Abstract Species of the genus Cynodon are among the most cultivated forage crops in the world due to their high yield and nutritional quality, and its use in cattle feeding has been associated with gains in animal weight and increased milk production. The objective of this study was to model covariance structures in Cynodon spp. clones and study the changes in ranking of the selected genotypes, since it is believed that affects the ranking of genotypes. A total of 202 genotypes were evaluated in an experiment conducted in an augmented block design with four replications and four harvests. The genotypes were assessed for plant height, green weight, percentage of dry matter, and plant vigor. Nineteen repeated measures models with different covariance structures were tested. The best-fitted model adopts the CORH covariance structure for the genetic effects. Correct modeling of the covariance structure affected the ranking of genotypes in all variables evaluated. quality production spp 20 harvests height matter vigor tested bestfitted best fitted effects 2

Abstract We aimed to measure the efficiency of visual selection of plant vigor for green biomass production of U. ruziziensis using single- and multitrait approaches to maximize the predictive accuracy of the genetic value. The green biomass production and plant vigor of 254 U. ruziziensis clones were measured over nine evaluation cuttings to determine the efficiency of these approaches for production improvement. Individual and multicutting analyses were performed under single-trait and multitrait approaches using mixed models. The efficiency of visual selection was assessed by measuring plant vigor based on direct and indirect genetic gains. Plant vigor showed a high genetic association with green biomass and could be selected for production, especially in the initial phases of breeding programs. The multitrait approach was superior to the single-trait approach in predicting the genetic value of the clones, and it can be used in U. ruziziensis breeding programs.

Abstract Forage plant breeders often use visual scores to assess agronomic traits because of the costs associated with in-depth phenotyping in the initial stages of breeding cycles. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the number of graders on the effectiveness of indirect selection of high-yielding genotypes and determine an optimal number of graders in the early-stage trials of Urochloa ruziziensis. For that purpose, five graders assessed 2.219 U. ruziziensis genotypes in an augmented block design. Biomass production and vigor scores were evaluated in two cuts and were analyzed using a linear mixed model approach. Vigor scores were analyzed considering each grader's score and the combinations of two, three, four, and five graders. Genetic variance was significant for both traits. Visual evaluation was effective in identifying productive genotypes based on the statistical criteria. The optimal number of graders for indirect selection of high-yielding U. ruziziensis genotypes is three.

ABSTRACT. The breeding program of Urochloa ruziziensis evaluates many genotypes in initial phases. Evaluations through grades might make the selection less costly. The aim of this study was to verify the efficiency of visual selection for green biomass yield in relation to different selection strategies, such as mass selection by phenotypic mean, BLUP (Best Linear Unbiased Prediction) and at random. For this purpose, 2,309 regular genotypes were evaluated in an augmented block design in two cuts. The evaluators gave grades for plant vigor, and later, the plots were measured for green biomass yield. The coincidences of the selected genotypes were estimated by different selection strategies. Then, 254 clones of the genotypes selected in different strategies were evaluated in a clonal test in a triple lattice design in four cuts. The statistical analyses were performed in SAS using the Mixed procedure. The regular genotype level and clone-mean basis heritabilities were 31.16 and 62.91%, respectively, for green mass yield. The expected selection gains were 21.09% (visual), 25.43% (phenotypic mean), and 27.5% (BLUP). Moreover, the realized heritabilities for these strategies were 15.58, 11.87, and 15.86%, respectively, which might be associated with genotype by environment interaction. Therefore, the visual selection could be a useful strategy in initial phases of a U. ruziziensis breeding program because the efficiency was moderate to high in relation to phenotypic mean and BLUP.

