ABSTRACT A 52-year-old man was referred to our hospital for the appearance of generalized epileptic seizures with loss of consciousness, and a computed tomography scan reveals multiple contrast-enhanced hemispheric supratentorial lesions, considering a multicentric Glioblastoma. A stereotactic biopsy was performed and abundant large cells with compact eosinophilic granular cytoplasm were found in the specimen, positive for gliofibrillar acid protein, S100 protein and CD68, focally, with scarce neoplastic astrocytes. Final diagnosis was granular cell astrocytoma. Multimodal treatment with radiotherapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy was established. He remained at Karnofsky Performance Score (KPS) 80 during the first year and then, with tumor progression, a stability of KPS 50 for 6 months until he died 21 months after diagnosis. The bibliographic review carried out showed, to date, 104 diagnosed hemispheric supratentorial granular cell astrocytomas, with a survival of less than one year, regardless of the degree of malignancy. Multimodal treatment is recommended for these types of aggressive behavioral brain tumor.

RESUMEN Presentamos un paciente de 52 años masculino, que debutó con crisis epiléptica y en los estudios imagenológicos se encontraron lesiones múltiples supratentoriales hemisféricas cerebrales que se realzaron con contraste, considerando un glioblastoma multicéntrico. Se le realizó biopsia por estereotaxia y en la extensión de la muestra se encontraron abundantes células grandes con citoplasma granular eosinofílico compacto, positivas a la proteína ácida gliofibrilar, la proteína S100 y CD68, focalmente, con astrocitos neoplásicos escasos, diagnosticándose un astrocitoma de células granulares. Se instauró tratamiento multimodal con radioterapia, quimioterapia e inmunoterapia. El paciente finalmente falleció mantuvo 80 puntos en la Escala de desempeño de Karnofsky durante el primer año y luego, con progresión tumoral una estabilidad de 50 puntos durante 6 meses hasta fallecer a los 21 meses del diagnóstico. La revisión bibliográfica realizada demostró que hasta la fecha, 104 astrocitomas de células granulares supratentoriales hemisféricos diagnosticados, presentaban una sobrevivencia promedio menor de 1 año, independientemente del grado de malignidad. Se recomienda el tratamiento multimodal para este tipo de lesiones cerebrales de comportamiento agresivo.

ABSTRACT The success of developmental dysplasia of the hip treatment is closely linked to early intervention, that is, early and safe diagnosis and treatment. The radiographic study has traditionally been based on the measurement of a series of parameters, which is carried out using the goniometer, marking directly on the radiograph. However, this procedure has its disadvantage. The present study aims to expose the characteristics of a template to measure the hip with dysplastic development in infants. It explains how to proceed with the proposed tool; its possibilities and application methodology are argued, and its feasibility from a practical point of view is illustrated. The template allows evaluation of the infant’s hip, regardless the femoral head nucleus ossification; as well as determines if the hip is normal; and if it is pathological, classifies it depending on the degree of severity of the condition.

RESUMEN El éxito del tratamiento de la displasia del desarrollo de la cadera está íntimamente ligado a una intervención temprana, o sea, a un diagnóstico y tratamiento precoces y seguros. El estudio radiográfico tradicionalmente se ha sustentado en la medición de una serie de parámetros, la cual se realiza mediante el goniómetro, marcando directamente en la radiografía. Sin embargo, este procedimiento tiene sus desventajas. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo exponer las características de una plantilla para medir la cadera con desarrollo displásico en el lactante. Se explica cómo proceder con la herramienta propuesta; se argumentan sus posibilidades y metodología de aplicación, y se ilustra su factibilidad desde el punto de vista práctico. La plantilla permite evaluar la cadera del lactante, independientemente de la osificación del núcleo de la cabeza del fémur; así como determinar si la cadera es normal; y en caso de ser patológica, clasificarla en dependencia del grado de severidad de la afección.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Upon appearance of the first COVID-19 cases in Cuba, early identification of patients at risk of developing severe forms of the disease became a necessity. Objective: Describe the clinical behavior of COVID-19 in patients admitted to Pedro Kourí Tropical Medicine Institute and identify factors associated to severity. Methods: A presentation was made of the first 73 COVID-19 cases admitted to Pedro Kourí Tropical Medicine Institute from 11 March to 5 May 2020. The patients were divided into two groups: severe and mild disease. A comparison was made of clinical, demographic, laboratory and imaging variables at admission, and their possible association to disease severity. Results: Seven patients (9.6%) were critically ill; five died. Age > 60 years, more than one comorbidity, arterial hypertension and bronchial asthma were more common among critical patients. Fever for more than six days (p= 0.00), dyspnea (p= 0.00), presence of humid stertors (p= 0.00), respiratory rate > 24/min (p= 0.00) and lymphocytes < 0.8 x109/l (p= 0.00), ferritin > 500 µg/L (p =0.00), C-reactive protein 10 μg/l (p= 0.01) and LDH 500 U/l (p= 0.01) were related to disease severity. 18.2% of the chest radiographs showed alterations, with a predominance of bilateral foci of inflammatory condensation. The most common complications were respiratory distress, shock, bacterial sepsis and heart disorders. Conclusions: Some clinical and laboratory characteristics identifiable at admission may be associated to disease severity, which makes them useful for risk stratification and the appropriate management of patients.

