Abstract The aim of the present study was to assess the agronomic performance and chemical composition of soil cultivated with palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu) subjected to growing doses of liquid blood waste. The experiment followed the completely randomized blocks design with six treatments and four repetitions. The following doses of processed liquid blood waste were applied to test palisade grass’ yield: 0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 m3 ha-1. In addition, it was used in conjunction with chemical fertilization at a rate of 50 kg ha-1 of P2O5 and 100 kg ha-1 of N (this treatment was not managed with liquid blood residue). Palisade grass forage yield was influenced by the fertilization strategy (P<0.001) - the highest values observed for this variable were recorded under blood waste doses of 450 m3 ha-1 and 600 m3 ha-1. The 0.0 - 0.20 m soil layer affect the organic matter fraction. On the other hand, phosphorus (P) content presented differences between fertilization strategies; thus, it was possible observing that the waste dose of 450 m3 ha-1 accounted for the highest availability of nutrients. The application of blood liquid waste as alternative source of organic fertilizers can be feasible, because it promotes significant increase in forage mass.

Resumen El objetivo fue evaluar el comportamiento agronómico y la composición química de suelos cultivados con pasto insurgente (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu) sometido a dosis crecientes de residuos sanguíneos líquidos. El experimento siguió el diseño de bloques completamente al azar con seis tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. Las siguientes dosis de residuos sanguíneos líquidos procesados se aplicaron para analizar el rendimiento del pasto insurgente: 0, 150, 300, 450 y 600 m3 ha-1. Además, se utilizó en conjunto con la fertilización química a razón de 50 kg ha-1 de P2O5 y 100 kg ha-1 de N (este tratamiento no se manejó con residuos sanguíneos líquidos). El rendimiento de forraje de pasto insurgente estuvo influenciado por la estrategia de fertilización (P<0.001) - los valores más altos observados para esta variable se registraron bajo dosis de residuos sanguíneos de 450 m3 ha-1 y 600 m3 ha-1. La capa de suelo de 0.0 a 0.20 m afecta a la fracción de materia orgánica. Por otro lado, el contenido de fósforo (P) presentó diferencias entre las estrategias de fertilización; así, fue posible observar que la dosis de residuos de 450 m3 ha-1 resultó en la mayor disponibilidad de nutrientes. La aplicación de residuos sanguíneos líquidos como fuente alternativa de fertilizantes orgánicos puede ser factible, ya que promueve un aumento significativo de la masa forrajera.

Abstract Given possible temperature variations in the cold chain during retail display of chilled food, this work evaluated the growth of Salmonella choleraesuis and Staphylococcus aureus inoculated in chicken breast fillet submitted to different temperature abuses. The bacterial growth was evaluated in Luria–Bertani broth and previously inoculated chicken breast fillet cooled for 12h and incubated at different temperatures (5, 20, and 25 °C) for 12 h and 5 ºC for 12 days. The maximum growth rate and maximum growth were determined. The microorganisms grew at all studied temperatures, with a significantly lower growth at 5 °C compared with 20 and 25 °C. S. choleraesuis showed higher growth than S. aureus in both culture medium and chicken breast, and major maximum growth in culture medium than chicken breast, at all studied temperatures. Salmonella sp. and S. aureus were not detected in the control treatment maintained at 5 °C, and the thermotolerant bacteria remained within the standards allowed by Brazilian legislation when stored for 12 days. However, temperature abuse resulted in the vulnerability and spoilage of chicken breast fillet quality. The effects of temperature abuse caused by negligence on the microbial growth (Ymax) and growth rate (µmax) in chicken breast fillet, under industrial conditions was demonstrated.

Abstract To keep up with chicken meat demand, genetic improvement, field performance, and technological processes have been sought. However, some consequences of this are already being observed, such as constant divergences in physicochemical parameters of in nature chicken cuts, since legislation has not been revised at the same speed. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate water content, protein and water content/protein ratio (W/P) for different conditions (slaughter, lineage, sex, and processing) and compliance with current legislation (Brazilian and European). Breast and half breast, drumstick and thigh cuts of in nature chicken were assessed. A significant difference was found in sex, with lower values in the females. Chickens have water content levels higher than those required by Brazilian legislation. In the different cuts evaluated, discrepancies were observed in relation to legislation. There was no compliance with W/P ratio to European legislation, where incompatibility approached 26.67% for skinless breast, 6.67% for breast and half chest and 64.44% for thigh and drumstick. The results reinforce the need for continuity of studies that support the revision of current legislation, clarifications regarding the calculations used to determine the established standards and clarifications of the collection and analysis methodologies currently employed.

