Abstract Objective Childhood standing height has been estimated from arm span-related (heightAS) models. The authors aimed to develop and cross-validate a heightAS model in individuals with spina bifida (SB) and examine the accuracy of existing heightAS models. Methods Participants were individuals with sacral and low-lumbar SB (n = 14) and non-SB (n = 83), 7-16 years old. Arm span, age, sex, and group (SB vs. non-SB) were candidate height predictors. Sequential regression and leave-one-out cross-validation approaches were used for the model development (M1) and cross-validation (M1-M5). Existing models were: an SB-specific model from Polfuss et al. (M2) and non-SB specific models from Gauld et al. (M3), Mulu et al. (M4), and Zverev et al. (M5) studies. Results Arm span and group explained 95 % of the variance in height (R2 = 0.95; p < 0.001; SEE = 3.666 cm) and were included in the M1. Mean differences between actual and estimated height were 0.0 cm (M1), 0.4 cm (M2), and 0.5 cm (M5), all not significant (p > 0.05). However, Bland-Altman analysis revealed some variability in the predictability of the models across participants with limits of agreement ranging from 7.4 to 10.9 cm. Considerable errors were observed with M3 (mean diff: −5.58 cm, 95 % CI: −1.6, −20.2 cm), and M4 (mean diff: 10.5 cm, 95 % CI: −13.8, −27.3 cm). Conclusions Models (M1, M2 and M5) may accurately estimate standing height in groups of children with SB. However, due to the wide limits of agreement, caution is recommended when applying these models for individual height estimations. spanrelated related (heightAS crossvalidate cross validate lowlumbar low lumbar n 14 nonSB non 83, 83 , 83) 716 7 16 7-1 old age sex vs predictors leaveoneout leave one out crossvalidation validation M1 M (M1 M1M5. M1M5 MM M5 . (M1-M5) SBspecific al (M2 M3, (M3) M4, (M4) (M5 studies 9 R2 R (R 0.95 095 0 0.001 0001 001 3666 3 666 3.66 00 0. M1, 04 4 M2, 05 5 M5, 0.05. 005 0.05 0.05) However BlandAltman Bland Altman 74 7. 109 10 10. mean diff 558 58 −5.5 CI 1 6 −1.6 202 20 2 −20. 105 138 13 8 −13.8 273 27 −27. estimations 71 7- (M M1M (M1-M5 (M3 (M4 0.9 09 0.00 000 366 66 3.6 55 −5. −1. −20 −13. −27 (M1-M 36 3. −5 −1 −2 −13 −

Abstract Introduction: This case report follows an adolescent female with articular and bowel symptoms, highlighting the association between spondyloarthritis and Crohn’s disease. Case description: The first symptoms were joint pain, mainly in the knee and lower back leading to a possible autoimmune disease diagnosis, supported by elevation of inflammatory markers and magnetic resonance imaging showing sacroilitis. After that, the patient developed diarrhea and rectal bleeding, with colonoscopy revealing pancolitis and ulcerations. Main diagnosis, therapeutics, and results: The initial evaluation by a rheumatology specialist suggested spondyloarthritis or juvenile idiopathic arthritis as differential diagnosis establishing treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and prednisolone. Cooperation with gastroenterology led to the diagnosis of spondyloarthritis associated with Crohn’s disease, changing the medication to adalimumab. Comment: This clinical case report highlights the importance of interdisciplinary cooperation when managing complex diagnoses and establishing suitable therapeutical strategies in autoimmune diseases. This case reinforces the role of the family doctor as a patient manager and as a key element in the acceptance of chronic illness by the patient and their family.