RESUMO A grama estrela africana (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst) é considerada excelente forrageira. Contudo, há poucas informações disponíveis sobre o manejo de plantas daninhas em áreas de grama estrela. Dois experimentos foram realizados em 2017 e 2018 para avaliar a resposta da grama estrela africana a herbicidas pós-emergentes. Os tratamentos foram: 2,4-D (1.340,0 g ea ha-1), 2,4-D + picloram (720,0 + 192,0 g ea ha-1 + 0,3% v/v adjuvante não iônico), fluroxypyr + picloram (80,0 + 80,0 g ea ha-1 + 0,3% v/v de óleo mineral), fluroxypyr + aminopiralide (160,0 + 80,0 g ea ha-1 + 0,3% v/v de óleo mineral), fluroxypyr + triclopyr (320,0 + 960,0 g ea ha-1 + 0,3% v/v de óleo mineral), bentazon (720,0 g ia ha-1 + 0,5% v/v de óleo mineral), imazapyr (25,0 g ia ha-1), metano arseniato ácido monossódio (MSMA) (1.440,0 g ia ha-1 + 0,1% v/v adjuvante não iônico), atrazina + S-metolachlor (1480,0 + 1.160,0 g ia ha-1), atrazine + tembotrione (1.000,0 + 100,8 g ia ha-1 + 0,3% v/v óleo mineral) e a testemunha sem aplicação de herbicida. Os tratamentos mais fitototóxicos para grama estrela africana foram fluroxypyr + amininopiralide, fluroxypyr + triclopyr e atrazina + tembotrione. O rendimento de matéria seca das plantas de grama estrela-africana não foi prejudicado pela aplicação de 2,4-D, 2,4-D + picloram, bentazon, imazapyr, MSMA e atrazina + S-metolachlor. Esses herbicidas podem ser considerados tratamentos potenciais no manejo de pastagens formadas por grama estrela africana.

ABSTRACT Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst, commonly called African star grass, is excellent forage in pasture formation and herd feeding. However, little information is available regarding weed management in areas of star grasses. Two field experiments were carried out in 2017 and 2018 to evaluate the response of African star grass to postemergence herbicides. The treatments applied were as follows: 2,4-D (1,340.0 g ae ha-1); 2,4-D + picloram (720.0 +192.0 g ae ha-1 + 0.3% v/v nonionic surfactant); fluroxypyr + picloram (80.0 + 80.0 g ae ha-1 + 0.3% v/v mineral oil); fluroxypyr + aminopyralid (160.0 + 80.0 g ae ha-1 + 0.3% v/v mineral oil); fluroxypyr + triclopyr (320.0 + 960.0 g ae ha-1 + 0.3% v/v mineral oil); bentazon (720.0 g ai ha-1 + 0.5% v/v mineral oil); imazapyr (25.0 g ai ha-1); monosodium methyl arsenate (MSMA) (1,440.0 g ai ha-1 + 0.1% v/v nonionic surfactant); atrazine + S-metolachlor (1,480.0 + 1,160.0 g ai ha-1); atrazine + tembotrione (1,000.0 + 100.8 g ai ha-1 + 0.3% v/v mineral oil) and a control without herbicide application. The most phytotoxic treatments for the African star grass plants were fluroxypyr + amininopyralid, fluroxypyr + triclopyr and atrazine + tembotrione. The dry matter yield of star grass plants was not reduced by the applications of 2,4-D, 2,4-D + picloram, bentazon, imazapyr, MSMA and atrazine + S-metolachlor. These herbicides can be considered potential practices in African star grass crop management.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever o tratamento cirúrgico de deformidade desafiadora, grave, de queixo-no-peito devida a miopatia isolada do extensor do pescoço. Contexto: A miopatia isolada do extensor do pescoço é uma causa, idiopática, da síndrome da cabeça caída. Resulta em grave cifose cérvico-torácica, chamada de “deformidade queixo-no-peito”. A literatura sobre o tratamento cirúrgico da deformidade é limitada, com resultados de pobres a excelentes. A miopatia isolada do extensor do pescoço pode ser considerada para tratamento cirúrgico. Métodos: Os autores apresentam a técnica, que usa vias anterior e posterior em estágios, combinadas com osteotomías e corpectomia para corrigir a deformidade, grave e fixa. A melhor instrumentação e sistemas para abordagem anterior e posterior foram utilizadas. Resultados: Após três meses de follow-up, houve boa correção da deformidade e a satisfação da paciente foi alta, sem deterioração do status neurológico. Conclusões: A técnica se mostrou boa opção para tratamento de sucesso desta deformidade. Mais evidências são necessárias para estabelecer um algoritmo definitivo para a condução dessa deformidade. Nível de evidência IV, Relato de Caso.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe a successful surgical treatment for the challenging severe and fixed chin-on-chest deformity due to isolated neck extensor myopathy (INEM). Background data: INEM is an idiopathic cause of dropped head syndrome (DHS) that results in severe cervicothoracic kyphosis, defined as chin-on-chest deformity. The existing literature on surgical management is limited, with outcomes ranging from poor to excellent. INEM may present to the spinal surgeon for consideration of surgical management. Methods: The authors present a technique that uses a staged posterior and anterior approach combined with osteotomies and corpectomy to correct the severe and fixed deformity. A state of the art anterior and posterior instrumentation system was used. Results: At the three-months follow-up, there was good deformity correction and the patient's satisfaction was high, with no neurological deterioration occurring. Conclusions: The technique illustrated in this study represents a successful option to treat this debilitating deformity. More evidence is needed to set up a definitive algorithm for the management of this condition. Level of evidence IV, Case Report.