RESUMO A resistência do solo à penetração (RP) é um atributo físico utilizado para quantificar a compactação do solo e a população amostral influenciar na média representativa, induzindo erros. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a RP em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico sob mata nativa e eucalipto. Foram realizadas amostras ao acaso em grupo de 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 e 100 a cada 0,10 m do solo até a camada de 0,6 m. Foram calculados os valores médios da RP, o intervalo de confiança e a exatidão da estimativa (D), a 0,05 de significância. Nas condições de estudo foi possível observar que a população apresenta alta confiabilidade, com erros abaixo de 10% e que na área cultivada o número de amostras necessários para avaliação da RP é maior que para o solo sob mata.

ABSTRACT Soil resistance to penetration (RP) is a physical attribute used to quantify soil compaction and the influence of the average representative sample population, causing errors. The objective of this work was to evaluate the RP in distrófico red Latosol under native forest and eucalyptus. Random samples were conducted in groups of 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 and 100 every 0.10 m from the ground up to 0.6 m layer. Average values were calculated from the RP, the confidence interval and the accuracy of the estimate (D), the significance of 0.05. Under the conditions of study it was possible to observe that the population has high reliability, with errors below 10% and that in cultivated area the number of samples needed for evaluation of the RP is greater than to the ground under the Woods.

Resumo A história da grama cultivada no Brasil é algo recente se comparado às culturas agrícolas convencionais. Nesta revisão são descritos o início da produção de grama no Brasil e a introdução da grama Esmeralda, bem como o surgimento das Associações de Produtores de Grama que coincide com a forte expansão do setor. São apresentados também espécies e cultivares de gramas cultivadas no Brasil, sendo descritas as suas principais características. O texto relata também os poucos levantamentos de área de produção de grama no país, sendo possível avaliar a evolução do plantio e as características do mercado.

Abstract The history of sod production in Brazil is somewhat recent when compared with conventional agricultural crops. This review describes the beginning of sod production in Brazil and the introduction of Emerald grass, as well as the emergence of Sod Growers Associations, which coincides with the marked expansion of the sector. The grass species and cultivars grown in Brazil are also presented and the main characteristics described. The text also reports few data in sod production area in the country, providing an overview planting evolution and characteristics of the market.

Resumo O corretivo de acidez mais comumente utilizado nos solos tropicais é o calcário, porém a escória de aciaria pode ser alternativa para áreas de produção de grama, devido à presença do silício que pode aumentar a tolerância da grama a estresses bióticos e/ou abióticos. Este estudo foi desenvolvido para avaliar o efeito da aplicação de escória de aciaria, comparado ao calcário, na implantação de um sistema de produção de grama bermuda. O experimento foi instalado em Botucatu-SP e o delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso em fatorial 2 x 5 com 4 repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos por dois corretivos (escória de aciaria e calcário) e doses dos corretivos calculados para elevar as saturações por bases do solo para 12% (atual), 30%, 50%, 70% e 90%. A aplicação de doses de calcário e de escória de aciaria proporcionaram efeitos positivos nos atributos químicos do solo relacionados com a correção da acidez, como o pH, teores de Ca e Mg, H+Al, Al, CTC, SB, e V%. A escória proporcionou maiores teores de P, Ca e Si, enquanto o calcário maior teor de Mg no solo. A escória de aciaria proporcionou uma maior taxa de cobertura do solo pela grama bermuda quando comparado ao calcário, aos 114 e 161 DAT (dias após o transplantio), sendo a máxima taxa de cobertura obtida com a saturação por bases de 60% aos 161 DAT. As gramas que receberam a escória apresentaram maior quantidade de raízes, rizomas e estolões, quando comparados ao calcário. Sugere-se o uso da escoria de siderurgia, e, no cálculo da necessidade de corretivo, a saturação por bases do solo de 90%.