RESUMEN Introducción: Con los primeros casos de COVID-19 en Cuba era necesario el reconocimiento temprano de los pacientes con riesgo de evolucionar hacia formas graves de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Describir el comportamiento clínico de la COVID-19 en pacientes hospitalizados en el Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Pedro Kourí” e identificar factores asociados a la gravedad. Métodos: Se presentaron los primeros 73 casos de COVID-19 hospitalizados en el Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Pedro Kourí” desde el 11 de marzo al 5 mayo de 2020. Los pacientes se clasificaron en dos grupos: graves y con enfermedad ligera. Se compararon variables clínicas, demográficas, de laboratorio e imagenológicas en el momento del ingreso, y su posible asociación con la gravedad de la enfermedad. Resultados: Hubo siete pacientes graves (9,6 %), cinco fallecieron. La edad > 60 años, tener más de una comorbilidad, hipertensión arterial y asma bronquial, fueron más frecuentes en pacientes graves. La fiebre más de seis días (p= 0,00), disnea (p= 0,00), presencia de estertores húmedos (p= 0,00), frecuencia respiratoria > 24/min (p= 0,00) y valores de linfocitos < 0,8 x109/L (p= 0,00), de ferritina > 500µg/L (p =0,00), proteína C reactiva ( 10μg/L (p= 0,01) y LDH ( 500 U/L (p= 0,01) se relacionaron con la gravedad. El 18,2 % de las radiografías de tórax mostró alteraciones, con predominio de focos de condensación inflamatoria bilateral. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron: distrés respiratorio, choque, sepsis bacteriana y afecciones cardíacas. Conclusiones: Existen características clínicas y de laboratorio, identificables al ingreso, que están relacionadas con la gravedad de la enfermedad; lo que puede ser útil para la estratificación del riesgo y el manejo adecuado de los pacientes.

Abstract: There is a great regional heterogeneity and ignorance of the current gender violence (GV) situation in the different countries of the European Union (EU-28). The aim of this paper is to determine the current prevalence of GV and femicides in the EU-28 and in Spain in particular. This study consists of an observational descriptive study (document analysis) which selects and analyses data belonging to the different modalities of GV and femicides in the EU-28 countries. Latvia, Denmark, United Kingdom, Sweden, Belgium, Finland, Slovakia and Luxembourg possess higher rates than the EU average in all types of GV while Finland, Hungary, Northern Ireland and Latvia possess higher incidences rates in femicide. With respect to Spain, 0.13% of women were victims of GV and 2.3 femicides per year occur for every 1.000.000 women, with Spain being among the countries with the lowest rates. It is therefore concluded that psychological abuse is the most prevalent within the EU-28, however, it is difficult to compare said data from different countries due to the lack of a common legal conceptualisation of GV.