Abstract Pasture is the main food source for more than 200 million cattle heads in Brazil. Although Brazilian forage breeding programs have successfully released well-adapted, high-yielding cultivars over the years, the use of genomic tools in these programs is currently limited. These tools are required to tackle the main challenges for tropical forage breeding in Brazil. In this context, this notes lists the main research priorities raised at the workshop “Breeding Forages in the Genomic Era”, which are necessary to accelerate the use of genomic tools for next-generation breeding of tropical forages and allow breeders to increase genetic gains. Additionally, an online discussion forum (hosted at http://www.cnpgl.embrapa.br/genfor) has been launched to strengthen collaborations among research groups. The research priorities and more synergistic collaborations will assist researchers and decision-makers in delivering a sustainable increase in production of animal products, especially beef and milk, which are required to feed a rising world population.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a divergência nutricional de clones de Brachiaria ruziziensis através da composição química e cinética de fermentação ruminal in vitro. Os tratamentos consistiram de 23 clones de Brachiaria ruziziensis (15, 16, 46, 174, 411, 590, 651, 670, 768, 776, 844, 859, 950, 965, 970, 975, 1067, 1093, 1296, 1765, 1806, 1894 e 1972), e as testemunhas Brachiaria ruziziensis cv ‘Kennedy’, Brachiaria brizantha cv ‘Marandu’ e a Brachiaria decumbens cv ‘Basilisk’, colhidas com 27 dias de rebrota. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com 26 tratamentos (genótipos) e três repetições. A avaliação da divergência nutricional foi realizada utilizando-se a análise de componentes principais e agrupamento aglomerativo hierárquico. Com base nas seguintes variáveis discriminatórias: digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca; fibra em detergente neutro; lignina; proteína bruta; taxa de degradação de carboidratos não fibrosos e; taxa de degradação de carboidratos fibrosos. A avaliação da divergência nutricional dos clones de B. ruziziensis baseou-se nos dois primeiros componentes principais (DIVMS e FDN), explicando 96.2% da variância total. As variáveis de menor contribuição para a discriminação dos clones foram as taxas de degradação dos carboidratos fibrosos e não fibrosos. Na análise de agrupamento aglomerativo hierárquico foram identificados cinco grupos distintos, em que o grupo V, formado pelos clones 46, 768 e 1067 destacou-se em relação aos demais por apresentar valores superiores de digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional diversity of Brachiaria ruziziensis clones through chemical composition and in vitro kinetics of ruminal fermentation. Twenty three clones of Brachiaria ruziziensis were used (15, 16, 46, 174, 411, 590, 651, 670, 768, 776, 844, 859, 950, 965, 970, 975, 1067, 1093, 1296, 1765, 1806, 1894 and 1972) and Brachiaria ruziziensis cv. ‘Kennedy’, Brachiaria brizantha cv. ‘Marandu’ and Brachiaria decumbens cv. ‘Basilisk’ as controls within 27 days of harvesting. The experimental design used randomized blocks with 26 treatments (genotypes) and three replications. Evaluation of the nutritional divergence was performed using principal components analysis, based on the following discriminatory variables: in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), lignin, crude protein (CP), degradation rate of non-fibrous carbohydrates (KdNFC) and degradation rate of fibrous carbohydrates (KdFC). The evaluation of the nutritional diversity of Brachiaria genotypes was based on the two main components (IVDMD and NDF), which explains 96.2% of the total variance Variables of lower contribution to the discrimination of the clones were as degradation rates of the fibrous and non-fibrous carbohydrates. In the agglomerative hierarchical grouping analysis, five distinct groups were identified, where V group, formed by clones 46, 768 and 1067 have higher values of IVDMD compared to the other clones.

