Abstract Bauhinia forficata Link aqueous extract is usually recommended as a phytomedicine to reduce blood glucose levels and its biological activity has been linked to the presence of phenolic compounds from B. forficata preparations. Several drying processes are used in the production of dry herbal extracts, which may influence the chemical composition and efficacy of final herbal medicines. Due to significant chemical changes, defining appropriate drying processes is essential for phytopharmaceutical drug development. In view of this, we analyzed dried B. forficata leaf infusion (BFLI) extracts by HPLC-UV-MSn, followed by molecular networking analysis to evaluate the chemical profiles from dried extracts yielded by freeze-and spray-drying processes. The main metabolites detected included 11 ferulic/isoferulic acid derivatives and 13 glycosylated flavonoids. The qualitative chemical profiles were alike for both drying processes, whereas the relative abundance of some flavonoids was higher using spray-drying. Taken together, our results showed that freeze-and spray-drying preserved the phenolic profile of BFLI and suggested that spray-drying may be the most suitable to obtain its dried products. Along with studying the chemical profiles of dried herbal extracts, evaluating the influence of drying processes on the quality and chemical profiles of final products is pivotal and may benefit future research.

Abstract Background: The association of scaffolds to repair extensive bone defects can contribute to their evolution and morphophysiological recomposition. The incorporation of particulate biomaterials into three-dimensional fibrin bioproducts together with photobiomodulation therapy (PBM) has potential and can improve regenerative medicine procedures. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of PBM therapy on critical size defects filled with xenogenic bone substitute associated with fibrin biopolymer. Methods: A critical defect of 8 mm was performed in 36 Wistar male adult rats that were divided into four groups. Groups BC and BC-PBM were defined as controls with defects filled by a clot (without or with PBM, respectively) and groups XS and XS-PBM that comprised those filled with biocomplex Bio-OssTM in association with fibrin biopolymer. PBM was applied immediately after the surgery and three times a week every other day, with the parameters: wavelength of 830 nm, energy density 6.2 J/cm2, output power 30 mW, beam area of 0.116 cm2, irradiance 0.258,62 W/cm2, energy/point 0.72 J, total energy 2.88 J. Fourteen and 42 days after the surgery, animals were euthanatized and subjected to microtomography, qualitative and quantitative histological analysis. Results: The BC-PBM and XS-PBM groups had a similar evolution in the tissue repair process, with a higher density of the volume of new formed bone in relation to the groups without PBM (p = 0.04086; p = 0.07093, respectively). Intense vascular proliferation and bone deposition around the biomaterial particles were observed in the animals of the groups in which biocomplex was applied (XS and XS-PBM). Conclusion: PBM therapy allowed an improvement in the formation of new bone, with a more organized deposition of collagen fibers in the defect area. Biocomplex favored the insertion and permanence of the particulate material in bone defects, creating a favorable microenvironment for accelerate repair process.

In Chile a sanitary reform has been launched, among other modifications, it shows the option to create Self Managed Network Institutions (high complexity hospitals with autonomous management). To get this Grade, there are some requirements to comply with, between them; they must be accredited as Health Providers, which demands an implementation of "Care Management Subdivisions". This Paper aims to assess the implementation process status of the sanitary reform and the Nursing role in it. It critically examines the challenges that are presented at a professional level and it ponders over the scope towards the discipline and nursing training as well. As methodology, bibliographical research was carried out on data based on PubMed, Scielo, Redalyc and Bireme. The outcome pointed out four thematic areas: Sanitary Reform in Chile, Implementation of Self Managed Network Institutions, Quality Assurance, Care Management and Professional Training. Among the conclusions, it is highlighted that the bibliographic research could not give any evidence to determine whether the implementation of Self Managed Network Institutions have made any change in the impact on quality care provided to users, which could be caused by implementation time, nevertheless it is expected that accreditation processes will bring up related experiences that can be published.