Resumen: Existe una gran heterogeneidad regional y desconocimiento de la situación actual de la violencia de género (VdG) en los diferentes países de la Unión Europea (UE-28). El objetivo del presente trabajo es determinar la prevalencia actual de la VdG y de feminicidios en la UE-28 y en particular en España. Consiste en un estudio descriptivo observacional (análisis de documentos) seleccionando y analizando datos de las diferentes modalidades de la VdG y de feminicidios en los 28 países de la UE. Letonia, Dinamarca, Reino Unido, Suecia, Bélgica, Finlandia, Eslovaquia y Luxemburgo tienen tasas más altas que la media de la UE en todos los tipos de VdG y Finlandia, Hungría, Irlanda del Norte y Letonia poseen las incidencias más altas en feminicidios. Con respecto a España, el 0.13% de las mujeres fueron víctimas de VdG y se producen 2.3 feminicidios anuales por cada 1.000.000 mujeres, situándose España entre los países con tasas más bajas. Se concluye que el maltrato psicológico es el más prevalente en la UE-28, sin embargo, existe una dificultad para la comparación de datos de los diferentes países debido a la inexistencia de una conceptualización legal común de la VdG.

Abstract Sugarcane is one of the important industrial crops worldwide and is affected by various viral diseases, including the Sugarcane yellow leaf virus (SCYLV). In Mexico, this virus has been detected based on symptomatology and °Brix; however, the diagnosis based on these parameters is not conclusive. The objective of the study was to detect the presence and distribution of SCYLV in sugarcane areas of western Mexico (Colima, Jalisco and Nayarit) and to determine the phylogenetic origin of a Colima isolate. The work was developed in the Tecoman Experimental Field during 2013-2014. Total RNA was isolated from collected leaves and RT-PCR was performed with oligonucleotides specific for SCYLV. A total of 233 samples were analyzed and the incidence of SCYLV carrier plants was 14.6%, affecting the hybrids CP 72-2086, Mex 69-290 and Atemex 96-40. The BLAST analysis showed that the partial CP sequence of Colmex-317 (512 bp) is homologous with sequences from Brazil, China, India, Kenya and USA and also shares identity percentages higher than 99% with other sequences from several countries. The phylogenetic analysis of Colmex-317 with partial sequences and complete genomes of SCYLV isolated from different parts of the world revealed that the Mexican isolate belongs to the Brazilian genotype (BRA) and was grouped with sequences from Brazil, China, Kenya and South Africa. However, it is necessary to evaluate a larger number of isolates and longer sequences to determine if the BRA genotype is the only one present in Mexico.

Resumen La caña de azúcar es uno de los cultivos industriales importantes a nivel mundial y es afectado por diversas enfermedades virales, incluido el sugarcane yellow leaf virus (SCYLV). En México este virus se ha detectado basado en sintomatología y °Brix; sin embargo, el diagnóstico basado en estos parámetros no es concluyente. El objetivo del estudio fue detectar la presencia y distribución del SCYLV en zonas cañeras del Occidente de México (Colima, Jalisco y Nayarit) y determinar el origen filogenético de un aislado de Colima. El trabajo se desarrolló en el Campo Experimental Tecomán durante 2013-2014. Se aisló el RNA total a partir de hojas colectadas y se realizaron las RT-PCR con oligonucleótidos específicos para SCYLV. Se analizaron 233 muestras y la incidencia de plantas portadoras del SCYLV fue 14.6%, afectando a los híbridos CP 72-2086, Mex 69-290 y Atemex 96-40. El análisis BLAST mostró que la secuencia parcial CP de Colmex-317 (512 pb) es homóloga con secuencias de Brasil, China, India, Kenia y USA, además comparte porcentajes de identidad superior a 99% con otras secuencias provenientes de varios países. El análisis filogenético de Colmex-317 con secuencias parciales y genomas completos del SCYLV aislados de diversas partes del mundo reveló que el aislado mexicano pertenece al genotipo de Brasil (BRA) y se agrupó con secuencias de Brasil, China, Kenia y Sudáfrica. Sin embargo, es necesario evaluar un mayor número de aislados y secuencias de mayor longitud para determinar si el genotipo BRA es el único presente en México.