OBJECTIVES: Spinopelvic alignment has been associated with improved quality of life in patients with vertebral deformities, and it helps to compensate for imbalances in gait. Although surgical treatment of scoliosis in patients with neuromuscular spinal deformities promotes correction of coronal scoliotic deformities, it remains poorly established whether this results in large changes in sagittal balance parameters in this specific population. The objective of this study is to compare these parameters before and after the current procedure under the hypothesis is that there is no significant modification. METHODS: Sampling included all records of patients with neuromuscular scoliosis with adequate radiographic records treated at Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology of Clinics Hospital of University of São Paulo (IOT-HCFMUSP) from January 2009 to December 2013. Parameters analyzed were incidence, sacral inclination, pelvic tilt, lumbar lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, spinosacral angle, spinal inclination and spinopelvic inclination obtained using the iSite-Philips digital display system with Surgimap and a validated method for digital measurements of scoliosis radiographs. Comparison between the pre- and post-operative conditions involved means and standard deviations and the t-test. RESULTS: Based on 101 medical records only, 16 patients met the inclusion criteria for this study, including 7 males and 9 females, with an age range of 9-20 and a mean age of 12.9±3.06; 14 were diagnosed with cerebral palsy. No significant differences were found between pre and postoperative parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Despite correction of coronal scoliotic deformity in patients with neuromuscular deformities, there were no changes in spinopelvic alignment parameters in the group studied.

RESUMO Objetivo: O estudo anatômico das vértebras da transição cervicotorácica C7 e T1 teve como objetivo avaliar quantitativamente, por tomografia computadorizada axial (TC), as dimensões anatômicas lineares e angulares de lâminas das vértebras da transição cervicotorácica C7 e T1 em indivíduos adultos maiores de 18 anos. Métodos: Foram analisadas retrospectivamente 49 TC da coluna cervical e torácica (C7 e T1) de indivíduos maiores de 18 anos, de ambos os sexos. Avaliaram-se o comprimento e a espessura das lâminas, bem como o ângulo espinolaminar, em cortes axiais de C7 e T1, no ponto de menor espessura entre as camadas corticais internas. As variáveis estudadas foram correlacionadas com os grupos etários e o sexo dos indivíduos. A análise estatística foi feita pelo teste t e os resultados foram considerados significativos quando p < 0,05. Resultados: Após análise de medidas tomográficas de 49 pacientes, foi verificado que os homens apresentaram espessura de lâmina maior que as mulheres tanto em C7, quanto em T1, sendo que 71% das lâminas de C7 e 92% das lâminas de T1 apresentavam espessura maior que 5 mm e 97% das lâminas de C7 e 100% de T1, espessura maior que 4 mm. O ângulo espinolaminar apresentou média de 56,40 graus em C7 e 57,31 graus em T1. Conclusão: O estudo traz informações anatômicas importantes sobre a região da transição cervicotorácica C7 e T1 na população brasileira, mostrando ser possível anatomicamente, fixação de C7 e T1 com parafuso intralaminar.