En Chile se ha implementado una reforma sanitaria, entre las modificaciones plantea la creación de Establecimientos Autogestionados en Red (hospitales de alta complejidad con autonomía en la gestión), entre los requisitos que deben cumplir para logar esta calidad es acreditarse como prestadores de salud, lo que exige implementar "Subdirecciones de Gestión del Cuidado". El presente artículo tiene por objetivo examinar el grado de avance en la implementación de la reforma sanitaria y el rol que a enfermería le compete en ella, se analizan críticamente los desafíos que se presentan a nivel profesional, y se reflexiona respecto a los alcances para la disciplina y la formación de enfermería. Como metodología se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en las bases de datos PubMed, Scielo, Redalyc y Bireme. El resultado del análisis de los documentos generó cuatro áreas temáticas: Reforma Sanitaria en Chile, Implementación de los Establecimientos Autogestionados en Red, Aseguramiento de la Calidad, y Gestión del Cuidado y formación profesional. Entre las conclusiones destaca que la revisión bibliográfica no arrojó evidencias para determinar si la implementación de las Subdirecciones de Gestión del Cuidado han generado algún impacto en la calidad de los cuidados otorgados a los usuarios, lo que podría deberse al tiempo de su implementación, sin embargo se espera que los procesos de acreditación aporten experiencias publicables al respecto.

Jacaranda decurrens (Bignoniaceae) is an endemic species of the Cerrado with validated antitumoral activity. The genetic diversity of six populations of J. decurrens located in the State of São Paulo was determined in this study by using molecular markers for randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Following optimization of the amplification reaction, 10 selected primers generated 78 reproducible RAPD fragments that were mostly (69.2%) polymorphic. Two hundred and five reproducible AFLP fragments were generated by using four selected primer combinations; 46.3% of these fragments were polymorphic, indicating a considerable level of genetic diversity. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) using these two groups of markers indicated that variability was strongly structured amongst populations. The unweighted pair group method with arithmatic mean (UPGMA) and Pearson's correlation coefficient (RAPD -0.16, p = 0.2082; AFLP 0.37, p = 0.1006) between genetic matrices and geographic distances suggested that the population structure followed an island model in which a single population of infinite size gave rise to the current populations of J. decurrens, independently of their spatial position. The results of this study indicate that RAPD and AFLP markers were similarly efficient in measuring the genetic variability amongst natural populations of J. decurrens. These data may be useful for developing strategies for the preservation of this medicinal species in the Cerrado.

Muitas doenças e processos degenerativos estão associados à superprodução de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) o que tem estimulado vários grupos de pesquisa a investigarem o potencial antioxidante de substâncias produzidas por diversas famílias da flora mundial. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade antioxidante de extrato bruto hidroalcoólico de folhas de Jacaranda decurrrens e de frações obtidas a partir desse extrato, pelo método espectrométrico de descoloração do radical 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazila (DPPH). A atividade antioxidante (91%) do extrato bruto e da fração Jd-2 foi semelhante à atividade obtida com o padrão rutina, na concentração de 1 mg/L (92,56%). A fração Jd-3 quando comparada com as outras frações apresentou maior atividade antioxidante em concentrações igual ou abaixo de 2,5 mg/L. A atividade antioxidante das amostras está relacionada à presença dos triterpenos ácidos ursólico e oleanólico presentes no extrato bruto e nas frações Jd-1 e Jd-2 e também a flavonóides glicosilados contidos na fração Jd-3. Este é o primeiro trabalho demonstrando a atividade antioxidante de extrato de folhas de Jacaranda decurrens.

