Abstract This study is the first to apply training impulse (TRIMP) and Training Monotony (TM) methodologies, within the realm of sport science, in animal model studies. Rats were divided into Sedentary (SED, n=10) and Training (TR, n=13). TR performed a four-week moderate-intensity interval training with load progression. Lactate kinetics, lactate training impulse (TRIMPLac), maximal speed training impulse (TRIMPSmax) and TM were utilized to develop and monitor training protocol. TR showed an 11.9% increase in time to exhaustion at the second maximum incremental test and a 17.5% increase at the third test. External work was increased by 17.8% at the second test and 30.3% at the third. There was a 10.6% increase in external work at the third test compared to the second for TR. No difference in TRIMPLac between the 1st week (94±9 A.U) and 3rdweek (83±10 A.U) were seen. TRIMPSmax was 2400 A.U. in the 1st week, 2760 A.U. in the 2nd and 3rd weeks, and 3120 A.U. in the 4th week. The TM remained at 1.24 A.U throughout the protocol and there was no dropouts. TRIMPLac and TRIMPSmax contributed to the development and monitoring loads, demonstrating their potential to improve the accuracy of training protocols in animal model research. TRIMP (TRIMP (TM methodologies science studies SED, SED (SED n=10 n10 n 10 TR, (TR n=13. n13 n=13 . 13 n=13) fourweek four moderateintensity moderate intensity progression kinetics TRIMPLac, , (TRIMPLac) (TRIMPSmax 119 11 9 11.9 175 17 5 17.5 178 8 17.8 303 30 3 30.3 106 6 10.6 st 94±9 949 94 (94± AU A U rdweek 83±10 8310 83 (83±1 seen 240 276 nd rd weeks 312 th 124 1 24 1.2 dropouts loads research n=1 n1 (TRIMPLac 11. 17. 30. 10. 94± (94 83±1 831 (83± 27 31 12 2 1. n= (9 83± (83 ( (8

Abstract Among the hive products of stingless bees (SB), honey is distinguished because it has different physicochemical properties than the honey produced by Apis mellifera. Its taste is more acidic and less sweet, and it naturally contains a higher percentage of water. Honey is one of the most frequently adulterated products marketed. Therefore, this work aimed to verify if the qualitative tests performed for A. mellifera honey are also valid for SB honey from Tetragonisca angustula, Melipona quadrifasciata, and Tetragona elongata and if they can detect the most common adulterations. Adulterations of SB honey with corn syrup, inverted sugar, and A. mellifera honey were simulated and tested with Lugol, Fiehe, and Lund reactions. For these three analyses, sample volume reduction was also tested. The Lund test did not work well with honey samples from SB because they have a higher water content, and reliable results could not be obtained. For the other two tests, the sample volume reduction used was efficient. The Fiehe test detected adulteration with corn syrup only. The Lugol test detected corn syrup and inverted sugar adulterations in all dilutions for all three SB species. No adulteration by added water or honey from A. mellifera was detected in any test. Therefore, using the qualitative Lugol’s reaction test to evaluate SB honey quality is reasonably affordable. Since it is a rapid and inexpensive test, it allows the development of production chains for SB honey. Thus, detecting inauthentic honey can be done by combining qualitative tests as the first screening, followed by quantitative tests if necessary. SB, , (SB) sweet marketed Therefore A angustula quadrifasciata reactions analyses content obtained efficient only species Lugols s affordable Thus screening necessary (SB

Resumo Entre os produtos da colmeia de abelhas sem ferrão, o mel se destaca por possuir propriedades físico-químicas diferentes do mel produzido pela abelha Apis mellifera. Seu sabor é mais ácido e menos doce, além de naturalmente conter maior porcentagem de água. O mel é um dos produtos mais frequentemente adulterados comercialmente. Dessa forma, este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar se os testes qualitativos realizados para o mel de A. mellifera também são válidos para o mel de abelhas sem ferrão das espécies Tetragonisca angustula, Melipona quadrifasciata e Tetragona elongata, e se é possível identificar suas adulterações mais comuns: adulterações do mel de abelhas sem ferrão com xarope de milho, açúcar invertido e mel de A. mellifera foram simuladas e testadas com as reações de Lugol, Fiehe e Lund. Para essas três análises, também foi testada a redução do volume da amostra. O teste de Lund não foi efetivo com as amostras de mel das abelhas sem ferrão, pois elas apresentam um maior teor de água, e resultados confiáveis não puderam ser obtidos. Para os outros dois testes, a redução do volume da amostra utilizada foi eficiente. O teste de Fiehe detectou adulteração apenas com xarope de milho. O teste de Lugol detectou adulterações com xarope de milho e açúcar invertido em todas as diluições utilizadas e para todas as três espécies de abelhas sem ferrão. As adulterações por adição de água ou mel de A. mellifera não foram detectadas em nenhum dos testes. Portanto, é possível utilizar o teste qualitativo da reação de Lugol para uma avaliação inicial da qualidade do mel. Como é um teste rápido e de baixo custo, ele permite o desenvolvimento de cadeias produtivas para o mel de abelhas sem ferrão. Assim, a detecção de mel inautêntico pode ser feita por uma abordagem combinada de testes qualitativos como triagem inicial, seguida de testes quantitativos, se necessário. físicoquímicas físico químicas doce comercialmente forma A angustula elongata comuns análises obtidos eficiente Portanto custo Assim quantitativos necessário