ABSTRACT Objective: The anatomical study of the vertebrae C7 and T1 of the cervicothoracic junction aimed to evaluate quantitatively, by axial computerized tomography (CT), the linear and angular dimensions of the anatomical laminae of the vertebrae of the cervicothoracic junction C7 and T1 in adults over 18 years. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 49 CT of the cervical and thoracic spine (C7 and T1) of individuals over 18 years, of both sexes. We also evaluated the length and thickness of the laminae, as well as spinolaminar angle in axial sections of C7 and T1 at the point of least thickness between the inner cortical layers. The variables were correlated with age groups and sex of the individuals. Statistical analysis was performed using the t test and the results were considered significant when p<0.05. Results: After analyzing tomographic measurements of 49 patients, it was found that men had greater laminae thickness than women, both in C7 and T1, with 71% of C7 laminae and 92% of T1 laminae thicker than 5mm, and 97% of C7 laminae and 100% of T1 thicker than 4mm. The mean spinolaminar angle was 56.40 degrees in C7 and 57.31 degrees in T1. Conclusion: This study brings important anatomical information about the cervicothoracic junction C7 and T1 in the Brazilian population, showing that fixation of C7 and T1 with intralaminar screws is anatomically possible.

RESUMEN Objetivo: El estudio anatómico de las vértebras de la unión cervicotorácica C7 y T1 tuvo el objetivo de evaluar cuantitativamente mediante tomografía axial computarizada (TAC), las dimensiones anatómicas lineales y angulares de láminas de las vértebras de la unión cervicotorácica C7 y T1 en adultos mayores de 18 años. Métodos: Se analizaron retrospectivamente 49 TAC de la columna cervical y torácica (C7 y T1) de pacientes mayores de 18 años de ambos sexos. Se evaluaron la longitud y el espesor de las láminas, así como el ángulo espinolaminar en secciones axiales de C7 y T1 en el punto de menor espesor entre las capas corticales internas. Las variables se correlacionaron con los grupos de edad y sexo de los individuos. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante la prueba t y los resultados se consideraron significativos cuando p < 0,05. Resultados: Después del análisis de las mediciones tomográficas de 49 pacientes, se encontró que los hombres tenían espesor de la lámina mayor que las mujeres, tanto en C7, como en T1, con el 71% de las láminas C7 y el 92% de las láminas T1 con espesor mayor que 5 mm, 97% de C7 y 100% de T1, mayor que 4 mm de espesor. El ángulo espinolaminar promedio fue 56,40 grados en C7 y 57,31 grados en T1. Conclusión: Este estudio contiene información anatómica importante sobre la región de la unión cervicotorácica C7 y T1 en la población brasileña, mostrando que es anatómicamente posible la fijación de C7 y T1 con tornillos intralaminares.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar e selecionar clones de braquiária (Urochloa ruziziensis) resistentes à lagarta-do-cartucho, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), para uso em sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta. Foram avaliados 147 clones de U. ruziziensis em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. Como testemunha e padrão de suscetibilidade, foi utilizada uma dieta artificial adequada ao desenvolvimento do inseto. Folhas dos diferentes clones de U. ruziziensis foram coletadas e oferecidas como alimento aos insetos, mantidos individualizados em unidades de criação. Foram avaliadas a sobrevivência, a duração e a biomassa de lagartas e pupas. Observaram-se diferenças significativas entre os clones para todas as características avaliadas, o que evidencia a influência acentuada dos clones de U. ruziziensis no desenvolvimento de S. frugiperda. Foram identificados 20 clones nos quais não houve desenvolvimento da lagarta e 55 clones nos quais houve sobrevivência média das lagartas de 33%. Para os demais clones, que se mostraram melhores hospedeiros, o desenvolvimento do inseto foi afetado pela maior duração do estágio larval e pela redução da biomassa da pupa. Os resultados obtidos são indicativos do potencial de utilização de clones de Urochloa ruziziensis para redução de populações de Spodoptera frugiperda em sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate and select signal grass (Urochloa ruziziensis) clones resistant to fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), for use in a crop-livestock-forest integration system. One hundred and forty-seven clones of U. ruziziensis were evaluated in a completely randomized design with three replicates. An artificial diet, adequate for insect development, was used as a control and susceptibility standard. Leaves of different U. ruziziensis clones were collected and offered as food to the insects, kept individually in rearing units. Larval survival, duration, and biomass of larvae and pupa were evaluated. Significant differences were observed between clones for all evaluated traits, showing the marked effect of U. ruziziensis clones on the development of S. frugiperda. Twenty clones were identified in which there was no development of larvae and 55 clones in which there was an average larval survival of 33%. For the other clones, which were better hosts, insect development was affected by the longer larval stage and by the reduction in pupa biomass. The obtained results show the potential of using Urochloa ruziziensis clones for the reduction of Spodoptera frugiperda populations in a crop-livestock-forest integration system.