Since many diseases and degenerative processes have been associated to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) many research groups are motivated to investigate the antioxidant potential of substances produced by several families of the world flora. The aim of this work was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of crude hydroalcoholic extract of Jacaranda decurrrens leaves and fractions obtained from that extract, using the free radical DPPH (2,2-difenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) through spectrometric discoloration method. Results confirmed that either the crude extract or fractions of the extract presented antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity (91%) demonstrated by the crude extract was equivalent to the antioxidant activity determined for fraction Jd-2 in the concentration of 10 mg/L, and similar to the activity showed by the standard rutin, in the concentration of 1 mg/L (92,56%). Fraction Jd-1 in the concentration of 10 mg/L and 5 mg showed 84% and 86% antioxidant activity, respectively. Those values are significantly different and inferior if compared to the standard rutin. Compared to the other fractions the Jd-3 presented higher antioxidant activity. The antioxidant potential of Jacaranda decurrens crude extracts and fractions Jd-1 and Jd-2 is probably related to the production of the triterpenes ursolic and oleanolic acids and also to the glycosylated flavonoids produced in the fraction Jd-3. This is the first report on the antioxidant activity of crude hydroalcoholic extract of J. decurrrens leaves and fractions obtained from that extract.

Realizou-se um experimento em casa de vegetação do Departamento de Ciência do Solo da Universidade Federal de Lavras, para avaliar o efeito do silício na nutrição mineral e na produção de matéria seca de plantas de moringa submetidas ao estresse salino. Utilizaram-se o esquema fatorial e o delineamento de blocos casualizados, com três repetições, e uma planta por vaso de 3 L de capacidade, em que o primeiro fator referiu-se às doses de NaCl (0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 mol m-3) e o segundo às doses de SiO2 (0, 0,5, 1,0 e 1,5 mol m-3), em solução de Hoagland & Arnon (1950) a 50 % da concentração normal. As soluções foram renovadas em intervalos de 10 dias e, aos 35 dias, após a aplicação dos tratamentos, as plantas foram colhidas, separadas em folhas, caule e raízes, secas, para determinação da produção de matéria seca, e moídas, para determinação dos teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Na, Cl e Si. A partir dos teores, determinaram-se as relações Na/K, Na/Ca e Na/Mg e a translocação dos nutrientes para a parte aérea. Observou-se que a adição do Si elevou os teores de K e de Ca nas folhas e reduziu os de Na e as relações Na/K, Na/Ca e Na/Mg. O Si não reduziu os efeitos depressivos do NaCl na produção de matéria seca das plantas de moringa.

A greenhouse experiment was conducted in the Soil Science Department of the Federal University of Lavras, Brazil, to evaluate the effect of silicon on mineral nutrition and dry matter production of moringa plants, cultivated under salinity stress. The experiments followed a randomized factorial block-type design, in three replications. In pots of 3 L capacity with one plant each, five levels of NaCl (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 mol m-3) were combined with four levels of SiO2 (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mol m-3) in Hoagland and Arnon nutrient solution at 50 % of the normal concentration. The solutions were renewed every 10 days and the plants harvested after 45 days. Leaves, stems, and roots were separately dried for the determination of dry matter and elemental contents - N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Na, Cl, and Si. The relations Na/K, Na/Ca, and Na/Mg were determined. K and Ca contents increased while the Na content and the Na/K, Na/Ca, and Na/Mg relations in the leaves decreased under the influence of silicon. Silicon did not reduce the restrictive effects of NaCl on the dry matter production of the moringa plants.

O presente trabalho foi realizado em casa de vegetação, com o objetivo de estudar doses e modos de aplicação de manganês sobre variáveis vegetativas e componentes da produção de cultivares de arroz de terras altas. Os tratamentos constaram de cinco doses de manganês, sendo quatro aplicadas via solo (0, 4, 8 e 16 mg dm-3 de solo) e uma via foliar (três aplicações de 4 g L-1), e dois cultivares de arroz de sequeiro (Canastra e Confiança). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, com os tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial 2 x 5. Cada parcela foi constituída por um vaso com 8 dm³ de solo (Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo, sob vegetação primitiva de cerrado), com seis plantas. Comparando a aplicação de 8 mg dm-3 via solo e via foliar, nas dosagens recomendadas pela literatura, notou-se que a aplicação via solo propiciou os maiores incrementos nos valores das variáveis estudadas. As máximas produções das variáveis foram obtidas pela aplicação de 8,75 a 9,93 mg dm-3 de Mn via solo, evidenciando que, para as condições estudadas, a dose recomendada pela literatura mostrou-se adequada, visto que os valores supracitados ficam na faixa de pequenos incrementos. Houve diferença, embora não muito acentuada, entre os cultivares testados no tocante à aplicação de manganês. O cultivar Canastra mostrou-se mais responsivo, apresentando maior produção de grãos cheios que o Confiança a partir da aplicação de 6,81 mg dm-3 de Mn via solo. O efeito negativo das maiores doses de Mn via solo sobre as características avaliadas deve estar associado à deficiência de Fe e não à toxidez de Mn propriamente dita.