ABSTRACT Objective: To validate a food frequency questionnaire used to assess food consumption among adults in a Brazilian cohort. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted on 100 adults. Food intake was assessed by the food frequency questionnaire and by two 24-hour recalls. Validation was performed for nutrients (n=19) and food groups (n=21). Results: Moderate deattenuated Pearson’s correlation coefficients (>0.4) were observed for the consumption of dairy products, breads and crackers, rice, pasta and tubers, leafy vegetables, other vegetables, fats, sweetened drinks, sandwiches and savory snacks, and nuts, and for the following nutrients (deattenuated and adjusted for energy intake): fiber, calcium, and vitamins A, B2, and C. Based on almost all food groups and nutrients assessed, ≥70% of the individuals were classified into the same or adjacent quartile for both methods, except for red and pork meat, snacks, nuts, phosphorus, potassium, and vitamin B3. The food groups and nutrients with fair kappa agreement (>0.2) were: dairy products, other vegetables, sweetened drinks, breakfast cereals, energy, carbohydrate, iron, and vitamin A. Conclusion: The food frequency questionnaire has proven useful for estimating the intake of some nutrients and food groups of the subjects evaluated. Only the intake of red and pork meat, snacks, nuts, vitamin B3, phosphorus and potassium were estimated with less accuracy. Objective cohort Methods Crosssectional Cross sectional 10 24hour hour 24 recalls n=19 n19 n 19 (n=19 n=21. n21 n=21 . 21 (n=21) Results Pearsons Pearson s >0.4 04 0 4 (>0.4 products crackers rice tubers vegetables fats drinks snacks nuts intake) fiber calcium A B2 B C 70 ≥70 methods meat B3 >0.2 02 2 (>0.2 cereals carbohydrate iron Conclusion evaluated accuracy 1 n=1 n1 (n=1 n2 n=2 (n=21 >0. (>0. 7 ≥7 n= (n= (n=2 >0 (>0 ≥ (n > (> (

RESUMO Objetivo: Validar um questionário de frequência alimentar para avaliar o consumo alimentar de adultos em uma coorte brasileira. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado com 100 adultos. A ingestão alimentar foi avaliada pelo questionário de frequência alimentar e por dois recordatórios de 24 horas. A validação foi realizada para nutrientes (n=19) e grupos de alimentos (n=21). Resultados: Coeficientes de correlação de Pearson deatenuados moderados (>0,4) foram observados para o consumo de laticínios, pães e biscoitos, arroz, macarrão e tubérculos, vegetais folhosos, outros vegetais, gorduras, bebidas adoçadas, sanduíches e salgadinhos, e nozes, e para os seguintes nutrientes (deatenuados e ajustados para ingestão de energia): fibra, cálcio e vitaminas A, B2 e C. Com base em quase todos os grupos de alimentos e nutrientes avaliados, ≥70% dos indivíduos foram classificados no mesmo quartil ou quartil adjacente para ambos os métodos, exceto para carnes vermelhas e suínas, salgadinhos, nozes, fósforo, potássio e vitamina B3. Os grupos de alimentos e nutrientes com concordância kappa justa (>0,2) foram: laticínios, outras verduras, bebidas açucaradas, cereais matinais, energia, carboidratos, ferro e vitamina A. Conclusão: O questionário de frequência alimentar mostrou-se útil para estimar a ingestão de alguns nutrientes e grupos de alimentos dos sujeitos avaliados. Apenas o consumo de carnes vermelhas e suínas, salgadinhos, nozes, vitamina B3, fósforo e potássio foi estimado com menor precisão. Objetivo brasileira Métodos 10 2 horas n=19 n19 n 19 (n=19 n=21. n21 n=21 . 21 (n=21) Resultados >0,4 04 0 4 (>0,4 laticínios biscoitos arroz tubérculos folhosos gorduras adoçadas salgadinhos nozes energia energia) fibra B C avaliados 70 ≥70 métodos suínas B3 >0,2 02 (>0,2 verduras açucaradas matinais carboidratos Conclusão mostrouse mostrou se precisão 1 n=1 n1 (n=1 n2 n=2 (n=21 >0, (>0, 7 ≥7 n= (n= (n=2 >0 (>0 ≥ (n > (> (