ABSTRACT The aim of this theoretical study is to learn which cognitive, emotional, attitudinal, and behavioural variables involved in relationships are related to sexist attitudes by adolescents and how they relate to one another. After searching scientific articles published between 2005 and 2018 on PsycINFO, Psicodoc, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, 1,170 studies were obtained. After conducting the selection process, 20 were included in the review. The results of these studies show that adolescents who display attitudes that are more sexist have a more positive attitude towards intimate partner violence, greater sexual risk behaviours, greater attraction to sexist partners, greater support for the myth of idealized love and myth of love-abuse link, greater emotional dependence on the partner, and poorer quality in relationships, revealing gender-based differences in some of the mentioned variables. It is concluded that sexist attitudes are related to harmful forms of intimate interaction among teenagers.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio teórico es conocer qué variables cognitivas, emocionales, actitudinales y conductuales implicadas en las relaciones de pareja se relacionan con las actitudes sexistas por parte de los adolescentes, y cómo se relacionan éstas entre sí. Tras realizar una búsqueda de artículos científicos publicados entre 2005 y 2018 en las bases de datos PsycINFO, Psicodoc, PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science, se obtuvieron un total de 1,170 estudios de los cuales, tras llevar a cabo el proceso de selección, 20 fueron incluidos en la revisión. Los resultados de dichos estudios ponen de manifiesto que los adolescentes que presentan más actitudes sexistas tienen actitudes más positivas hacia la violencia en la pareja, mayores conductas de riesgo sexual, más atracción por parejas sexistas, mayor apoyo hacia el mito idealizado del amor y de vinculación amor-maltrato, mayor dependencia emocional en la pareja y peor calidad en las relaciones de pareja, encontrándose diferencias en función del género en algunas de las variables. Se concluye que el mantenimiento de actitudes sexistas se relaciona con formas perjudiciales de interacción íntima entre adolescentes.

Abstract The main objective of this study was to evaluate ex post facto resilience in persons with HIV infection and its relationship to socio-demographic and sexual behavior variables. Participants included 159 persons with HIV infection, of both sexes, aged between 19 and 55 years. Fifty-one percent of patients were infected through homosexual means. Sixty-seven percent were in the asymptomatic phase of infection. Assessment instruments used were the following: a questionnaire on socio-demographic data and sexual behavior and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. The evaluation was individual, voluntary, and anonymous. The results showed that 49.05% of patients had average resilience, 27.68% had high resilience, and 23.37% had low resilience. They found that heterosexual patients infected with HIV, diagnosed between 1985 and 1990 (23 and 28 years of diagnosis) and those who had disclosed their HIV status to more than 30 people, had greater resilience than homosexual patients, diagnosed between 1996 and 2000 (13 and 17 years of diagnosis) and those who had disclosed their HIV status to 1–5 people. Finally, resilience was not a predictor of sexual risk factor. It is suggested that health interventions take into account the resilience and psychological variables that may be beneficial to improve coping with the disease.

The objective of this study is to make a theoretical review on resilience in adults between the year 2000 and 2011. A search of papers published in the databases Scopus, PsycInfo, Psicodoc, Web of Science and summaries Dialnet and ISOC (Social Sciences and Humanities) was performed. In total, 418 items were found that met the inclusion criteria. We conclude that in the studies published between 200 and 2011 on resilience in adults prevail cross-sectional studies, published in English, quantitative, and using samples from USA. Resilience is related psychological disorders. It is emphasized the need to include resilience in health education programs to improve ways of coping in the context of risk and adversity.

El objetivo de este estudio es hacer una revisión teórica entre los años 2000 y 2011 sobre la resiliencia en adultos. Se trata de un estudio teórico. Para ello se realizó una búsqueda de artículos en las bases de datos Scopus, PsycInfo, Psicodoc, Web of Science y Dialnet y en los sumarios ISOC (Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades). En total, se localizaron 412 artículos que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión establecidos. Se concluye que en los estudios publicados entre los años 2000 y 2011 sobre resiliencia en personas adultas prevalecen las publicaciones con diseño transversal, en lengua inglesa, de tipo cuantitativo, con muestras estadounidenses y relacionando la resiliencia con los trastornos psicopatológicos. Se hace énfasis en la necesidad de incluir la resiliencia en programas educativos en salud, para mejorar las formas de afrontamiento en el contexto del riesgo y la adversidad.

