first semester of the year. Size at first maturity was estimated at 48cm FL and 55cm FL for females and males respectively. Approximately 80% of the specimens were adults and considered to be in reproductive conditions. Histological analysis of the ovaries and testes showed that most of the specimens were sexually mature and were reproductively active during all months of the year. However, females with mature ovaries, with large amounts of hydrated oocytes and post-ovulatory follicles, were mainly found from December to March, thus these months may constitute the main spawning season in SPSPA. Batch fecundity varied between 272 025 and 1 140 584 oocytes for 56 and 68cm FL females respectively. Oocyte development and spawning patterns suggest a multiple spawning behavior. The results revealed that Blackfin tuna is using the SPSPA as a spawning ground, similar to other species commonly observed in the same area during the same reproductive season.

OBJETIVO: Neste estudo avaliou-se a distribuição dos microrganismos no sistema de canais radiculares (SCR) e região periapical (RP) de cães após instrumentação automatizada e utilização de pastas à base de hidróxido de cálcio CaO(H)2. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Lesões periapicais crônicas foram induzidas em 80 raízes de pré-molares de quatro cães. Após a instrumentação com o sistema Profile auxiliado pela solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 5,25%, aplicou-se as seguintes pastas contendo Ca(OH)2: grupo 1-Calen (n=18), grupo 2-Calen/PMCC (n=20), grupo 3-hidróxido de cálcio p.a. + solução anestésica (n=16) e grupo 4-hidróxido de cálcio p.a. + solução de digluconato de clorexidina a 2% (n=18), por 21 dias. Oito canais radiculares sem tratamento endodôntico constituíram o grupo-controle. Nas secções histológicas coradas por Brown & Brenn, avaliou-se a presença de microrganismos nos 3mm apicais do SCR e RP, incluindo o canal radicular principal, deltas, cementoplastos, túbulos dentinários, reabsorções cementárias e lesão periapical. Os resultados foram analisados pelo teste de Mann-Whitney (p<0.05). RESULTADOS: Verificou-se que o grupo-controle apresentou a maior freqüência de microrganismos em todos os sítios, com nítida presença de biofilmes nas paredes do canal radicular e nas reabsorções cementárias. Cocos, bacilos e filamentosos foram os morfotipos mais frequentes. Similar padrão de distribuição de microrganismos foi observado no SCR e nas áreas reabsorções sementárias de todos os grupos (p>0.05). Nos grupos 1, 2, 3, 4 e controle, os percentuais de sítios do SCR contendo microrganismos foram: 67.6%, 62.5%, 78.2%, 62.0% e 87.6%, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: Histomicrobiologicamente, os protocolos de anti-sepsia utilizados proporcionaram insignificativa redução dos microrganismos no SCR e na RP, embora, metabolicamente, muitas bactérias vistas nas secções histológicas podem ter sido inativadas irreversivelmente ou mesmo perdido a viabilidade em função dos procedimentos de anti-sepsia utilizados.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the distribution of microorganisms in the root canal system (RCS) and periapical lesions of dogs' teeth after rotary instrumentation and placement of different calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]-based intracanal dressings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chronic periapical lesions were experimentally induced in 80 premolar roots of four dogs. Instrumentation was undertaken using the ProFile rotary system and irrigation with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite. The following Ca(OH)2-based pastes were applied for 21 days: group 1 - Calen (n=18); group 2 - Calen+CPMC (n=20); group 3 - Ca(OH)2 p.a. + anaesthetic solution (n=16) and group 4 - Ca(OH)2 p.a.+ 2% chlorhexidine digluconate (n=18). Eight root canals without endodontic treatment constituted the control group. Histological sections were obtained and stained with Brown & Brenn staining technique to evaluate the presence of microorganisms in the main root canal, ramifications of the apical delta and secondary canals, apical cementoplasts, dentinal tubules, areas of cemental resorption and periapical lesions. The results were analyzed statistically by the Mann-Whitney U test (p<0.05). RESULTS: The control group showed the highest prevalence of microorganisms in all sites evaluated. Gram-positive cocci, bacilli and filaments were the most frequent morphotypes. Similar microbial distribution patterns in the RCS and areas of cementum resorption were observed in all groups (p>0.05). The percentage of RCS sites containing microorganisms in groups 1, 2, 3, 4 and control were: 67.6%, 62.5%, 78.2%, 62.0% and 87.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the histomicrobiological analysis showed that the rotary instrumentation and the different calcium hydroxide pastes employed did not effectively eliminate the infection from the RCS and periapical lesions. However, several bacteria seen in the histological sections were probably dead or were inactivated by the biomechanical preparation and calcium hydroxide-based intracanal dressing.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia anti-séptica da instrumentação rotatória associada às pastas à base de hidróxido de cálcio [Ca(OH)2] contendo diferentes veículos e anti-sépticos. Lesões periapicais crônicas foram experimentalmente induzidas em 72 canais radiculares de pré-molares de 4 cães. Sob controlada assepsia, após amostras microbiológicas iniciais (A1), fez-se a instrumentação com o sistema ProFile coadjuvado pela solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 5,25%, seguido de medicação intracanal. Em função das pastas utilizadas obtiveram-se 4 grupos: grupo 1- Calen (n=18), grupo 2- Calen+PMCC (n=20), grupo 3- Ca(OH)2 p.a.+ solução anestésica (n=16) e grupo 4- Ca(OH)2 p.a.+ solução de digluconato de clorexidina a 2% (n=18). Transcorridos 21 dias, removeram-se as pastas, deixando os canais radiculares vazios e 96 horas após obteve-se a segunda amostragem microbiológica (A2). O número de unidades formadoras de colônias de microrganismos (ufc) e a incidência de culturas positivas antes e após cada tratamento foram analisados pelo teste de Wilcoxon enquanto a influência dos diferentes tratamentos na infecção intracanal foi avaliada pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis com nível de signficância de 5,0%. Verificaram-se nas amostras A1 elevadas quantidades de anaeróbios obrigatórios, facultativos e estreptococos do grupo viridans em 100% dos canais radiculares. Nas amostras A2, todos os tratamentos proporcionaram significativa redução do número de ufc e de culturas positivas (p<0.05), mas somente os grupos 3 e 4 proveram 100,0% dos canais radiculares livres de microrganismos. Portanto, a instrumentação automatizada coadjuvada pela solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 5,25% associada à medicação intracanal proporcionaram drástica redução ou eliminação da microbiota intracanal, cuja performance não foi influenciada pela natureza do veículo ou do anti-séptico acrescido ao hidróxido de cálcio p.a..