Abstract Ammonia volatilization losses (N-NH3) is an important way of nitrogen (N) losses from fertilizer. Therefore, is imperative to determine management practice to increase N use efficiency (EUN). The objective was to evaluate ammonia volatilization losses, grain yield, grain N content, EUN and it components: physiological efficiency (EF) and recovery efficiency (ER) to fertilization time (Showing, V3 and V6) and N rate (0, 60 and 120 kg N ha-1) in no-till corn. Ammonia volatilization losses were extend for a period of 7 day after fertilization for showing and V3 fertilization time while for V6 fertilization time was 6 day after fertilization. In general, volatilization losses were increases with N rate, greater volatilization were determined from treatment 120 Kg N ha-1, while ammonia volatilization losses from treatment 60 kg N ha-1 was not different from treatment 0N. Total N-NH3 volatilization losses were not affected by fertilization time (7.0; 9.2 y 10.6% of N applied for Showing, V3 y V6 fertilization time, respectively), and were increased by N rate (6.5 y 13.8% of N applied for de 60 y 120 kg ha-1 N rate, respectively). Corn grain yield, grain N content, N use efficiency (EUN) and it components were not affected by fertilization time, and only were significantly increased by N rate (9327, 10413 and 10800 kg ha-1 grain yield for 0, 60 and 120 kg ha-1, respectively and 99, 122 and 146 kg ha-1 grain N content for 0, 60 and 120 kg ha-1, respectively). In synthesis, for the experimental conditions, N-NH3 volatilization losses only were increased by N rate between without effect of N application time.

Resumen La volatilización de amoníaco (N-NH3) es una importante vía de pérdida de nitrógeno (N) desde fertilizantes nitrogenados. En tal sentido, existe la necesidad de desarrollar estrategias de manejo que maximicen la eficiencia de uso de N (EUN). El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar las pérdidas por volatilización, rendimiento, N en grano, EUN y sus componentes: eficiencia fisiológica (EF) y de recuperación (ER) en el cultivo de maíz bajo SD, al momento de aplicación (siembra, V3 y V6) y dosis de N (0, 60 y 120 kg N ha-1). Para las condiciones en las cuales se desarrolló esta experiencia, las pérdidas por volatilización de N-NH3 se extendieron por un período de 7 días desde la fertilización para los momentos de siembra y V3, mientras que para V6 fue de 6 días desde la fertilización. En general, las pérdidas de N-NH3 se incrementaron con la dosis de N, siendo mayores desde el tratamiento 120 kg N ha-1, mientras las pérdidas desde el tratamiento 60 kg N ha-1 no difirieron de las del tratamiento 0N. Las pérdidas totales de N-NH3 no fueron afectadas por el momento de aplicación (7,0; 9,2 y 10,6% del N aplicado para los momentos de siembra, V3 y V6, respectivamente) y se incrementaron significativamente por la dosis de N (6,5 y 13,8% del N aplicado para las dosis de 60 y 120 kg ha-1, respectivamente). El rendimiento, N en grano, EUN y sus componentes no fueron afectados por el momento de aplicación, solamente se determinó efecto significativo de la dosis de N sobre estas variables (9327, 10413 y 10800 kg ha-1 de rendimiento para 0, 60 y 120 kg ha-1, respectivamente y 99, 122 y 146 kg ha-1 de N en grano para 0, 60 y 120 kg ha-1, respectivamente). En síntesis, para las condiciones en que se desarrolló esta experiencia, las pérdidas por volatilización de N-NH3 solamente se incrementaron significativamente por la dosis de N, sin efecto del momento de aplicación.

Abstract Mixing herbicides is a common practice in agriculture, to optimize farm management practices, widen the weed control spectrum, enhance application efficiency, and manage herbicide resistance. Interactions between herbicides can occur within the spray tank, on the leaf surface, and/or inside the plant, resulting in physicochemical and physiological interactions. Additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects can result from these interactions. Given the range in plant response and the potential for negative and positive outcomes for weed management, predicting herbicide interactions before using mixtures would be of great value. Therefore, the physiological responses in the literature can help to ensure efficient weed control and avoid unwanted effects in the field. This review compiles information on physiological and physicochemical interactions between herbicides, addressing the most known cases of synergism, antagonism, and additivity, as well as their physiological bases, and the methods for evaluating herbicide interactions. Reference models for herbicide interactions have been reported and they usually interfere interpretation of the mixture effect. Antagonistic interactions can increase the evolution of weed resistance by favoring the survival of individuals exposed to the herbicide. Physicochemical incompatibility in the spray tank usually causes herbicide antagonism, whereas both synergism and antagonism can result from increased or decreased uptake/translocation and from physiological changes in the plant. agriculture practices spectrum efficiency surface andor Additive synergistic value Therefore field additivity bases effect uptaketranslocation uptake translocation