Abstract Limestone is the most commonly used acidity-correction agent in tropical soils. However, steel slag can be an alternative for turfgrass production areas because it contains silicon, which can increase turfgrass tolerance to biotic and/or abiotic stresses. This study was developed to evaluate the effect of the application of steel slag, as compared with limestone, on a bermudagrass sod production system. The experiment was carried out in Botucatu-SP, Brazil, in a randomized block design arranged in a factorial scheme 2 × 5 with 4 replications. Treatments consisted of two correctives (steel slag and limestone) and their rates, which were calculated to raise the soil base saturation to 12% (current), 30%, 50%, 70% and 90%. The application of lime and steel slag rates had positive effects on soil chemical attributes related to acidity correction, such as pH, Ca, Mg, H + Al, Al, CEC, SB, and base saturation (%). The slag provided higher levels of P, Ca, and Si, whereas limestone increased the Mg soil content. Steel slag provided a higher ground cover rate for bermudagrass than limestone at 114 and 161 days after transplanting (DAT), with maximum cover rate achieved with 60% base saturation at 161 DAT. The turfgrasses treated with slag showed a higher amount of roots, rhizomes, and stolons when compared with those treated with limestone. It is suggested the use of steel slag and, in calculating the need for corrective, 90% soil base saturation.

Na adubação do primeiro ciclo da cultura da bananeira são utilizadas altas doses de adubos. Estas são divididas no ciclo, para reduzir as perdas e aplicadas de forma manual, demandando muita mão de obra. Objetivou-se com o experimento comparar uma única aplicação de fertilizante de liberação controlada com a aplicação parcelada de fertilizante misto convencional, na produtividade, no estado nutricional e nas características químicas do solo, no primeiro ciclo da cultura da bananeira. O experimento foi conduzido em Sete Barras, SP, com a bananeira (Musa acuminata)o subgrupo Cavendish cultivar Grand Naine, durante o primeiro ciclo, de 15 meses, nos anos de 2015/16, utilizando o fertilizante de liberação controlada (FLC) 14-07-27 e o fertilizante misto convencional (FC) 14-07-28. Foi adotado o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, e cinco tratamentos: 900 e 600 g planta-1 do FLC, em única aplicação; 1200 g planta-1 do FC parcelados em três, cinco e sete aplicações. A adubação com FLC proporcionou a mesma produtividade e manteve o estado nutricional adequado da bananeira em comparação com os tratamentos com o parcelamento do FC. A adubação com 600 g planta-1 do FLC acidificou menos o solo que o FC, independente do parcelamento, e manteve os teores de P e K no solo, em teores adequados para a cultura da banana, quatro meses após a aplicação.

High doses of fertilizers are used in the fertilization of the first cycle of banana crops. These doses are divided in the cycle to reduce losses and applied manually, requiring a great number of people. The objective of this study was to compare a single application of controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) with the split application of conventional mixed fertilizer (CF) evaluating yield, nutritional status and soil chemical characteristics during the first cycle of a banana crop. The experiment was conducted in Sete Barras, SP, Brazil, with the banana (Musa acuminata) subgroup Cavendish cv. Grand Naine, first cycle, during 15 months, in the years 2015/16, using the CRF 14-07-27 and the CF 14-07-28. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications and five treatments: 900 and 600 g plant-1 of CRF, in a single application, and 1,200 g plant-1 of CF split in three, five and seven applications. Fertilization with CRF provided the same yield and kept an adequate nutritional status of banana plants compared to treatments using split application of CF. Fertilization with 600 g plant-1 of CRF made the soil less acidic than CF, regardless of split application, and kept the levels of P and K in the soil at appropriate levels for banana crops after four months of application.

Resumo O Salame Tipo Italiano produzido no Brasil é predominantemente obtido de carne suína, com maturação aproximada de 30 dias, atingindo pH em torno de 5,4. O uso das bactérias do gênero Lactobacillus como culturas iniciadoras propicia o processo de fermentação e a obtenção de produtos uniformes e seguros, com redução do tempo de maturação devido à rápida formação de ácido lático, obtendo-se melhores características sensoriais, químicas e microbiológicas. Os estafilococos coagulase-negativos (comumente em produtos cárneos fermentados Staphylococcus xylosus e S. carnosus)possuem vantagens tecnológicas, como atividade de nitrito e nitrato redutase, consumo de oxigênio e atividade de catalase que melhoram a estabilidade de cor e diminuem o desenvolvimento de rancidez no produto, além de contribuírem para a geração de sabor devido à capacidade proteolítica e lipolítica. Portanto, este trabalho objetivou estudar a influência de diferentes culturas starters (S. xylosus, S. carnosus, L. sakei e L. plantarum)combinadascom diferentes concentrações de substrato de glicose (40,5 e 99,5%) na fabricação do Salame Tipo Italiano, bem como a influência da concentração destes no desempenho das culturas starters. Durante o processamento e shelf life, os salames foram avaliados quanto às características físico-químicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais. Em todas as amostras de Salame Tipo Italiano houve comportamento similar em relação aos parâmetros físico-químicos (umidade, proteína e gordura). Não houve crescimento de micro-organismos indesejáveis nas amostras analisadas após 60 dias de shelf life. Na análise sensorial, a amostra com menor concentração de substrato (40,5%), utilizando as culturas S. carnosus e L. sakei, foi a que recebeu as melhores notas e melhor aceitação pelos degustadores, além de apresentar valores de nitritos e nitratos de acordo com a legislação.