Resumo Introdução: Este caso clínico descreve a jornada de uma adolescente que manifesta um quadro marcado por sintomas articulares e intestinais, permitindo evidenciar a relação entre espondilartrite e doença de Crohn. Descrição do caso: Adolescente de 15 anos recorre à consulta com a sua médica de família por dor articular, nomeadamente gonalgia bilateral e lombossacralgia, tendo a marcha diagnóstica indiciado uma possível doença autoimune, suportada por marcadores inflamatórios alterados e critérios de sacro-ileíte em ressonância magnética nuclear. Posteriormente surgiu um quadro de diarreia e hemorragia retal, tendo a colonoscopia revelado pancolite e ulcerações. Principais diagnósticos, terapêutica e resultados: a avaliação inicial por reumatologia sugeriu os diagnósticos diferenciais de espondilartrite e artrite idiopática juvenil. Neste contexto foram introduzidos analgésicos anti-inflamatórios não esteroides e prednisolona. Solicitou-se a colaboração de gastrenterologia pediátrica que, após articulação conjunta com reumatologia e a medicina geral e familiar, enquadrou os sintomas gastrointestinais num diagnóstico provável de espondilartrite associada a doença de Crohn, optando-se pela terapêutica com adalimumab. Comentário: Este caso destaca a importância da colaboração interdisciplinar na gestão de diagnósticos complexos e estabelecimento de estratégias terapêuticas adequadas em patologias autoimunes concomitantes. No âmbito da medicina geral e familiar, este caso reforça o papel do médico de família como gestor do doente e como elemento fulcral na aceitação da doença crónica pelo utente e sua família.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the growth trajectory of head circumference and neurodevelopment, and to correlate head circumference with cognitive, language, and motor outcomes during the first two years. Method Prospective cohort study in a tertiary hospital including 95 newborns under 32 weeks or 1500 g. Neonates who developed major neonatal morbidities were excluded. The head circumference was measured at birth, at discharge, and at term-equivalent age, 1, 3, 5, 12, 18, and 24 months of corrected age, and the Bayley Scales (Bayley-III) were applied at 12, 18 and 24 months of corrected age to assess cognitive, language and, motor domains. Scores below 85 were classified as mild/moderate deficits and scores below 70 as severe deficits. The association between head circumference Z score and Bayley scores was assessed using Pearson's correlation. The study considered a significance level of 0.05. Results There was a decrease of -0.18 in the head circumference Z score between birth and discharge and the catch-up occurred between discharge and 1 month (an increase of 0.81 in the Z score). There was a positive correlation between head circumference and Bayley scores at 18 months. There was also a positive correlation between head circumference at discharge and at 5 months with the three domains of the Bayley. Conclusion Serial measurements of head circumference provide knowledge of the trajectory of growth, with early catch-up between discharge and 1 month, as well as its association with neurodevelopment. Head circumference is therefore a valuable clinical marker for neurodevelopment, especially in very preterm newborns. neurodevelopment cognitive years 9 3 150 g excluded termequivalent term equivalent 12 2 BayleyIII III (Bayley-III 8 mildmoderate mild moderate 7 Pearsons Pearson s 005 0 05 0.05 0.18 018 -0.1 catchup catch up an 081 81 0.8 score. . score) 15 00 0.0 0.1 01 -0. 08 0. -0 -

Resumo Em Portugal, com o fim da Guerra Colonial e a instauração da democracia em 1974, o movimento associativo dos antigos combatentes ganhou uma grande visibilidade na esfera pública, sendo inclusivamente considerado pioneiro dos movimentos que defenderam os direitos das pessoas com deficiência. Nos últimos quatro anos, este tipo de associativismo foi profundamente impactado pela pandemia COVID-19, afetando tanto o seu funcionamento como a capacidade de resposta às necessidades dos seus membros. Este trabalho visa compreender o papel desempenhado pelas associações de antigos combatentes durante a crise sanitária, nomeadamente, as formas de atuação e os contributos para melhorar o relacionamento e o bem-estar dos seus associados. A presente investigação é de natureza exploratória, baseada em entrevistas semiestruturadas aos representantes de seis associações de combatentes. Observámos a capacidade de resiliência das associações de antigos combatentes face aos desafios da pandemia COVID-19. Através da implementação de novas estratégias, as associações adaptaram-se com vista ao bem-estar dos seus membros e conseguiram mitigar os efeitos negativos da pandemia neste grupo vulnerável.

Abstract In Portugal, with the end of the Colonial War and the establishment of democracy in 1974, the associative movement of former combatants gained great visibility in the public sphere and was even considered a pioneer of the movements that defended the rights of people with disabilities. In the last four years, this type of association has been profoundly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, affecting both its functioning and its ability to respond to the needs of its members. This study aims to understand the role played by associations of former combatants during the health crisis, in particular the ways in which they have acted and the contributions they have made to improving relationships and the well-being of their members. The research is exploratory, based on semi-structured interviews with representatives of six combatants’ associations. We observed the resilience of the associations of former combatants in the face of the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. By implementing new strategies, they adapted to safeguard the well-being of their members and successfully mitigated the negative effects of the pandemic on this vulnerable group.

Abstract Weeds negatively affect the sustainability of farming systems in the European Union (EU), the management of which relies heavily on herbicides. The EU's farm-to-fork strategy aims to promote agroecology and the transition to sustainable and resilient farming systems, including the reduction of herbicide use. GOOD is a 4-year project that takes a multidisciplinary approach and aims to create and evaluate agroecological weed management (AWM) systems, and demonstrate that the adoption of such a system will improve the sustainability and resilience of farming systems across Europe and beyond. This objective will be achieved through the development, evaluation and demonstration of innovative combinations of AWM using cover crops, beneficial microorganisms and digital tools. This will be carried out in living-labs, co-created with stakeholders in 6 different EU pedoclimatic regions, including annual and perennial crops and conventional, organic and mixed cropping systems. The combination of innovative and socio-economically validated sustainable agroecological practices will generate social, economic and environmental benefits through the reduction or elimination of chemical inputs and optimized use of natural resources GOOD will create an Agroecological Weed Management Network (AWMN), inviting agroecology practitioners from all continents to dialogue and exchange knowledge and best practices towards diversified agroecology-based farming systems.