ABSTRACT Background: Rickettsia of the spotted fever group (SFG) has been reported in ticks and domestic animals in Campo Grande (CG), Midwest Brazil. Methods: We searched for Rickettsia in the SFG in capybaras and their ticks in an urban park in the CG. Results: The seropositivity rate was 88.2% (15/17). Although 87.7% of the capybaras sampled showed infestations with Amblyomma sculptum, A. dubitatum, and Amblyomma spp., no molecular results were detected in ticks. Conclusions: Since Rickettsia from the SFG circulates among capybaras in the urban parks of Campo Grande, this large rodent species should be monitored within the One Health Agenda.

Abstract Introduction A. hybridus interference in soybeans varies with population size and may be quantified by mathematical models that allow establishing the threshold levels. Objective Determine the interference of A. hybridus escaped from an herbicide program and with multiple resistance to EPSPs and ALS-inhibiting herbicides on soybean yield and its economic threshold (ET). Methods Two experiments were conducted in a randomized block design. The treatments consisted of populations of A. hybridus ranging from 0 to 41 plants m-2 (2018/19) and 0 to 32 plants m-2 (2019/20). The yield components and yield plant-1 of soybean were evaluated. The rectangular hyperbola model was fitted to the soybean yield loss. ET was calculated according to yield potential, price paid for grains, control cost and weed control efficiency Results The increase in populations of A. hybridus has decreased in the number of pods and grains-1 of soybean in both periods. The parameter i was 4.47 and 8.32%, and the ET ranged from 0.16 to 1.21 plants m-2 in 2018/19 and from 0.09 to 0.65 plants m-2 in 2019/20. Conclusions One A. hybridus m-2 may reduce 6.4% in the grain yield of soybean. ET occurs within the range of 0.09 to 1.21 plants m-2.

Resumen: El grano de destilería seco con solubles de sorgo (DDGS-S) no se ha utilizado como suplemento en dietas de engorde de corderos bajo pastoreo en verano. La hipótesis planteada es que el desempeño de corderos posdestete pastoreando Paspalum notatum (PN) INIA Sepé y suplementados con una ración energético-proteica (grano entero de sorgo y harina de soja) no se reduce con la inclusión de un 40% de DDGS-S. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar con tres tratamientos y dos repeticiones cada uno (n = 14 cada uno), evaluando 42 corderos machos Merino Dohne (130 ± 7,6 días de edad, 32 ± 2,4 kg de peso vivo (PV), y 2,2 ± 0,2 de condición corporal (CC)) en verano (84 días). Todos los corderos pastorearon PN INIA Sepé, dos tratamientos fueron suplementados diariamente (1,7% PV). Los tratamientos fueron: PN (sin suplementación), SGSM (70% grano sorgo, 30% harina de soja) y DDGS (45% grano sorgo, 40% DDGS-S y 15% harina de soja). Los corderos suplementados tuvieron mayor (P<0,0001) ganancia de peso, peso final y crecimiento de lana (140 y 126 g/a/d; 43,5 y 42,4 kg; 1814 y 1892 µg/cm2/d para DDGS y SGSM, respectivamente) que los corderos control (40 g/a/d; 35,5 kg; 1353 µg/cm2/d) (P<0,0001), sin diferencias entre los suplementados. La infestación por nemátodos gastrointestinales fue afectada por los tratamientos en el día 69, los animales suplementados mostraron menores niveles de infestación que los corderos control (P=0.0024). La inclusión de DDGS-S en el suplemento no redujo el desempeño productivo de los corderos cuando la concentración de proteína cruda y la energía permanecieron constantes.

Abstract: Sorghum dried distillers’ grain with soluble (S-DDGS) has not been utilized as supplement in lamb growing and finishing diets under grazing conditions in summer. The hypothesis was that the performance of post-weaning lambs grazing Paspalum notatum (PN) INIA Sepé supplemented with an energy-protein diet (whole sorghum grain (SG), and soybean meal (SM)) is not reduced by the inclusion of 40% S-DDGS. During 82 days, in summer, 42 Merino Dohne male lambs (130 ± 7.6 days of age, 32 ± 2.4 kg of body weight (BW), and 2.2 ± 0.2 body condition score (BCS)) were evaluated, in a completely random experimental design with three treatments and two replicates each (n = 14 each one). All lambs grazed PN INIA Sepé and in two treatments they were daily supplemented (1.7% BW) with different components. The treatments were: PN (control group, no supplementation), SGSM (70% SG, 30% SM) and DDGS (45% SG, 40% S-DDGS, and 15% SM). Supplemented lambs had higher (P<0.0001) body weight gain (BWG), final BW and wool growth (140 and 126 g/a/d, 43.5 and 42.4 kg; 1814 and 1892 µg/cm2/d for DDGS and SGSM, respectively) than control lambs (40 g/a/d; 35.5 kg; 1353 µg/cm2/d) (P<0.0001), without differences between supplemented groups. Gastrointestinal nematodes infestation (GIN) was affected by the treatments on day 69, where supplemented animals showed lower infestation levels than control lambs (P=0.0024). The inclusion of S-DDGS in the supplement did not reduce the productive performance of the lambs when the concentration of crude protein and energy remained constant.