The supramolecular structure of organic thin films is a key factor in their optical and electrical properties and, consequently, in the technological applications involving organic electronic. Here, thin films of a perylene derivative, the bis butylimido perylene (BuPTCD), were produced by vacuum thermal evaporation (PVD, physical vapor deposition). The main objective is to investigate the supramolecular structure of the BuPTCD in these PVD films, which implies to control their thickness at nanometer scale and to determine their molecular organization, morphology at micro and nanometer scales and crystallinity. The ultraviolet-visible absorption reveals a uniform growth of the PVD films. The optical and atomic force microscopy images show a homogeneous surface of the film at micro and nanometer scales, respectively. The X-ray diffraction indicates that both powder and PVD film are in the crystalline form. Complementary, a preferential head-on orientation of the molecules in the PVD films is determined via infrared absorption spectroscopy. Besides, the annealing process (200oC) did not affect the molecular organization of the PVD films, revealing a thermal stability of the BuPTCD molecules within the PVD films. Through DC electrical measurements, an electrical conductivity of 7.45x10-10 S/m was determined for BuPTCD PVD films onto Au interdigitated electrodes (IDE-structured devices), which can be enhanced, under illumination, by two orders of magnitude (photoconductivity effect). As proof-of-concept, the IDE-structured devices are tested as gas sensor for trifluoroacetic acid.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a necessidade de bordadura e estimar o tamanho ótimo de parcela em experimentos para avaliação de Urochloa ruziziensis. Foram avaliadas a altura das plantas e a produção de massa verde de oito progênies de meio-irmãos de U. ruziziensis, em dois cortes. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e parcelas de 16 m². Cada parcela foi subdividida em 32 estratos de 0,5 m², sendo cada estrato considerado como uma unidade básica. Para determinar a necessidade de bordadura, foi realizada análise de variância, tendo-se considerado a posição da unidade básica na parcela. As estimativas do tamanho ótimo da parcela foram realizadas pelo método da máxima curvatura do coeficiente de variação e pelo método da reamostragem. O uso de bordaduras não altera o desempenho médio e a classificação das progênies de meio-irmãos avaliadas. O emprego de parcelas com 3 m² é suficiente para obter boa precisão experimental em experimento com progênies de meio-irmãos de U. ruziziensis.

The objective of this work was to assess the need for a border area and to estimate the optimum plot size in experiments for the evaluation of Urochloa ruziziensis. Plant height and green mass production of eight half-sib progenies of U. ruziziensis were evaluated in two cuttings. A randomized complete block design was used, with four replicates and 16 m² plots. Each plot was subdivided into 32 strata of 0.5 m², with each stratum being considered as a basic unit. To determine the need for a border area, analysis of variance was carried out considering the position of the basic unit in the plot. Estimates of optimum plot size were made by the maximum curvature of the coefficient of variation method and by the resampling method. The use of borders does not affect the mean performance and classification of the half-sib progenies evaluated. The use of 3 m² plots is enough to obtain good experimental accuracy in an experiment with half-sib progenies of U. ruziziensis.

As cultivares de batata plantadas no Brasil são praticamente todas de origem européia e não são completamente adaptadas às condições tropicais do Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar os ganhos genéticos com três ciclos de seleção recorrente visando à tolerância ao calor em batata. A população base deste estudo foi formada por cinco clones brasileiros e cinco clones tolerantes ao calor. Nas safras de inverno de 2006 e das águas de 2007 foram avaliados 103 clones, sendo oito da população base, 29 do primeiro ciclo, 32 do segundo e 30 do terceiro ciclo de seleção recorrente e mais quatro cultivares testemunhas. Os ganhos genéticos para caracteres dos tubérculos na média das duas safras foram de 37,8 % (produtividade), 13,0 % (peso médio), 32,4 % (porcentagem de graúdos), 0,8 % (peso específico) e 16,6 % (nota de aparência). Observaram-se, ainda, redução na porcentagem de desordens fisiológicas (embonecamento e rachaduras).