Resumen Las hierbas adventicias afectan negativamente a la sostenibilidad de los sistemas agrícolas de la Unión Europea (UE), cuya gestión depende en gran medida de los herbicidas. La estrategia "de la granja a la mesa" de la UE tiene como objetivo promover la agroecología y la transición hacia sistemas agrícolas sostenibles y resilientes, incluyendo la reducción del uso de herbicidas. GOOD es un proyecto de 4 años de duración que adopta un enfoque multidisciplinar y aspira a crear y evaluar sistemas de gestión agroecológica de las malas hierbas (AWM, por sus siglas en inglés), y demostrar que la adopción de dicho sistema mejorará la sostenibilidad y la resiliencia de los sistemas de cultivo en toda Europa y fuera de ella. Este objetivo se logrará mediante el desarrollo, la evaluación y la demostración de combinaciones innovadoras de AWM utilizando cubiertas vegetales, microorganismos beneficiosos y herramientas digitales. Esto se llevará a cabo en living-labs, co-creados con las partes interesadas en 6 diferentes regiones pedoclimáticas de la UE, incluyendo cultivos anuales y perennes y sistemas de cultivo convencionales, ecológicos y mixtos. La combinación de prácticas agroecológicas sostenibles innovadoras y validadas socioeconómicamente generará beneficios sociales, económicos y medioambientales mediante la reducción o eliminación de insumos químicos y el uso optimizado de los recursos naturales. GOOD creará una Red de Gestión Agroecológica de las Malas Hierbas (AWMN), invitando a profesionales de la agroecología de todos los continentes al diálogo y al intercambio de conocimientos y mejores prácticas hacia sistemas agrícolas diversificados basados en la agroecología.

Resumo: O cuidado de um filho com deficiência visual pode vir a afetar a renda do cuidador e, por sua vez, a renda da família. Sob essa realidade, há de se considerar o gasto catastrófico consequente do aumento de despesas e da redução de renda, seja pelo desemprego, pela redução do número de horas trabalhadas ou pela dificuldade de (re)inserção no mercado de trabalho. Perante esse cenário, o objetivo principal deste estudo foi estimar o gasto catastrófico atribuído ao cuidador de crianças cegas ou com baixa visão em centros de referência em educação para cegos, oftalmologia e saúde infantil localizados no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, identificando quais fatores estão associados a uma maior ou menor prevalência desse gasto. Observou-se que 53,3% dos cuidados de crianças com cegueira comprometem 40% ou mais da renda. Entre os cuidadores de crianças com baixa visão, o gasto catastrófico é mais ameno, comprometendo no mínimo 40% da renda para 36,8% dos cuidadores. Os fatores associados à maior prevalência de gasto catastrófico foram idade do cuidador, número de moradores na residência, maior escolaridade, menor renda domiciliar, reformas na residência, plano de saúde, aquisição de empréstimos, venda de bens, quantidade de unidades de saúde que a criança recebe tratamento e parentesco do cuidador principal. A carga que recai sobre os cuidadores de crianças com deficiência visual indica uma situação de vulnerabilidade que mostra a necessidade de acesso aos mecanismos de proteção financeira e social, por meio de políticas que sejam capazes de atender esse grupo.

Resumen: El cuidado de un niño con discapacidad visual puede impactar los ingresos del cuidador y, a su vez, de la familia. En este escenario, es necesario considerar el gasto catastrófico resultante del aumento de los gastos o la reducción de los ingresos, ya sea por desempleo, reducción del número de horas trabajadas o por la dificultad de inserción o reinserción en el mercado laboral. Ante esto, el objetivo principal de este estudio fue estimar el gasto catastrófico atribuido al cuidador de niños ciegos o con baja visión en centros de referencia en educación para ciegos, oftalmología y salud infantil, ubicados en el municipio de Río de Janeiro, Brasil, con el fin de identificar qué factores se asocian con una mayor o menor prevalencia de este gasto. Se observó que el 53,3% de los cuidados de niños con discapacidad visual comprometen más del 40% de los ingresos totales. Mientras tanto, el cuidado de niños con baja visión tiene un menor gasto catastrófico, comprometiendo menos del 40% de los ingresos según el 36,8% de los cuidadores. La mayor prevalencia de gasto catastrófico estuvo asociada a los siguientes factores: edad del cuidador, número de residentes en el hogar, mayor nivel de estudios, bajos ingresos familiares, remodelaciones en el hogar, seguro de salud, adquisición de préstamos, venta de bienes, cantidad de centros de salud en las que el niño acude al tratamiento y parentesco del cuidador principal. Los cuidadores de niños con discapacidad visual enfrentan una situación de vulnerabilidad, lo que apunta a una necesidad de acceder a acciones de protección financiera y social mediante políticas dirigidas a esta población.

Abstract: Caring for a visually impaired child can affect the caregiver’s income and, in turn, the family’s. Catastrophic spending resulting from increased expenses and reduced income must be taken into account, whether due to unemployment, a reduction in the number of hours worked or the difficulty of entering or reentering the job market. Given this scenario, the main objective of this study was to estimate the catastrophic spending attributed to the caregiver of blind or low-vision children in reference centers for education for the blind, ophthalmology and child health located in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, identifying which factors are associated with a higher or lower prevalence of this expenditure. It was found that 53.3% of care for blind children involved 40% or more of their income. Among the caregivers of children with low vision, catastrophic spending is milder, compromising at least 40% of income for 36.8% of the caregivers. The factors associated with a higher prevalence of catastrophic spending were the caregiver’s age, the number of residents in the household, higher schooling, lower household income, renovations to the home, health insurance, taking out loans, selling assets, the number of health units where the child receives treatment and the relationship of the main caregiver. The burden placed on caregivers of visually impaired children indicates a situation of vulnerability that shows the need for access to financial and social protection mechanisms, through policies that are capable of serving this group.

Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the association between child maltreatment and human capital, measured by intelligence quotient (IQ) at age 18 years and schooling at age 22 years in 3,736 members from a population-based birth cohort in Southern Brazil. A multiple linear regression was used to assess the association between child maltreatment and human capital measurements. Physical and emotional abuse and physical neglect occurring up to 15 years of age were considered child maltreatment. Physical neglect was associated with lower IQ scores in women (β = -4.40; 95%CI: -6.82; -1.99) and men (β = -2.58; 95%CI: -5.17; -0.01) and lower schooling for all sexes: women (β = -1.19; 95%CI: -1.64; -0.74) and men (β = -0.82; 95%CI: -1.34; -0.30). Moreover, men who had experienced one type of child maltreatment and women who had experienced two or more types had lower years of schooling at 22 years (β = -0.41; 95%CI: -0.73; -0.89 and β = -0.57; 95%CI: -0.91; -0.22, respectively) than those who suffered no kind of maltreatment. Efforts to improve future educational and cognitive outcomes must include early prevention and intervention strategies for child maltreatment.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la asociación entre el maltrato infantil y el capital humano, medido utilizando el cociente de inteligencia (CI) a los 18 años y escolaridad a los 22 años, en 3.736 miembros de una cohorte de nacimientos de base poblacional en el Sur de Brasil. Se utilizó una regresión lineal múltiple para evaluar la asociación entre el maltrato infantil y las medidas de capital humano. Se consideraron el maltrato físico y emocional y la negligencia física que ocurrieron hasta los 15 años de edad. La negligencia física se asoció con puntuaciones de CI más bajas entre mujeres (β = -4,40; IC95%: -6,82; -1,99) y hombres (β = -2,58; IC95%: -5,17; -0,01), así como con una menor escolaridad en las mujeres (β = -1,19; IC95%: -1,64; -0,74 y hombres (β = -0,82; IC95%: -1,34; -0,30). Además, los hombres que sufrieron algún tipo de maltrato en la infancia y las mujeres que sufrieron dos o más tipos de maltrato tenían menor escolaridad a los 22 años (β = -0,41; IC95%: -0,73; -0,89 y β = -0,57; IC95%: -0,91; -0,22, respectivamente), en comparación con aquellos que no sufrieron maltratos. Los esfuerzos para mejorar los resultados educativos y cognitivos futuros deben incorporar estrategias de prevención e intervención temprana contra el maltrato infantil.

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação entre maus-tratos infantis e capital humano, medido por meio do quociente de inteligência (QI) aos 18 anos e escolaridade aos 22 anos, em 3.736 membros de uma coorte de nascimentos de base populacional no Sul do Brasil. A regressão linear múltipla foi utilizada para avaliar a associação entre maus-tratos infantis e medidas de capital humano. Foram considerados maus-tratos físicos, emocionais e a negligência física ocorrida até os 15 anos de idade. A negligência física associou-se a menores escores de QI entre mulheres (β = -4,40; IC95%: -6,82; -1,99) e homens (β = -2,58; IC95%: -5,17; -0,01), assim como menor escolaridade em mulheres (β = -1,19; IC95%: -1,64; -0,74 e homens (β = -0,82; IC95%: -1,34; -0,30). Além disso, homens que sofreram algum tipo de mau-trato na infância e mulheres que sofreram dois ou mais tipos apresentaram menor escolaridade aos 22 anos de idade (β = -0,41; IC95%: -0,73; -0,89 e β = -0,57; IC95%: -0,91; -0,22, respectivamente), em comparação com aqueles que não sofreram maus-tratos. Os esforços para aprimorar os futuros resultados educacionais e cognitivos devem incorporar estratégias de prevenção e intervenção precoce contra o mau-trato infantil.

Resumen: Este estudio evaluó la asociación del peso al nacer, la edad gestacional y el crecimiento intrauterino con la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) a los 22 y 30 años de edad, en las Cohortes de Nacimiento de 1982 y 1993 de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. La DMO se midió mediante absorciometría de rayos X de doble emisión (DXA), y la asociación se evaluó mediante ANOVA y regresión lineal múltiple para controlar la confusión por sexo, ingresos familiares al nacer, tabaquismo materno durante el embarazo, escolaridad materna, color de piel materno e índice de masa corporal antes del embarazo. Se comprobó si la grasa corporal en la edad adulta era un mediador de la asociación analizada, utilizando G-computation Formula. Se evaluaron 6.803 participantes de las cohortes 82 y 93, de 30 y 22 años, respectivamente. El peso al nacer se asoció con la DMO en todos los sitios, con la mayor diferencia en el cuello femoral. Los nacidos con un peso inferior a 2.000g tuvieron una media de -0,036g/cm2 (IC95%: -0,064; -0,008) de DMO en el cuello femoral, que aquellos con más de 3.500g. Aquellos con una puntuación z de crecimiento intrauterino de al menos 1,28 desviaciones estándar por debajo de la media presentaron un promedio de -0,013g/cm2 (IC95%: -0,024; -0,002) de DMO en la columna lumbar, con relación a aquellos con un puntaje z superior a la media. El análisis de mediación mostró que la grasa corporal en la edad adulta no medió la asociación. Las condiciones de nacimiento se asociaron con la DMO en la edad adulta, y la identificación temprana de factores relacionados con la pérdida de DMO es esencial debido a la inversión demográfica que ha estado ocurriendo en los países de ingresos medios y bajos.