Resumo: Grãos de destilaria desidratados de sorgo com solúveis (DDGS-S) não têm sido utilizados como suplemento em dietas de crescimento e terminação de cordeiros em condições de pastejo no verão. Postulamos que o desempenho de cordeiros pós-desmame em Paspalum notatum (PN) INIA Sepé suplementado com uma ração energético-protéica (grão de sorgo e farelo de soja) não é reduzido pela inclusão de 40 % DDGS-S. Em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos e duas repetições cada (n = 14 cada um), avaliamos 42 cordeiros Merino Dohne (130 ± 7,6 dias de idade, 32 ± 2,4 kg de peso corporal -PC- e 2,2 ± 0,2 escore de condição corporal) no verão (84 dias). Todos os cordeiros foram alimentados com PN INIA Sepé e dois tratamentos suplementados diariamente (1,7 % do PC). Os tratamentos foram: PN (sem suplementação); SGSM (70 % grão de sorgo, 30 % farelo de soja) e DDGS (45 % grão de sorgo, 40 % DDGS-S e 15 % farelo de soja). Cordeiros suplementados tiveram maior (P<0.0001) ganho de peso corporal, peso corporal final e crescimento de lã (140 e 126 g/a/d; 43,5 e 42,4 kg; 1814 e 1892 µg/cm2/d para DDGS e SGSM, respectivamente) do que cordeiros controle (40 g/a/d; 35,5 kg; 1353 µg/cm2/d) (P<0.0001), sem diferenças entre os suplementados. A infestação por nematóides gastrointestinais foi afetada pelos tratamentos no dia 69, animais suplementados tiveram uma infestação menor do que os cordeiros controle (P=0.0024). A inclusão de DDGS-S no suplemento não reduziu o desempenho produtivo dos cordeiros quando a concentração de proteína bruta e energia desta permaneceu constante.

Resumo Anaplasma marginale é um patógeno transmitido por vetores que causam uma doença conhecida como anaplasmose. Até a presente data, não há genomas sequenciados de cepas brasileiras. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o genoma completo das cepas brasileiras de A. marginale (Palmeira e Jaboticabal) com os genomas de cepas de outras regiões (cepas dos EUA e Austrália). As sequências dos genomas das cepas brasileiras foram obtidas mediante sequenciamento de nova geração. As “reads” foram mapeadas usando-se como referência o genoma de A. marginale da cepa Florida. Foram identificados polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNPs) e analisadas inserções/deleções (INDELs). As duas linhagens brasileiras se agruparam em um clado particular que, por sua vez, agrupou-se em um grupo maior junto com as linhagens norte-americanas. Além disso, foram identificadas diferenças significativas nas proteínas de superfície entre os dois isolados brasileiros. Esses resultados lançam luz sobre a história evolutiva de A. marginale e fornecem as primeiras informações de genomas de isolados sul-americanos. Avaliar as sequências de genomas de cepas de diferentes regiões é essencial para aumentar o conhecimento do pan-genoma dessa bactéria.