Abstract The Italian-Type Sausage produced in Brazil is predominantly obtained from swine meat, with maturation approximately 30 days, reaching pH around 5.3. The use of Lactobacillus bacteria as starter cultures provide fermentation processes and products more uniform and safe, reducing the maturation time due to the rapid formation of lactic acid, obtaining products with better sensorial, chemical and microbiological characteristics. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (commonly in S. xylosus and S. carnosus fermented meat products) have technological advantages such as nitrite and nitrate redutase activity, oxygen uptake and catalase activity that improve color stability and decrease the development of rancidity in the skin, contribute to the generation of flavor due to the proteolytic and lipolytic capacity. This work aimed to study the influence of different starters cultures (S. xylosus, S. carnosus, L. sakei and L. plantarum) combined with different concentrations of glucose substrate (40.5 and 99.5%) in properties of Italian-Type Sausage, as well as the influence of their concentration on starter performance. During the processing and shelf life the sausages were evaluated in relation to physic-chemical, microbiological and sensorial characteristics. In all samples of Italian-type Sausages have similar behavior in relation to physical-chemical parameters (moisture, protein, and fat). There was no growth of undesirable micro-organisms in the samples after 60 days of shelf life. By the sensorial analysis, the sample with low concentration of substrate (40.5%) and with S. carnosus and L. sakei cultures was the one that received the best grades and better acceptance by the tasters, and presented values of nitrites and nitrites according to the legislation.

ABSTRACT: Nitrogen fertilization and an appropriate cutting thickness can result in firmer sod that can be handled in less time with greater turfgrass regrowth during the subsequent cycle. This experiment was conducted on a sod production farm located in Capela do Alto, in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The soil was a dystrophic Rhodic Hapludox (Oxisol) with a medium texture. The experiment had two statistical designs; the initial design was randomized blocks with seven treatments and four replicates. Treatments were five doses of liquid organo-mineral fertilizer (OMF) corresponding to 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg ha−1 of nitrogen (N) with supplementation of phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) as well as two control treatments - one with 300 kg ha–1 of N as OMF and the other with 300 kg ha−1 of N-urea + P and K. At harvest, the adopted design was a split-plot type with four replicates in a 7 × 3 factorial arrangement with seven treatments as the main plot and three sod cutting heights (9, 16 and 22 mm) as subplots. Nitrogen doses in the form of OMF influenced the percentage of ground cover (PGC) by turfgrass in both cycles. The N dose of 300 kg ha−1 formed the sod more quickly and provided the largest mass of roots and stolons and the highest sod tensile strength. The thinnest sod samples had faster regrowth and provided higher PGCs.

RESUMO O conhecimento da extração de nutrientes pelas culturas, em diferentes estádios, pode fornecer subsídios para aplicação racional de fertilizantes, resultando na redução dos custos de produção e melhor aproveitamento dos fertilizantes pelas plantas. Desta forma, objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar a curva de acúmulo de fitomassa e nutrientes para a cebola cv. Bella Vista, em sistema de mudas transplantadas. O experimento foi instalado e conduzido no município de Ituporanga - SC, Brasil, utilizando o delineamento experimental utilizado foi em bloco ao acaso com três repetições. Foram avaliados o comprimento da planta, fitomassa seca total, das folhas, do bulbo e raízes e concentração de macro e micronutrientes. A máxima fitomassa seca de da parte aérea e bulbos aos 140 dias após o transplante foi de 4,26 e 27,41 mg por planta, respectivamente, o que contribuiu para 13% e 85% da massa seca total da planta no final do ciclo, respectivamente. O potássio (521,6 mg) foi acumulado em maior quantidade pela planta, seguido pelo nitrogênio (N, 465,7 mg), cálcio (Ca, 253,3 mg), ensofre (S, 109,0 mg), magnésio (Mg, 86,9 mg) e fósforo (P, 76,5 mg). Para os micronutrientes a ordem de acúmulo foi: ferro (Fe, 6.227,5 µg), boro (B, 902,3 µg), zinco (Zn, 573,7 µg), manganês (Mn, 573,7 µg), e cobre (Cu, 241,4 µg).