Abstract: This study assessed the association of birth weight, gestational age, and intrauterine growth with bone mineral density (BMD) at 22 and 30 years of age in the 1982 and 1993 birth cohorts in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and the association was assessed using analysis of variance. Multiple linear regression was used to control for confounding factors: sex; household income at birth; maternal smoking during pregnancy; maternal schooling; maternal ethnicity/skin color; and pre-pregnancy body mass index. The study tested whether body fat in adulthood was a mediator of the association analyzed, using the G-computation Formula. A total of 6,803 participants from the 1982 and 1993 cohorts were evaluated at 30 and 22 years of age, respectively. Birth weight was associated with BMD at all sites, with a greater difference at the femoral neck. Individuals born weighing less than 2,000g had on average -0.036g/cm2 (95%CI: -0.064; -0.008) of BMD in the femoral neck than individuals weighing more than 3,500g. Individuals with an intrauterine growth z-score at least 1.28 standard deviation below the mean had an average of -0.013g/cm2 (95%CI: -0.024; -0.002) of BMD in the lumbar spine compared with individuals with an above-average z-score. The mediation analysis showed that body fat in adulthood did not mediate the association. Birth conditions have been associated with BMD in adulthood and the identification of early factors related to bone loss is essential due to the demographic inversion that has been taking place in low- and middle-income countries.

Resumo: Este estudo avaliou a associação do peso ao nascer, idade gestacional e crescimento intrauterino com a densidade mineral óssea (DMO) aos 22 e 30 anos, nas coortes de nascimentos de 1982 e 1993 de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A DMO foi medida por absorciometria por raios X com dupla energia (DXA), a associação foi avaliada usando análise de variância e a regressão linear múltipla para o controle de confundimento por: sexo, renda familiar ao nascer, tabagismo materno na gestação, escolaridade materna, cor da pele materna e índice de massa corporal pré-gestacional. Foi testado se a gordura corporal na vida adulta era mediadora da associação analisada, por meio da G-computation Formula. Foram avaliados 6.803 participantes das coortes de 1982 e 1993, aos 30 e 22 anos, respectivamente. O peso ao nascer teve associação com a DMO em todos os sítios, com maior diferença no colo femoral. Os nascidos com menos de 2.000g apresentaram, em média, -0,036g/cm2 (IC95%: -0,064; -0,008) de DMO no colo femoral em comparação àqueles com mais de 3.500g. Aqueles com escore-z de crescimento intrauterino com pelo menos 1,28 desvio padrão abaixo da média apresentaram, em média, -0,013g/cm2 (IC95%: -0,024; -0,002) de DMO na coluna lombar, em relação aos com escore-z acima da média. A análise de mediação mostrou que gordura corporal na idade adulta não mediou a associação. As condições de nascimento foram associadas com a densidade mineral óssea na vida adulta, e a identificação dos fatores precoces relacionados à perda de DMO é essencial devido à inversão demográfica em progresso em países de média e baixa renda.

RESUMO: A espondilite enterocócica afeta aves e causa claudicação progressiva. Este estudo relata o primeiro caso de osteomielite vertebral causada por Enterococcus em frangos de corte no sul do Brasil. Também conduzimos uma infecção experimental para avaliar as características microbianas e a patogenicidade em frangos de corte. Realizamos isolamento bacteriano, identificação e histopatologia. Os isolados foram testados quanto ao seu crescimento e capacidade de sobrevivência em diferentes temperaturas, valores de pH e perfil de resistência antimicrobiana. O experimento de infecção foi conduzido com matrizes de corte (n=9). Grupo 1 = controle negativo, Grupo 2 = provocado oralmente, Grupo 3 = provocado via saco aéreo. A autópsia foi realizada no 50º dia de vida (DOL). O laudo mostrou espondilite e fusão de vértebra torácica, acompanhada de compressão da medula espinhal e necrose da cabeça do fêmur. Usamos os isolados (n=17) para testar seu crescimento a 10°C e 45°C, capacidade de sobrevivência até 60° por 30 min e crescimento em níveis de pH de quatro a 12. A maior resistência foi observada contra macrolídeos e quinolonas. Na infecção experimental, todos os animais manifestaram sinais de claudicação e postura sentada sobre os jarretes. Enterococcus faecalis é o agente causal da espondilite enterocócica em frangos de corte no sul do Brasil, que é uma condição patológica emergente e subnotificada que requer atenção. RESUMO progressiva Brasil bacteriano histopatologia temperaturas antimicrobiana n=9. n9 n n=9 . 9 (n=9) negativo oralmente aéreo º DOL. DOL (DOL) torácica fêmur n=17 n17 17 (n=17 10C C 10 45C 45 45°C 60 12 quinolonas jarretes atenção n= (n=9 (DOL n=1 n1 (n=1 4 6 (n= (n