Abstract Anaplasma marginale is a vector-borne pathogen that causes a disease known as anaplasmosis. No sequenced genomes of Brazilian strains are yet available. The aim of this work was to compare whole genomes of Brazilian strains of A. marginale (Palmeira and Jaboticabal) with genomes of strains from other regions (USA and Australia strains). Genome sequencing of Brazilian strains was performed by means of next-generation sequencing. Reads were mapped using the genome of the Florida strain of A. marginale as a reference sequence. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions/deletions (INDELs) were identified. The data showed that two Brazilian strains grouped together in one particular clade, which grouped in a larger American group together with North American strains. Moreover, some important differences in surface proteins between the two Brazilian isolates can be discerned. These results shed light on the evolutionary history of A. marginale and provide the first genome information on South American isolates. Assessing the genome sequences of strains from different regions is essential for increasing knowledge of the pan-genome of this bacteria.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da inclusão isolada ou associada dos ácidos cítrico e benzoico na alimentação de frangos de corte sobre o desempenho, a alometria de órgãos do sistema digestório, o pH intestinal e a quantidade de microrganismos no jejuno. Foram utilizados 840 pintos de corte, machos, da linhagem Cobb, distribuídos num delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 × 2, com suplementação ou não de ácido cítrico e suplementação ou não de benzoato de sódio, com sete repetições. Aos 14 dias de idade, foi inoculado, via oral, 1mL de solução contendo 1 × 105 oocistos esporulados de Eimeria acervulina por ave. Não houve efeito dos ácidos sobre o desempenho dos frangos no período de um a 21 dias. No período total (um a 42 dias), os frangos alimentados com a mistura de ácidos cítrico e benzoico apresentaram maior consumo de ração, sem incremento no ganho de peso. Os dados de alometria dos órgãos do sistema digestório e os valores de pH do jejuno não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. O ácido cítrico aumentou a quantidade de bactérias do gênero cocos Gram positivos e anaeróbios totais no jejuno. Nas condições do presente estudo, conclui-se que os ácidos cítrico e benzoico, isolados ou associados, não beneficiam a nutrição de frangos de corte desafiados com E. acervulina.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effect of isolated or combined citric and benzoic acids added to the diets of broiler chickens on performance, allometry of the digestive system organs, intestinal pH and quantity of microorganisms in the jejunum. A total of 840 male Cobb broiler chicks were utilized, distributed in a complete random design in 2 × 2 factorial scheme, supplemented or not with citric acid, and sodium benzoate, with seven replications. At 14 days old, 1mL of a solution containing 1 × 105 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria acervulina per bird was inoculated orally. There was no effect of the acids on the broiler’s performance in the 1 to 21-day period. In the total period (1 to 42 days), the broilers fed with a blend of citric and benzoic acid presented greater feed intake, without increment in weight gain. The data of allometry of the digestive system organs and the jejunal pH values were not influenced by the treatments. The citric acid increased the bacterial quantity of gram-positive coccus and total anaerobes in the jejunum. Under the conditions of the present study, we conclude that the citric and benzoic acids, isolated or combined, do not benefit the nutrition of broilers challenged with E. acervulina.

Resumo: Objetivo: Analisar o efeito do catch-up de estatura na idade escolar na massa óssea em adolescentes em uma coorte brasileira de nascimento. Métodos: Estudo de coorte, utilizando dados dos três momentos (nascimento, aos 7/9 anos e 18/19 anos) da pesquisa Coortes-RPS. Catch-up de estatura foi definida a partir da diferença entre o Z-score do escolar e Z-score do nascimento. Para a análise da massa óssea em adolescentes foi utilizado o índice Z-score da coluna lombar medido pela densitometria por dupla emissão de raio X. Para análise proposta, foi construído modelo teórico usando os gráficos acíclicos direcionados e pareado por escore de propensão do tipo vizinho mais próximo utilizando o software STATA versão 14.0. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados: Das 297 crianças, 24,58% realizaram o catch-up estatural. Massa óssea abaixo do esperado para a idade foi de 5,39%. O Z-score médio da coluna lombar foi −0,34 (± 1,01). Após ajuste, não foi observado efeito entre catch-up de estatura na idade escolar e massa óssea no adolescente (Coef = 0,598; IC 95% −0,117-1,313; p = 0,101). Conclusão: Mesmo com os gráficos acíclicos direcionados e o método de inferência causal por ajuste do escore de propensão, o catch-up de estatura parece não afetar a massa óssea em adolescentes, resultado talvez relacionado ao tamanho da amostra.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the effect of height catch-up at school age on the bone mass of adolescents of a Brazilian birth cohort. Methods: A cohort study using data obtained from the three moments (birth, 7/9 years and 18/19 years of age) of the Cohorts-RPS study. Height catch-up was defined based on the difference between the schoolchild's z-score and birth z-score. The adolescents' bone mineral mass was analyzed using the z-score index for the lumbar spine measured by dual emission X-ray absorptiometry. A theoretical model was developed for the proposed analysis using directed acyclic graphs paired through the nearest-neighbor matching propensity score using the STATA software, version 14.0. The level of significance was set at 5%. Results: Of the 297 studied children, 24.5% achieved height catch-up. The bone mass below the expected for age was observed in 5.39% of the subjects. The mean lumbar spine z-score was −0.34 (±1.01). After the adjustment, no effect was observed between height catch-up at school age and bone mass in adolescents (Coeff = 0.598; 95% CI −0.117 to 1.313; p = 0.101). Conclusion: Even using the directed acyclic graphs and the causal inference method by adjusting the propensity score, the height catch-up did not seem to affect bone mass in adolescents, a result perhaps related to the sample size.