Practically all potato cultivars grown in Brazil are native to Europe and not fully adapted to the tropical conditions. The purpose of this study was to estimate the genetic gains of three cycles of recurrent selection for heat tolerance in potato. The base population in this study consisted of five Brazilian and five heat-tolerant clones. In the winter of 2006 and rainy growing season of 2007 103 clones were evaluated (eight clones of the base population, 29 of the first cycle, 32 and 30 of the second and third recurrent selection cycle, respectively, and four control cultivars). The genetic gains for tuber traits in both growing seasons were 37.8 % (yield), 13.0 % (weight), 32.4 % (percent of large tubers), 0.8 % (tuber specific gravity) and 16.6 % (general tuber appearance). The percentage of physiological disorders (second-growth tubers and cracking) was also reduced by selection.

Desde o início da década de 1980, são relatadas na literatura divergências quanto às relações de alelismo ou não entre os mutantes de amadurecimento de frutos de tomateiro denominados alc (= alcobaça) e nor (=non-ripening). Para dirimir tais dúvidas, foi realizado um teste de alelismo entre os genes considerados. Foram avaliadas 364 plantas F2 provenientes do cruzamento entre as linhagens de tomateiro TOM-559 (alc/alc) e TOM-613 (nor/nor), além de vinte plantas de cada uma das linhagens TOM-559 (alc/alc), TOM-613 (nor/nor), de cada um dos híbridos F1 [(TOM-559 x TOM-613), alc+/alc nor+/nor], F1 [(Floradade x TOM-559), alc+/alc nor+/nor+] e F1 [(Floradade x TOM-613), alc+/alc+nor+/nor], bem como da linhagem de genótipo normal Floradade (alc+/alc+nor+/nor+ rin+/rin+). TOM-559 e TOM-613 são linhagens isogênicas à cv. Floradade, da qual diferem apenas quanto à presença dos genes alc e nor, respectivamente. Frutos de Floradade colhidos no estádio breaker apresentam coloração vermelha normal quando maduros (fenótipo normal), enquanto frutos de TOM-559 ou de TOM-613 permanecem amarelados ou amarelo-alaranjados (fenótipo mutante). De cada planta, foram colhidos quatro frutos no estádio breaker de maturação, que foram avaliadas quanto ao fenótipo (normal ou mutante) quando maduros. Os resultados dos testes de alelismo indicam que a hipótese mais provável é a de que alc e nor sejam alélicos. Dessa maneira, alc é considerado um terceiro alelo no loco nor, e sugere-se a substituição de seu símbolo para norA.

Since the early 1980's there are conflicting reports on the possible allelic relations between the tomato ripening mutants alc (=alcobaça) and nor (=non-ripening). In order to end these controversies, a test of allelism between the genes alc and nor was performed. A total of 364 plants of the F2 population between the tomato lines TOM-559 (alc/alc) and TOM-613 (nor/nor) were screened, along with 20 plants each of lines TOM-559 (alc/alc) and TOM-613 (nor/nor), of hybrids F1 [(TOM-559 x TOM-613), alc+/alc nor+/nor], F1 [(Floradade x TOM-559), alc+/alc nor+/nor+] and F1 [(Floradade x TOM-613), alc+/alc+nor+/nor], and of the normal phenotype line Floradade (alc+/alc+nor+/nor+). TOM-559 and TOM-613 are near-isogenic lines to Floradade, and differ from the latter only due to the presence of genes alc and nor, respectively. Floradade fruit harvested at the breaker stage show normal red color (normal phenotype) when fully ripe, whereas fruit of either TOM-559 or TOM-613 remain yellow or yellowish-orange (mutante phenotype). Four fruits per plant were harvested at the breaker stage and subsequently evaluated for their mature fruit color phenotype (normal or mutant). The results of the test of allelism indicate that the most likely hypothesis is that alc and nor are allelic to each other. Therefore, alc was considered to be a third allele at the nor locus, and the symbol norA was substituted for alc.