ABSTRACT: Enterococcal spondylitis affects poultry and causes progressive lameness. This study reports what seems to be the first case of vertebral osteomyelitis caused by Enterococcus in broiler chickens in southern Brazil. We also conducted an experimental infection to evaluate microorganismal characteristics and pathogenicity in broiler chickens. We performed bacterial isolation, identification, and histopathology. The isolates were tested for their growth and survival capacity at different temperatures, pH values, and antimicrobial resistance profiles. The experiment infection was conducted with broiler breeders (n=9). Group 1 = negative control, Group 2 = challenged orally, Group 3 = challenged via air sac. The autopsy was performed on the 50th day of life (DOL). The report showed spondylitis and fusion of thoracic vertebra, accompanied by spinal cord compression, and femoral head necrosis. We used the isolates (n=17) to test their growth at 10°C and 45°C, survival capacity for up to 60° for 30 min, and growth under pH levels from four to 12. Higher resistance was observed against macrolides and quinolones. On experimental infections, all animals expressed signs of lameness and “sitting on the hocks”. Enterococcus faecalis is the causal agent of enterococcal spondylitis in broilers in southern Brazil, which is an underreported and emerging pathological condition that requires attention. ABSTRACT Brazil isolation identification histopathology temperatures values profiles n=9. n9 n n=9 . 9 (n=9) control orally sac th DOL. DOL (DOL) vertebra compression necrosis n=17 n17 17 (n=17 10C C 10 45C 45 45°C 60 min 12 quinolones infections sitting hocks. hocks hocks” attention n= (n=9 (DOL n=1 n1 (n=1 4 6 (n= (n

Resumen: El cuidado de un niño con discapacidad visual puede impactar los ingresos del cuidador y, a su vez, de la familia. En este escenario, es necesario considerar el gasto catastrófico resultante del aumento de los gastos o la reducción de los ingresos, ya sea por desempleo, reducción del número de horas trabajadas o por la dificultad de inserción o reinserción en el mercado laboral. Ante esto, el objetivo principal de este estudio fue estimar el gasto catastrófico atribuido al cuidador de niños ciegos o con baja visión en centros de referencia en educación para ciegos, oftalmología y salud infantil, ubicados en el municipio de Río de Janeiro, Brasil, con el fin de identificar qué factores se asocian con una mayor o menor prevalencia de este gasto. Se observó que el 53,3% de los cuidados de niños con discapacidad visual comprometen más del 40% de los ingresos totales. Mientras tanto, el cuidado de niños con baja visión tiene un menor gasto catastrófico, comprometiendo menos del 40% de los ingresos según el 36,8% de los cuidadores. La mayor prevalencia de gasto catastrófico estuvo asociada a los siguientes factores: edad del cuidador, número de residentes en el hogar, mayor nivel de estudios, bajos ingresos familiares, remodelaciones en el hogar, seguro de salud, adquisición de préstamos, venta de bienes, cantidad de centros de salud en las que el niño acude al tratamiento y parentesco del cuidador principal. Los cuidadores de niños con discapacidad visual enfrentan una situación de vulnerabilidad, lo que apunta a una necesidad de acceder a acciones de protección financiera y social mediante políticas dirigidas a esta población.

Resumo: O cuidado de um filho com deficiência visual pode vir a afetar a renda do cuidador e, por sua vez, a renda da família. Sob essa realidade, há de se considerar o gasto catastrófico consequente do aumento de despesas e da redução de renda, seja pelo desemprego, pela redução do número de horas trabalhadas ou pela dificuldade de (re)inserção no mercado de trabalho. Perante esse cenário, o objetivo principal deste estudo foi estimar o gasto catastrófico atribuído ao cuidador de crianças cegas ou com baixa visão em centros de referência em educação para cegos, oftalmologia e saúde infantil localizados no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, identificando quais fatores estão associados a uma maior ou menor prevalência desse gasto. Observou-se que 53,3% dos cuidados de crianças com cegueira comprometem 40% ou mais da renda. Entre os cuidadores de crianças com baixa visão, o gasto catastrófico é mais ameno, comprometendo no mínimo 40% da renda para 36,8% dos cuidadores. Os fatores associados à maior prevalência de gasto catastrófico foram idade do cuidador, número de moradores na residência, maior escolaridade, menor renda domiciliar, reformas na residência, plano de saúde, aquisição de empréstimos, venda de bens, quantidade de unidades de saúde que a criança recebe tratamento e parentesco do cuidador principal. A carga que recai sobre os cuidadores de crianças com deficiência visual indica uma situação de vulnerabilidade que mostra a necessidade de acesso aos mecanismos de proteção financeira e social, por meio de políticas que sejam capazes de atender esse grupo.

