RESUMEN Las vacunas son productos biológicos que contienen antígenos que buscan generar protección contra a la exposición real de un agente patógeno. En cuanto a su importancia, hacen parte de las intervenciones más costo-efectivas en salud pública, siendo superadas únicamente por el agua potable. A grandes rasgos, podemos dividir las vacunas en vivas atenuadas e inactivadas; no obstante, el nuevo coronavirus ha producido la emergencia de plataformas innovadoras que utilizan mecanismos intracelulares y moleculares con el mismo objetivo de generar inmunidad. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura utilizando las bases de datos electrónicas Pubmed, Scopus y Web of Science. Todos los tipos de diseño de estudio fueron considerados, sin embargo, se prefierieron aquellos redactados en idioma inglés o español. Se hace una revisión de la literatura presente sobre las plataformas existentes para generar inmunidad frente al coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 y se desarrolla cada una según su ruta y forma de acción en aquellas basadas en subunidades proteicas, vector viral recombinante, ácidos nucleicos, virus inactivados, partículas virales y virus vivos atenuados. Los mecanismos por los cuales dichas vacunas generan inmunogenicidad son diferentes, no obstante, la constante inserción de mutaciones por parte del virus sigue siendo un objeto de interés y preocupación por los investigadores.

ABSTRACT Vaccines are biological products containing antigens that aim to generate protection against real exposure to an infectious pathogen. They constitute the most cost-effective interventions in public health, being surpassed only by drinking water. Generally speaking, we can divide the vaccines into live attenuated and inactive; However, the new coronavirus has produced innovative platforms that use intracellular and molecular mechanisms with the same objective of generating immunity. A systematic literature search was carried out using the PUBMED, SCOPUS, and Web of Science electronic databases. All types of study design were selected, those written in English or Spanish were prioritized. We reviewed the existing platforms to generate immunity against the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Each one is developed according to its route and form of action, and can be classified as protein subunits, recombinant viral vector, nucleic acids, inactivated viruses, viral particles, and live attenuated viruses. The mechanisms by which these vaccines generate immunogenicity are different; however, the constant insertion of mutations by the virus remains an object of interest and concern for researchers.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of clinical signs and symptoms of severe/extreme stress, anxiety, and depression, as well as their associated factors, among Brazilians during social distancing. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study conducted in April/May 2020 with 3,200 Brazilians over 18 years old. Respondents’ sociodemographic and clinical data were collected using an online questionnaire, which also included the 21-item Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) to assess emotional symptoms. Unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals were estimated using Poisson regression models with robust variance. RESULTS Our results show the prevalence of severe/extreme stress was 21.5%, anxiety 19.4%, and depression 21.5%. In the final model, sociodemographic, clinical, and Covid-19-related factors were associated with severe/extreme stress, anxiety, and depression in Brazilians during social distancing due to the Covid-19 pandemic. We found the main factors associated with severe/extreme depression to be young women, brown, single, not religious, sedentary, presenting reduced leisure activities, history of anxiety and depression, increased medication use, and Covid-19 symptoms. CONCLUSION This study may help develop and systematically plan measures aimed to prevent, early identify, and properly manage clinical signs and symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression during the Covid-19 pandemic.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of clinical signs and symptoms of severe/extreme stress, anxiety, and depression, as well as their associated factors, among Brazilians during social distancing. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study conducted in April/May 2020 with 3,200 Brazilians over 18 years old. Respondents’ sociodemographic and clinical data were collected using an online questionnaire, which also included the 21-item Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) to assess emotional symptoms. Unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals were estimated using Poisson regression models with robust variance. RESULTS Our results show the prevalence of severe/extreme stress was 21.5%, anxiety 19.4%, and depression 21.5%. In the final model, sociodemographic, clinical, and Covid-19-related factors were associated with severe/extreme stress, anxiety, and depression in Brazilians during social distancing due to the Covid-19 pandemic. We found the main factors associated with severe/extreme depression to be young women, brown, single, not religious, sedentary, presenting reduced leisure activities, history of anxiety and depression, increased medication use, and Covid-19 symptoms. CONCLUSION This study may help develop and systematically plan measures aimed to prevent, early identify, and properly manage clinical signs and symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression during the Covid-19 pandemic.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to report an experiment on participatory planning and management of changes for noise control in a neonatal intensive care unit of a public teaching hospital in the Triângulo Mineiro. This is a research project that had the university outreach activities as one of its interfaces. The motivationfor its development was to support the hospital's strategic objectives to guarantee the quality of patient care and patient safety before the articulation between teaching-research-outreach activities and care provision. The theoretical-methodological framework that guided the conduction of the experience was the logical framework, historically derived from planning methods that guaranteed spaces for teamwork and the participation of the various stakeholders in the project. The management of changes was conducted by a managerial group with expertise in the theme, represented by local workers and teachers/researchers. Activities took place between April and May/2017. The diagnosis of the problem-situation counted on a measurement of the noise in the place before the interventions (level between 62-82 dB); the perception of noise in the sector was high and very high according to 88.3% of the workers. The results obtained were: engagement of hospital authorities and the responsible for legitimization in the proposal; sensitization and training of workers, teachers/researchers, residents and academics to control noise; and implementation of measures to control noise. Changes were jointly articulated among workers, university representatives, and managers: in the infrastructure of the environment, in the direct handling of the newborn, and in the attitude of the team. There is a need for longitudinal follow-up regarding the way the initiatives have impacted on noise reduction and on the well-being of workers.