The aims of this work were to formulate a cryopreserved vaccine for the prevention of anaplasmosis and to evaluate its immunogenic activity. A monovalent vaccine of 2.5x107 bovine erythrocytes infected with Anaplasma centrale in a dose of 0.5 ml, cryopreserved in glicerol, was used. Twenty calves were selected, ranging from 4 to 10 months-old, free of anaplasmosis, from an establishment located in the Province of Corrientes, Argentina. The batch was divided into two groups, one received the cryopreserved vaccine and the other was not vaccinated (control group). Serum samples were taken at 0, 30 and 60 days after vaccination (dav), and immunity induced by the vaccine was evaluated by ELISA (enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay). At 15-30-45 and 60 dav, blood samples were analyzed from 3 calves of each group for the identification and differentiation of Anaplasma sp by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). ELISA was negative for the 20 calves analyzed on the day of vaccination; at 30 dav two calves of the vaccinated group were positive while the calves of the control group were negative. At 60 dav, 80% of the calves in the vaccinated group were positive to ELISA and two animals in the control group were suspect. PCR revealed the presence of A. centrale at 60 dav, not only in the three calves of the vaccinated group but also in three animals of the control group. The latter could be attributed to horizontal transmission by iatrogenesis or through vectors. A. marginale was not identified. The lack of detection of specific antibodies at 60 dav in two vaccinated calves, not analyzed by PCR, could correspond to a longer incubation period, and later controls should have been performed. It is concluded that the cryopreserved monovalent vaccine of A. centrale confers an adequate immunity for the prophylaxis of anaplasmosis in calves, thus being a valid alternative for those establishments of tick-free zones. Absence of A. marginale as well as horizontal transmission of the vaccine strain were confirmed

El objetivo de este trabajo fue formular una vacuna criopreservada para la prevención de la anaplasmosis y evaluar su actividad inmunogénica. Se utilizó una vacuna monovalente de 2,5x107 eritrocitos bovinos infectados con Anaplasma centrale, criopreservada en glicerol en dosis de 0,5 ml. Para ello se seleccionaron 20 terneros entre 4-10 meses de edad, libres de anaplasmosis, de un establecimiento ubicado en la Provincia de Corrientes, Argentina. El lote fue dividido en dos grupos iguales, uno recibió la vacuna criopreservada y el otro se utilizó como grupo control sin vacunación. Se tomaron muestras de suero a los 0, 30 y 60 días post-vacunación (dpv) y se evaluó la inmunidad inducida por la vacuna mediante ensayo por inmunoabsorción ligado a enzimas (ELISA) en suero. A los 15-30-45 y 60 dpv se analizaron muestras de sangre de 3 terneros de cada grupo para la identificación y diferenciación de Anaplasma sp mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR). ELISA resultó negativa para los 20 terneros analizados en el día de la vacunación; a los 30 dpv dos terneros del grupo vacunado resultaron positivos mientras que los terneros del grupo control fueron negativos. A los 60 dpv el 80% de los terneros del grupo vacunado fue positivo al ELISA y dos animales del grupo control resultaron sospechosos. La PCR reveló la presencia de A. centrale a los 60 dpv no solo en los tres terneros del grupo vacunado sino también en los tres del grupo control, hecho que podría atribuirse a la transmisión horizontal por iatrogenia o a través de vectores. A. marginale no fue identificado. La falta de detección de anticuerpos específicos a los 60 dpv en dos terneros vacunados, no analizados por PCR, podría responder a un período de incubación más prolongado, y hubiera requerido un control posterior. Se concluye que la vacuna monovalente de A. centrale criopreservada confirió una inmunidad adecuada para la profilaxis de la anaplasmosis en terneros, resultando una alternativa válida para establecimientos de zonas libres de garrapatas. Se confirmó la ausencia de A. marginale en el rodeo analizado y la transmisión horizontal de la cepa vacunal.

Abstract Aim: This study aimed to compare the effects of linear periodization (LP) and undulating periodization (UP) of strength training on acceleration in skater children. Methods: Twenty-nine girls (9.67±1.29 years-old, 34.47±8.06kg, 1.39±0.13m) were distributed into two groups: linear periodization group (LPG, n=14) and undulating periodization group (UPG, n=15). Six levels of progressive training were designed based on activities such as multi-jumps, plyometrics, sled towing, and facilitated exercises. The training lasted 16 weeks, with a 1-h session on three non-consecutive days per week. The acceleration was recorded by digital videography following the major trochanter of the femur, at four moments and under two conditions: static (SS) and dynamic start (DS) in a rectilinear path. Statistical significance was set at 5%. Results: ANOVA indicated group*moment interaction in SS and DS for velocity (F3,81=7.883; p<0.001; pη2=0.226; F3,81=2.36; p=0.078; pη2=0.08-trend, respectively) and acceleration (F3,81=3.96; p=0.011; pη2=0.128; F3,81=2.92; p=0.039; pη2=0.098, respectively). Both groups increased velocity in SS and DS (UPG/SS: 1st=4.07, 2nd=9.75, 3rd=8.91, 4th=9.25m/s; LPG/SS: 1st=4.27, 2nd=7.13, 3rd=7.61, 4th=7.99m/s; UPG/DS: 1st=8.30, 2nd=8.73, 3rd=8.12, 4th=9.27m/s; LPG/DS: 1st=8.20, 2nd=8.31, 3rd=7.90, 4th=8.96m/s) and acceleration (UPG/SS: 1st=2.00, 2nd=8.69, 3rd=4.71, 4th=5.02m/s2; LPG/SS: 1st=2.37, 2nd=3.39, 3rd=3.68, 4th=4.12m/s2; UPG/DS: 1st=1.78, 2nd=1.97, 3rd=1.65, 4th=2.46m/s2; LPG/DS: 1st=1.67, 2nd=1.70, 3rd=1.48, 4th=1.93m/s2). Conclusion: Both strength training periodization protocols were effective in developing acceleration and velocity in girl skaters over 16 weeks; however, UP was more efficient than LP for improving acceleration.