Abstract: Caring for a visually impaired child can affect the caregiver’s income and, in turn, the family’s. Catastrophic spending resulting from increased expenses and reduced income must be taken into account, whether due to unemployment, a reduction in the number of hours worked or the difficulty of entering or reentering the job market. Given this scenario, the main objective of this study was to estimate the catastrophic spending attributed to the caregiver of blind or low-vision children in reference centers for education for the blind, ophthalmology and child health located in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, identifying which factors are associated with a higher or lower prevalence of this expenditure. It was found that 53.3% of care for blind children involved 40% or more of their income. Among the caregivers of children with low vision, catastrophic spending is milder, compromising at least 40% of income for 36.8% of the caregivers. The factors associated with a higher prevalence of catastrophic spending were the caregiver’s age, the number of residents in the household, higher schooling, lower household income, renovations to the home, health insurance, taking out loans, selling assets, the number of health units where the child receives treatment and the relationship of the main caregiver. The burden placed on caregivers of visually impaired children indicates a situation of vulnerability that shows the need for access to financial and social protection mechanisms, through policies that are capable of serving this group.

BACKGROUND Leishmania tarentolae is a non-pathogenic species found in lizards representing an important model for Leishmania biology. However, several aspects of this Sauroleishmania remain unknown to explain its low level of virulence. OBJECTIVES We reported several aspects of L. tarentolae biology including glycoconjugates, proteolytic activities and metabolome composition in comparison to pathogenic species (Leishmania amazonensis, Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania infantum and Leishmania major). METHODS Parasites were cultured for extraction and purification of lipophosphoglycan (LPG), immunofluorescence probing with anti-gp63 and resistance against complement. Parasite extracts were also tested for proteases activity and metabolome composition. FINDINGS Leishmania tarentolae does not express LPG on its surface. It expresses gp63 at lower levels compared to pathogenic species and, is highly sensitive to complement-mediated lysis. This species also lacks intracellular/extracellular activities of proteolytic enzymes. It has metabolic differences with pathogenic species, exhibiting a lower abundance of metabolites including ABC transporters, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and steroids, TCA cycle, glycine/serine/threonine metabolism, glyoxylate/dicarboxylate metabolism and pentose-phosphate pathways. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The non-pathogenic phenotype of L. tarentolae is associated with alterations in several biochemical and molecular features. This reinforces the need of comparative studies between pathogenic and non-pathogenic species to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of virulence during host-parasite interactions. nonpathogenic non However L glycoconjugates amazonensis braziliensis major. major . major) LPG, , (LPG) antigp63 antigp anti gp anti-gp6 complement surface gp6 complementmediated mediated lysis intracellularextracellular intracellular extracellular enzymes transporters steroids cycle glycineserinethreonine glycine serine threonine glyoxylatedicarboxylate glyoxylate dicarboxylate pentosephosphate pentose phosphate pathways features hostparasite host parasite interactions (LPG antigp6 anti-gp

ABSTRACT Introduction: Urinary tract infections constitute the eighth cause of morbimortality in Ecuador. Antimicrobial resistance complicates infection and generates a worldwide public health problem. Objective: To determine the susceptibility profile of the main bacterial species causing urinary tract infections through laboratory reports and clinical histories of the Hospital General Docente Ambato. Methods: Non-experimental, descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional design. We studied 245 cases of positive urine cultures. Results: The most frequently isolated microorganisms were E. coli (82.4 %), K. pneumoniae (4.9 %) and K. oxytoca (3.7 %). The highest percentages of sensitivity were observed for fosfomycin, ceftazidime and ceftriaxone; and the highest levels of resistance were determined for ampicillin/sulbactam, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefazolin, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and nitrofurantin. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases were produced by 6.5 % of the strains. Conclusions: The results suggest a revision of the therapeutic schemes for empirical treatment of urinary tract infections at the Hospital General Docente Ambato. Knowledge of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns allows a better choice of antibiotics for first line management.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las infecciones urinarias constituyen la octava causa de morbimortalidad en Ecuador. La resistencia antimicrobiana complica la infección y genera un problema de salud pública mundial. Objetivo: Determinar el perfil de susceptibilidad de las principales especies bacterianas causantes de infecciones urinarias mediante los reportes de laboratorio e historias clínicas del Hospital General Docente Ambato. Métodos: Diseño no experimental, de tipo descriptivo, retrospectiva de corte transversal. Se estudiaron 245 casos de urocultivos positivos. Resultados: Los microorganismos aislados más frecuentes resultaron E. coli (82,4 %), K. pneumoniae (4,9 %) y K. oxytoca (3,7 %). Los máximos porcentajes de sensibilidad se observaron para la fosfomicina, la ceftazidima y la ceftriaxona; y los mayores niveles de resistencia se determinaron en ampicilina/sulbactam, amoxicilina/ácido clavulánico, cefazolina, ciprofloxacina, trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol y nitrofurantína. El 6,5 % de las cepas eran productoras de betalactamasas de espectro extendido. Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren una revisión de los esquemas terapéuticos para el tratamiento empírico de las infecciones urinarias en el Hospital General Docente Ambato. El conocimiento de los patrones de susceptibilidad a los antimicrobianos permite elegir con mejor criterio los antibióticos para la primera línea del manejo.