This work was conducted under greenhouse conditions to evaluate how doses and methods of manganese (Mn) application may affect vegetative characteristics as well as the production of upland rice. The treatments consisted of five manganese doses applied either via soil (0, 4, 8, and 16 mg dm-3) or leaf (3 4 g L-1 applications), associated with two rice cultivars (Canastra and Confiança). The experiment was randomly designed, with four replications, in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme. Each plot consisted of a recipient containing 8 dm³ of soil (a Red-Yellow Latosol, which is an Oxisol), with six plants. The foliar application of Mn at the recommended dosage resulted in a smaller production of rice when compared with the soil application rate of 8 mg dm-3 Mn, which is the most recommended soil application rate found in the literature. Maximum production was obtained for soil application rates varying from 8.75 to 9.93 mg dm-3 Mn soil, which fall in the so-called small increments range. The rice cultivars had a slightly different response to Mn application with Canastra responding better than Confiança. The negative effect of the largest doses of Mn via soil on the evaluated parameters should be associated to Fe deficiency and not to Mn toxicity.

Os autores estudam a bacia hidrográfica da barragem "Monjolinho". notadamente a velocidade de assoreamento. São descritas as características físicas da bacia, baseadas no levantamento planialtimétrico da área. Descrevem também, o tipo de solo e a cobertura vegetal encontrados no local, bem como as alterações ocorridas na bacia de inundação e no talude de montante do atêrro, após período de 7 anos de funcionamento do açude.

In this paper the authors present the study of the "Monjolinho" earth dam watershed with particular reference of its silting problem. The physical characteristics of the watershed, based on a plane - altimetric survey, are presented. A description of the soil type, vegetative cover, as well as of the changes that took place in the reservoir flood and in the upstream side slope after 7 years of use is given.

Os autores apresentam, neste trabalho, os dados gerais obtidos na primeira fase de trabalhos da Seção de Conservação do Solo do Instituto Agronômico do Estado de São Paulo, do ano agrícola 1943/44 até o ano agrícola 1958/59. Tais dados foram obtidos em talhòcs experimentais munidos de coletores de material erodido, instalados em épocas diferentes, perfazendo, até o presente ano, um total de 108 talhões, dos quais 38 em Pindorama, 29 em Campinas, 13 em Mococa e 28 em Ribeirão Prêto. Na primeira parte são apresentados os dados originais obtidos em cada um dos grupos de talhõe experimentais sob a forma de médias de perdas de solo e água, juntamente com ama breve descrição dos sistemas coletores usados e das características gerais dos tratamentos em comparação. Na segunda parte, como conclusões gerais, são apresentados os dados médios para os principais tratamentos e práticas estudadas, mima tentativa para melhor representar as condições médias gerais do Estado de São Paulo. Foram, dessa forma, estudados os efeitos sôbre as perdas por erosão dos seguintes fatores, figurando os tratamentos discriminados em ordem decrescente de perdas de solo: (1) Tipo de solo (arenosa, massapé e roxa); (2) Sistema de preparo do solo em cultura de milho (duas arações com arado de aiveca comum, uma aração com arado de aiveca comum e uma aração com arado de subsuperfície); (3) Incorporção de matéria orgânica em cultura de milho (queima da palhaça, mucuna consorciada ao milho e enterrada, incorporação da palhaça, adubo verde transportado de fora da área e enterrado, mucuna consorciada ao milho e deixada na superfície, palhaça enterrada, e estêrco de curral); (4) Rotação de culturas (algodão, soja e milho); (5) Tipo de uso do solo (algodoal, cafêzal, pastagem e mata); (6) Tipo de cultura (mamona, feijão, mandioca, amendoim, arroz, algodão, soja. batatinha, cana-de-açúcai, milho, milho + feijão, e batata-doce; (7) Comprimento de rampa (100, 50 e 25 metros); e (8) Prática conservacionista em culturas anuais (Plantio morro abaixo, plantio em contorno, alternância de capinas e, faixas estreitas de cana).