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiseptic efficacy of rotary instrumentation associated with calcium hydroxide-based pastes prepared with different vehicles and antiseptics. Chronic periapical lesions were experimentally induced in 72 premolar root canals of four dogs. Under controlled asepsis, after initial microbiological sampling (A1), the root canals were instrumented using the ProFile system in conjunction with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite and the intracanal medication was placed. Four experimental groups were formed according to the pastes used: group 1- Calen (n=18), group 2- Calen+CPMC (n=20), group 3- Ca(OH)2 p.a.+ anaesthetic solution (n=16) and group 4- Ca(OH)2 p.a.+ 2% chlorhexidine digluconate (n=18). After 21 days, the pastes were removed; the canals were emptied and 96 hours later a second microbiological sample was obtained (A2). The incidence of positive microbiological cultures and the number of cfus in stages A1 and A2 were compared statistically by the Wilcoxon test while the influence of the different treatments in intracanal infection was evaluated by Kruskal-Wallis test at 5% significance level (p<0.05). Large numbers of strict and facultative anaerobes, and viridans group streptococci were found in 100% of root canals of A1 samples. Among A2 samples, all treatments showed significant reduction of cfus and positive cultures (p<0.05), but only groups 3 and 4 showed 100% of root canals free of microorganisms. Rotary instrumentation plus NaOCl 5.25% associated with intracanal medication produced a drastic reduction or elimination of intracanal microbiota, whose performance was not influenced by the nature of the vehicle or the antiseptic added to the Ca(OH)2 p.a.

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a anti-sepsia do sistema de canais radiculares (SCR) e da região periapical (RP) proporcionada pela instrumentação automatizada associada a medicação intracanal à base de hidróxido de cálcio + clorexidina. Lesões periapicais crônicas foram induzidas em 26 raízes de pré-molares de dois cães. Após amostragem microbiológica, procedeu-se à instrumentação automatizada de 18 canais radiculares (CR) utilizando-se o sistema Profile e a solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 5,25%, com irrigação final com EDTA a 14,3%, seguida de irrigação profusa com soro fisiológico. Após se secarem os canais, foi colocada em seu interior uma pasta à base de hidróxido de cálcio P.A. associada à solução de digluconato de clorexidina a 2%. Transcorridos 21 dias, removeu-se a medicação, deixando-se os CR vazios e selados coronariamente. Após 96 horas, obteve-se a amostra microbiológica final e realizou-se o processamento histomicrobiológico pelo método de Brown & Brenn. Oito CR sem tratamento endodôntico representaram o grupo controle (G-C). Pelo teste de Mann-Whitney ao nível de 5% (p < 0,05), os procedimentos de anti-sepsia utilizados proporcionaram significativa eficácia (p < 0,05), resultando em 100,0% de CR livres de microrganismos. No G-C, verificou-se elevada incidência de vários morfotipos microbianos em todos os sítios do SCR e colônias microbianas na RP. Em contrapartida, no grupo experimental, verificou-se um padrão de infecção do SCR similar, mas menos intenso e reduzida presença de infecção extrarradicular (p < 0,05). Concluiu-se que a adequada instrumentação seguida da aplicação do hidróxido de cálcio + clorexidina proporcionou significativa eliminação de microrganismos.

This study aimed at evaluating the antisepsis of the root canal system (RCS) and periapical region (PR) provided by rotary instrumentation associated with chlorhexidine + calcium hydroxide as intracanal medicament. Chronic periapical lesions were induced in 26 pre-molar roots in two dogs. After microbiological sampling, automatic instrumentation using the Profile system and irrigation with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite solution, with a final rinse of 14.3% EDTA followed by profuse irrigation with physiological saline were carried out in 18 root canals. After drying the canals, a paste based on calcium hydroxide associated with a 2% chlorhexidine digluconate solution was placed inside them. After 21 days, the medication was removed, leaving the root canals empty and coronally sealed. After 96 hours, a final microbiological sample was obtained, followed by histomicrobiological processing by the Brown & Brenn method. Eight untreated root canals represented the control group (C-G). Based on the Mann-Whitney test at a confidence level of 5% (p < 0.05), the procedures of antisepsis used offered significant efficacy (p < 0.05) resulting in 100.0% of the canals free of microorganisms. In the C-G, an elevated incidence of various microbial morphotypes was confirmed in all sites of the RCS, with the presence of microbial colonies in the periapical region. In contrast, the experimental group showed a similar pattern of infection in the RCS, although less intense and a reduced level of periapical infection (p < 0.05). It was concluded that adequate instrumentation followed by the application of calcium hydroxide + chlorhexidine offered significant elimination of microorganisms.