RESUMEN Se presenta la experiencia en planificación participativa y gestión de cambios para el control del ruido en la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales de un hospital escuela público del Triángulo Minero. Proyecto de investigación del programa de extensión universitaria con miras a apoyar los objetivos estratégicos del hospital y garantizar la calidad de la atención y la seguridad del paciente ante la articulación entre ensehanza-investigación - extensión y atención. La experiencia se basa en el cuadro lógico derivado de métodos de planificación que aseguran espacios para trabajar en equipo y la participación de distintos interesados en el proyecto. La gestión de cambios se llevó a cabo por el grupo gestor con experiencia en el asunto, representado por trabajadores localesy docentes/ investigadores. Las actividades se realizaron entre abril y mayo de 2017. El diagnóstico contó con la mensuración preliminar del ruido (niveles entre 62-82 dB): percepción de ruido alta y muy alta según el 88,3% de los trabajadores. Resultados: se observó el compromiso de legitimadores y autoridades del hospital con la propuesta; sensibilización y capacitación de los trabajadores, docentes/ investigadores, residentes y académicos para el control del ruido y la implantación de medidas de control del ruido. Se programaron cambios entre trabajadores, representantes de las universidades y gerencias: en la infraestructura del ambiente, en la manipulación directa del bebé y en la postura del equipo. Es importante efectuar el seguimiento longitudinal del impacto de estas iniciativas en la reducción del ruido y en el bienestar de los trabajadores.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar uma experiência sobre planejamento participativo e gerenciamento de mudanças para controle de ruído em uma unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal de um hospital público de ensino no Triângulo Mineiro. Trata-se de um projeto de pesquisa que tem a extensão universitária como uma de suas interfaces. A motivação para seu desenvolvimento foi apoiar os objetivos estratégicos do hospital, para garantir a qualidade assistencial e a segurança do paciente frente à articulação entre ensino-pesquisa-extensão e assistência. O arcabouço teórico-metodológico que orientou a condução da experiência foi o quadro lógico, historicamente derivado de métodos de planejamento que garantiam espaços para o trabalho em equipe e a participação dos diversos interessados no projeto. O gerenciamento da mudança foi conduzido por grupo gestor com expertise na temática, representado por trabalhadores locais e docentes/pesquisadores. As atividades ocorreram entre abril e maio/2017. O diagnóstico da situação-problema contou com mensuração prévia às intervenções do ruído no local (nível entre 62-82 dB), sendo a percepção do ruído no setor alta e muito alta, segundo 88,3% dos trabalhadores. Os resultados alcançados foram: engajamento de legitimadores e autoridades do hospital na proposição; sensibilização e capacitação dos trabalhadores, docentes/pesquisadores, residentes e acadêmicos para o controle de ruídos; e implantação de medidas para controle do ruído. Mudanças foram articuladas conjuntamente entre trabalhadores, representantes da universidade e chefias: na infraestrutura do ambiente, no manuseio direto do recém-nascido e na postura da equipe. Faz-se necessário seguimento longitudinal sobre como as iniciativas impactaram na redução do ruído e no bem-estar dos trabalhadores.