La satisfacción sexual y las actitudes positivas hacia el uso del preservativo favorecen el uso del mismo. El objetivo general de este estudio es la evaluación y análisis de la relación entre la satisfacción sexual, las actitudes hacia el uso del preservativo y el uso del preservativo en adolescentes. Los participantes son 1504 adolescentes españoles escolarizados de ambos sexos (48.40% varones, 51.60% mujeres). Se trata de un estudio descriptivo de poblaciones mediante encuestas con muestras probabilísticas, de tipo transversal. En varones, una mayor actitud positiva hacia el uso del preservativo predice una mayor probabilidad de uso del mismo en la primera relación sexual vaginal y anal. La satisfacción sexual de la pareja predice una mayor probabilidad de uso del preservativo en la primera relación sexual oral, y la satisfacción sexual sobre la sintonía de la pareja se asocia con una menor probabilidad de uso del preservativo en la primera relación sexual oral. En mujeres, una mayor satisfacción sexual personal predice una mayor probabilidad de no haber utilizado el preservativo en la primera relación sexual vaginal. Además, en las mujeres, una mayor satisfacción sexual sobre la sintonía de la pareja incrementa las probabilidades de haber utilizado el preservativo en el debut sexual vaginal. Los porcentajes de varianza explicada son bajos. Se recomienda que en futuros estudios se analicen factores socioculturales relacionados con los roles de género que pudieran estar influyendo en las asociaciones entre la satisfacción sexual, las actitudes hacia el uso del preservativo y el riesgo sexual en adolescentes.

Sexual satisfaction and positive attitudes toward condom use promote its use. The main aim of this paper is to assess and analyze the relationship between sexual satisfaction, attitudes toward condom use, and condom use amongst adolescents. The participants were 1504 Spanish school adolescents of both sexes (48.40% male, 51.60% female). A descriptive study was conducted using cross-sectional surveys with probabilistic samples. An increased positive attitude towards condom use in males predicts higher likelihood of condom use in the first vaginal and anal intercourse. Partner sexual satisfaction predicts an increased likelihood of condom use in the first oral sexual intercourse. In addition, sexual satisfaction related to harmony with the partner is associated with a lower likelihood of condom use in the first oral sexual relationship. In females, greater personal sexual satisfaction predicts higher likelihood of not having used a condom in the first vaginal intercourse. Furthermore, higher sexual satisfaction in females - related to harmony with the partner - increased the likelihood of having used a condom during the first vaginal intercourse. The percentages of explained variance are low. It is recommended that future studies analyze sociocultural factors related to gender roles that may be influencing the associations between sexual satisfaction, attitudes toward condom use, and sexual risk amongst adolescents.

Se examinan algunos factores asociados a la experiencia de abuso de pareja en la mujer y al hecho de denunciar estos abusos. Se evaluaron la sintomatología psicopatológica, las actitudes sexuales machistas y las variables sociodemográficas en 900 mujeres (300 que habían denunciado a sus parejas por abusos, 300 que nunca lo habían hecho y 300 de la población general), con edades entre 18 y 72 años. El abuso sufrido por la mujer en el ámbito marital se asocia a síntomas psicopatológicos y a actitudes sexuales machistas. La decisión de denunciar a la pareja depende de la intensidad del propio abuso y de que la mujer tenga un rol social más liberal y por tanto menos ajustado a los estándares tradicionales de género.

Some factors associated with intimate partner violence and their complaint among women is here examined. Psychopathological symptoms, sexist attitudes and some sociodemographic variables were assessed in a sample of 900 women (300 women who reported partner abuse, 300 women who never reported partner abuse and 300 women in the general population). The age range was from 18 to 72 years old. The abuse suffered by women within marriage is associated with psychopatological symptoms and sexist attitudes. The women's decision to report partner abuse depends on both the intensity of the abuse and women's values as more liberal and less conformed by traditional gender standards.