Abstract Objective Children with spina bifida (SB) are at risk for stunting and overweight. However, height and Body Mass Index (BMI) z-score distribution in children and adolescents with SB are unclear. The aim of this study was to examine height and BMI z-score distribution in Brazilian children and adolescents with and without SB. This study further aimed to examine whether height and BMI z-scores differ between individuals with and without SB. Method This study included 101 participants (SB: n= 18; non-SB: n= 83, aged 7-16 years). The World Health Organization (WHO) AnthroPlus software was used to calculate height and BMI z-scores. AnthroPlus z-score distribution graphs were used to examine individual z-scores based on the 2007 WHO normal distribution curve. Effects of the group (SB vs non-SB) on height and BMI z-scores were examined with sequential regression. Results In the WHO distribution graph analysis, height z-scores of participants with SB were slightly left-shifted compared to the WHO normal distribution curve. In the regression analysis, group (SB vs non-SB) was a significant predictor of height z-scores after controlling for sex and age (ΔR2= 0.064, p= 0.010). BMI z-scores of participants with SB were right-shifted compared to the WHO normal curve. However, there was no contribution of the group to BMI z-scores (ΔR2= 0.011, p= 0.301). Conclusions These findings suggest that Brazilian children and adolescents with SB may be at risk for reduced height and increased BMI. overweight However (BMI zscore z score unclear zscores scores 10 n 18 nonSB non non-SB 83 716 7 16 7-1 years. years . years) (WHO zscores. scores. 200 curve analysis leftshifted left shifted ΔR2= ΔR2 ΔR (ΔR2 0064 0 064 0.064 p 0.010. 0010 0.010 010 0.010) rightshifted right 0011 011 0.011 0.301. 0301 0.301 301 0.301) 1 8 71 7- 20 (ΔR 006 06 0.06 001 0.01 01 030 0.30 30 2 00 0.0 03 0.3 3 0.

This work aims to synthesize the alloy Co64Nb30B6 through mechanical alloying using a planetary ball mill. A disc rotation per minute and a ball/powder weight ratio of 300 rpm and 10:1 were used, with a milled time of 10 h, respectively. The characterization of the Co64Nb30B6 alloy was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), examined by scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), thermoanalytical techniques (TGA/DTA), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and confirmed by Braunauer, Emmet e Teller (BET) method type IV isotherms with a hysteresis loop for mesoporous materials. The results indicated that the evolution of the amorphous phase in the Co64Nb30B6 composition through the mechanical alloying process exhibited good soft magnetic properties with the addition of the metalloid element B and its excellent unique ferromagnetic properties. Through thermoanalytical analysis (TGA/DTA), it was shown that at higher temperatures, Co and Nb ions are oxidized by the environment and, therefore, the mass can be slightly increased to 14.9% and a probable contribution of boron in evolution stability thermal and magnetic in the amorphous phase, respectively. This suggests that the newly developed high-performance amorphous alloy Co64Nb30B6 has great application potential. CoNbB Co64Nb30B mill ballpowder powder 30 101 1 10: used h respectively Xray X ray XRD, XRD , (XRD) microscopeenergy microscope energy SEMEDS, SEMEDS SEM EDS (SEM-EDS) TGA/DTA, TGADTA TGA/DTA TGA DTA (TGA/DTA) VSM (VSM Braunauer BET (BET materials temperatures therefore 149 14 9 14.9 highperformance high performance potential 3 (XRD (SEM-EDS (TGA/DTA 14.

Resumo Objetivo Esse estudo tem por objetivo identificar associações de características sociodemográficas com a saúde mental, comportamentos e percepções entre homens de uma comunidade universitária brasileira durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Método Participaram 862 sujeitos, os quais responderam a um formulário online com questões sociodemográficas e às escalas de Depressão Ansiedade e Estresse e a Escala de Bem-Estar Psicológico. Resultados Os resultados apontam que características sociodemográficas mostram-se associadas à saúde mental, comportamentos e percepções dos participantes. Variáveis como faixa etária, raça/cor, ocupação, estado civil e moradia, durante o período de distanciamento, estão relacionadas de maneiras diferentes a níveis de ansiedade, estresse e depressão, bem como, de bem-estar psicológico, além dos comportamentos e percepções durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Conclusão Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de se considerar as singularidades da população masculina diante da pandemia de COVID-19 e ressaltam a importância do investimento em ações em saúde que considerem a influência do processo de construção social das masculinidades. mental COVID19. COVID19 COVID 19. 19 86 sujeitos BemEstar Bem Estar Psicológico mostramse mostram participantes etária raçacor raça cor raça/cor ocupação moradia distanciamento ansiedade depressão bemestar estar psicológico COVID-1 masculinidades COVID1 1 8 COVID-

Abstract Objective This study aims to identify associations between sociodemographic characteristics and mental health, behaviors, and perceptions among men in a Brazilian university community during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method A total of 862 subjects participated, responding to an online questionnaire with sociodemographic questions, the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale, and the Psychological Well-Being scale. Results The results indicate that sociodemographic characteristics are associated with the mental health, behaviors, and perceptions of the participants. Variables such as age, race, occupation, marital status, and living arrangements during the period of social distancing relate in different ways to levels of anxiety, stress, and depression, as well as psychological well-being, in addition to behaviors and perceptions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion The results highlight the need to consider the specificities of the male population facing the COVID-19 pandemic and emphasize the importance of investing in health actions that consider the influence of the process of social construction of masculinities. COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 86 participated questions Depression Anxiety Scale WellBeing Well Being scale participants age race occupation status anxiety stress depression wellbeing, wellbeing being, being well-being masculinities COVID1 1 COVID- 8