Abstract This article presents a low cost multipurpose device based in Arduino technology and Xcos-Scilab graphical environement, designed for heat propagation experiences. In addition to the pedagogical advantage of the implementation carried out by engineering degree students, the use of the equipment has enabled, through experimental results, the determination of the convection coefficient and the analysis, and adjustment, of the effect of the sensors used in the measurement.

Resumen Este artículo presenta un dispositivo flexible y de bajo costo equipo diseñado para la realización de experiencias en el área de propagación de calor, el cual está basado en tecnología Arduino y el ambiente gráfico Xcos de Scilab. Además de la ventaja pedagógica de la implementación realizada por estudiantes de grado de ingeniería, la utilización del equipo ha posibilitado, mediante resultados experimentales, la determinación del coeficiente de convección y el análisis, y ajuste, del efecto de los sensores utilizados en la medida.

Resumen La anaplasmosis bovina es una enfermedad infecciosa transmisible causada por la rickettsia Anaplasma marginale. La profilaxis se puede lograr mediante la vacunación con eritrocitos infectados con A. centrale obtenidos a partir de terneros esplenectomizados. La estandarización de las condiciones para la infección de bovinos con A. centrale puede conducir a un sistema de producción eficiente, que es particularmente importante cuando la vacuna se produce como una formulación trivalente que también contiene eritrocitos infectados con formas atenuadas de los parásitos Babesia bovis y B. bigemina. En este estudio, se inocularon bovinos (n = 26) con diferentes dosis de eritrocitos infectados (EI) con A. centrale (2, 3, 4 o 5 x 108 EI por animal). El curso de la infección se analizó con respecto al período prepatente, la rickettsemia y la disminución del hematocrito, y se evaluaron las posibles correlaciones entre estos parámetros. El inóculo más bajo dio como resultado períodos de prepatencia más largos con respecto a los otros tres grupos. Además, se observó una moderada correlación negativa entre la duración del período prepatente y la rickettsemia. La sangre de cada uno de estos terneros se usó para la producción de vacunas comerciales. Se confirmó la respuesta humoral contra Anaplasma sp sesenta días post-vacunación mediante ELISA competitivo en un grupo representativo de bovinos inoculados con cada lote de vacuna producida. Por lo expuesto, concluimos que el inmunógeno obtenido mantuvo las características inmunoprofilácticas en todas las series de vacunas producidas. Además, esta descripción del modelo de infección experimental puede serútil para futuras investigaciones.

Summary Bovine anaplasmosis is an infectious transmissible disease caused by the rickettsia Anaplasmamarginale. Prophylaxis can be achieved by vaccination with A. centrale-infected erythrocytes (IE) obtained from splenectomized calves. Standardization of conditions for A. centrale infection of bovines can lead to a more efficient production system, which is particularly important when the vaccine is produced as a trivalent formulation that also contains erythrocytes infected with attenuated forms of Babesiabovis and B. bigemina parasites. In this study, bovines (n=26) were inoculated with different doses of A. centrale-infected erythrocytes (2, 3, 4 or 5 x 108 IE per animal). The course of infection was analyzed with regards to pre-patent period, rickettsemia, and maximal hematocrit decrease, and possible correlations between these parameters were evaluated. The lowest inoculum resulted in significantly lengthier pre-patent periods with respect to the other three groups. Also, a moderate negative correlation was observed between the length of the pre-patent period and rickettsemia. Blood from each of these calves was used to produce commercial vaccines. A humoral response against Anaplasma spat sixty days post vaccination was confirmed by competitive ELISA in a representative group of bovines inoculated with each batch of vaccine produced. Therefore, we conclude that the obtained immunogen maintained itsimmunoprophylactic characteristics in all the series produced. Also, this description of the experimental model could be useful for future investigations.