Desde el modelo de la información-motivación-habilidades conductuales, se propone que el efecto de variables como el conocimiento y actitudes hacia el VIH/sida y la vulnerabilidad se ven mediados por la autoeficacia en el uso del preservativo. En este estudio se somete a prueba esta hipótesis con una muestra de adolescentes de Colombia. Los participantes fueron 599 adolescentes colombianos, sexualmente activos, de enseñanza secundaria. El 65.94% eran varones. La edad media fue de 15.58 años (DT = 1.41). Se trata de un estudio que utiliza un diseño ex-postfacto retrospectivo factorial. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: El Cuestionario VIH/SIDA-65; la adaptación española abreviada del Inventario de Roles Sexuales de Bem (BSRI) y la adaptación española del Cuestionario SOS (Sexual Opinion Survey). Los resultados indican que las variables referidas a los componentes información y motivación tienen un efecto directo sobre el uso del preservativo y, éste no se ve mediado por la autoeficacia.

The Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills model suggests that the effect of variables such as knowledge and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS and vulnerability are influenced by self-efficacy in condom use. This current study tests this hypothesis with a sample of adolescents in Colombia. The participants were 599 Colombian adolescents sexually active, from Secondary Education. The 65.94% of the sample were males. The average age was 15.58 years (TD=1.41). We used a factorial retrospective ex-post-facto design. The instruments used were HIV/AIDS-65 Questionnaire, the Spanish abbreviated adaptation of Bem Sexual Roles Inventory (BSRI) and the Spanish adaptation of the Sexual Opinion Survey (SOS). The results obtained shows that the variables related to information and motivation have a direct effect on condom use, which is not influenced by self-efficacy.

Se analizó el sistema de evaluación y selección del profesorado universitario de los países que ocupan los diez primeros puestos del ranking académico mundial elaborado por el Institute of Higher Education, y si el tipo de sistema (centralizado vs no centralizado) de cada país determina el número de universidades que posee en ese ranking. Los resultados indicaron que, aunque no existe una asociación entre el tipo de sistema y el número de universidades/100000 habitantes que cada país tiene dentro del ranking, este número es mayor en los países con sistema no centralizado, lo que sugiere la importancia del sistema de selección en la determinación de la productividad de las universidades.

The evaluation and selection system of university professors in those countries which hold the ten highest positions in the world academic ranking system developed by the Institute of Higher Education is examined. It also analyzes the relationship between the type of system (centralized vs non-centralized) of each country and the number of universities in the ranking. Results show that, although there is no association between the type of system and the number of universities/100000 inhabitants from each country, the ranking reflects higher scores for countries with non-centralized systems. The main findings suggest the importance of the selection system to determine the productivity of universities.

Analisou-se o sistema de avaliação e seleção do professorado universitário dos países que ocupam os dez primeiros postos do ranking acadêmico mundial elaborado pelo Institute of Higher Education, e se o tipo de sistema (centralizado vs não centralizado) de cada país determina o número de universidades que possui nesse ranking. Os resultados indicaram que, embora não exista uma associação entre o tipo de sistema e o número de universidades/100.000 habitantes que cada país têm dentro do ranking, este número é maior nos países com sistema não centralizado, o que sugere a importância do sistema de seleção na determinação da produtividade das universidades.