The authors present the general data obtained, in the first phase of work, by the Soil Conservation Section of the Instituto Agronômico of the São Paulo Stale (Brazil), from the year 1943/44 to the year 1958/59. These data were obtained in experimental plots having runoff catching tanks installed at different times, totalizing 108 at the present, from which 38 at Pindorama, 29 at Campinas, 13 at Mococa, and 28 at Ribeirão Prêto. In the first part of this paper the original data obtained in each of the groups of experimental plots are presented as annual averages of soil and water losses, together with a brief description of the runoff tanks used and the general characteristics of the treatments in comparison. In the second part general average data for the main treatments and studied practices are presented, in an attempt to obtain a better representation of the general average conditions of the State of São Paulo. By this way were studied the effects on the erosion losses from the following factors, the treatments being rolled up in a decreasing sequence of soil losses: (I) Type of soil (sandy, clayish and «roxa»); (2) Soil tillage systems in corn crop (plowing twice with conventional moldboard plow, plowing once with conventional plow, and plowing once with subsurface plow ); (3) Organic matter incorporation in corn crops (burning the straw, velvet beans associated with corn turned under, green manure brought from outside, velvet beans associated with corn mulch left in the surface, and, manure); (4) Crop rotations (cotton, soybeans and corn); (5) Type of land use (cotton, coffee, pasture and woods); (6) Type of crop (castor beans, beans, cassava, peanuts, rice, cotton, soybeans, Irish potatoes, sugar cane, corn associated with beans, and, sweet potatoes); (7) Length of slope (100, 50 and 25 meters); (8) Some soil conservation practices in annual crops (down the slope planting, contour planting, alternated cultivation, and narrow strips of sugar cane).

Neste trabalho os autores apresentam os resultados obtidos, desde 1944, com os diversos sistemas de preparo do solo, na produção e na erosão, nos principais tipos de solo do Estado de São Paulo, com as culturas de milho, algodão e soja. Com base nos dados de produção obtidos, conclui-se que, de modo geral, não há vantagens em se fazerem duas arações em vez de uma única, a menos que o terreno esteja muito praguejado de ervas daninhas de extirpação difícil, como os casos da tiririca e grama-sêda. O preparo do solo com arado comum é superior aos demais sistemas, ou sejam, subsuperfície, grade, sulcos e enxada. Relativamente à erosão, verifica-se que quanto maior a desagregação da terra e que quanto menor a quantidade de resíduos vegetais deixados na superfície, tanto maior será o prejuízo por erosão; no preparo do solo com apenas uma aração e no preparo com arado de subsuperfície conseguem-se reduzir, substancialmente, as perdas de terra por erosão, em relação, respectivamente, ao preparo do solo com duas arações e ao preparo do solo com arado comum de aiveca.

In this paper the authors present the results on yield and soil losses obtained when different methods of seedbed preparation were experimentally compared on the main soil types of the state of São Paulo for the corn, cotton, and soybean crops. Based on the yield data it is concluded that there was no advantage in performing two plowings instead of one, unless the land was infested with weeds difficult to extirpate, such as nutgrass and Bermuda grass. For seedbed preparation the conventional plowing method was superior to subsurface plowing, disk harrowing, furrowing only along the rows, and hocing. Treatments that promoted the greatest soil breaking or left the smallest amount of crop residues on the soil surface, induced the biggest erosion. Seedbed preparation by plowing or subsurface plowing reduced substantially the soil losses caused by erosion when compared with preparation by means of two plowings or by the conventional moldboard plowing.