Summary Introduction. HIV infection is a chronic-character illness which implies a high level of uncertainty for patients. Indeed, HIV infection involves confronting an illness surrounded by social stigma and refusal. There following are some of the situations that suppose big emotional repercussions: When an individual does not know whether he/she is infected, when he/she receives HIV diagnosis, or when he/she must say to other people that he/ she is HIV positive. The emotional effects are depression, anxiety, and anger, which are frecuent emotional reactions among HIV infected patients. These reactions disappear when the patient adapts to his/her condition of HIV infected. Likewise, the uncertainty that produces HIV infection is related both to high levels of anxiety and depression because patients do not know how their infection will evolve. Anger and depression constitute other emotional factors related to a faster evolution of HIV infection. In addition to that, depression has effects over the fullfillment of the HIV infection treatment guidelines. Considering the importance of emotional aspects in HIV infection, this research's aims were to verify the differences in the sample of patients with HIV that has been evaluated regarding characteristics of depression, state of anxiety, state of anger, trait of anger, and expression of anger according to gender, stage of HIV infection, CD4 cells, viral load, transmission way, and the presence of lipodystrophy. Another aim was to verify if there were any differences between the sample of persons with HIV/AIDS that has been evaluated and the normative group in symptoms of depression, state of anxiety, state of anger, trait of anger, and expression of anger. Method. In the present research paticipated 100 HIV/AIDS-infected patients; 37 of them were women and 63 were men. The patients attended medical visits in different hospitals of Andalusia (Spain). The age rank of these patients was between 18 and 70 years. The average age was 39.55 years and the standard deviation was 7.49. The instruments used for the assessment were the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the subscale of state of anxiety of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI-2). The data were collected in three hospitals of the Andalusian region by the same investigator and the confidentiality of the data was guaranteed. Another information collected were clinical data of the patients from the case histories. The statistic program SPSS 11.0 was used for the analysis of the data. This study has an ex post facto retrospective design. Results. The results showed statistically significant differences in state of anxiety according to the viral load and lipodystrophy, with higher levels of state of anxiety in the group that had a halfway point in viral load and in the group that did not show lypodistrophy. On the other hand, there were statistically significant differences in the state of anger according to the stage of HIV infection, with higher levels of anger in the group that was in the symptomatic stage of HIV infection. In this study it has been found that most men with HIV/AIDS showed symptoms of depression that were between slight, moderate, and severe depression. In contrast, a big part of the group of women did not show characteristics of depression. With regard to anxiety, an important proportion of men showed a state of anxiety, while women did not show it in most cases. Most men and women presented a low level of state of anger. In the variable trait of anger, it has been found that approximately half of the men was in the normal rank. In the group of women, the majority was in the normal rank of trait of anger too. Finally, with regard to expression of anger, more of a third of the men and women with HIV/AIDS did not express anger. Discussion. The stage of the HIV infection could be a factor that explains the high presence of characteristics of depression in men. Women could have better ways to confront the illness than men. The high levels of depression symptoms and anxiety in the group of men could be explained by the ignorance about how the infection will evolve. Other results indicated that patients infected by heterosexual relationships showed higher anxiety than patients infected by the intravenous use of drugs. This fact could be explained by a higher presence of cognitions related to the evolution of the HIV infection or risk behaviors in people who were infected by heterosexual intercourse. Patients with a halfway point in viral load showed higher levels of state of anxiety and state of anger than patients with low viral load, because people with halfway point in viral load were more aware of the deterioration produced by the HIV infection and they did not assume it. The stage of HIV infection could be a factor that explains the higher levels of state of anger in patients in the symptomatic stage. The presence of lipodystrophy implies a deterioration of corporal image in patients that suffer this syndrome. It has been found that patients who did not have lipodystrophy showed higher levels of state of anxiety than the patients with lipodystrophy. This result is incongruent with other studies that have been made. It is suggested that this is an effect of a small sample. However, two explanations can be advanced about this result. On the one hand, lipodystrophy has nowadays a subjective diagnosis, and it could be the case that many patients’ lipodystrophy has not being diagnosed, when they actually have the syndrome. On the other, it has been observed that there are delays when the data related to lipodystrophy must be gathered in case histories and thus it is not known if a patient endures lipodystrophy exactly. It could be the case that a patient suffers lipodystrophy and this fact does not appear in the case history. Considering that depression and anxiety are frequent disorders in patients with HIV/AIDS and that these factors influence the immune system, the results obtained could be used for the design of intervention programs whose aims would be the assessment and the intervention of depression and anxiety. Some aspects which would be important to assess in future researches with HIV/AIDS patients are social support, levels of perceived stigma, and the perception of health control.

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The aim of this article is to analyze the current situation of AIDS in Latin American countries. Specifically, to compare their situation with other geographic areas of the planet, the prevalence index per countries, distribution per sex and age and, finally, the main ways of transmission in each country. The most recent data published by OMS and demographic data obtained from the Latin American and Caribean Demographic Center (CELADE) was used. This analysis reflects that in Latin America it is impossible to talk about AIDS in a homogeneous way since the differences between countries are remarkable (Rev Méd Chile 2001; 129: 944-54).