ABSTRACT Knowledge of the nutrient uptake by crops at different stages of growth may provide the basis for rational application of fertilizers, which may lead to reduced production costs and improved use of fertilizers by plants. Based on this knowledge, we conducted this study to determine the biomass and nutrient accumulation curve of the onion cultivar Bella Vista in a system of transplanted seedlings. The experiment was carried out in Ituporanga-SC, Brazil, by using a randomized block design with three replicates. Eleven plant collections were carried out throughout the crop cycle. The variables evaluated included plant length; total dry biomass of leaves, bulbs, and roots; and concentrations of macro- and micronutrients. The maximum dry biomass accumulation in the shoots and bulbs at 140 days after transplanting (DAT) was 4.26 and 27.41 mg per plant, respectively, which contributed to 13% and 85% of the whole plant dry biomass at the end of the cycle, respectively. Potassium (K, 521.6 mg) was accumulated in the largest quantity per plant, followed by nitrogen (N, 465.7 mg), calcium (Ca, 253.3 mg), sulfur (S, 109.0 mg), magnesium (Mg, 86.9 mg), and phosphorus (P, 76.5 mg). The micronutrient accumulation was as follows: iron (Fe, 6,227.5 µg), boron (B, 902.3 µg), zinc (Zn, 573.7 µg), manganese (Mn, 573.7 µg), and copper (Cu, 241.4 µg).

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to evaluate the chemical effects of gypsum on the soil and on the recovery of a pasture established with palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha) in a Cerrado biome region. A randomized block experimental design with six treatments and four replications was adopted. Treatments consisted of five levels of gypsum (0, 450, 900, 1800, and 3600 kg ha−1) plus an unmanaged control treatment (without gypsum or additional chemical fertilizers). The gypsum treatments received addition of fertilizer (200 and 40 kg ha−1 of N and P respectively). The soil treatment started in October 2012. The application of gypsum provided an increase in plant height, number of tillers, and dry matter of the shoots of palisade grass. Gypsum combined with chemical fertilizers provided an increase in productivity compared with chemical fertilizers alone. The use of gypsum improved the chemical characteristics of the soil, increasing calcium and sulfur in the deeper layers, consequently, providing greater development of the palisade grass root system. High gypsum levels impaired the development of the root system, especially in the 0.20–0.40 m layer. Gypsum provides recovery of soil and degraded pastures.

RESUMOObjetivou-se com o trabalho avaliar a influência do reflorestamento com essências nativas da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, plantio de eucalipto e pastagem nos atributos químicos e físicos do solo de áreas degradadas. Foram selecionadas cinco áreas na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Aguapeí, na cidade de Garça, SP, sendo dois reflorestamentos com essências nativas, com 4 e 9 anos, um plantio de eucalipto, uma área de pastagem e um fragmento florestal utilizado como referência. O fragmento florestal apresentou a menor soma de bases e os maiores teores de P, Corg e CTC. Ele também apresentou a menor resistência à penetração, maior diâmetro e estabilidade dos agregados. Os atributos químicos e físicos do solo das áreas reflorestadas diferiram dos observados no fragmento florestal, mostrando que o período de recuperação não foi suficiente para restaurar esses atributos. Porém o reflorestamento com 9 anos melhorou significativamente nesses atributos do solo, tendendo a aproximar-se aos do fragmento florestal.

ABSTRACTThe objective with this study was to evaluate the influence of reforestation with native species from seasonal semideciduous forest, eucalyptus plantation, and pasture in the soil chemical and physical properties of degraded areas. Five sites were selected in the watershed of the Aguapeí River in the Garça city, Sao Paulo state: two reforestation areas with native species, with four and nine years old; a reforestation area with eucalyptus plantation, a pasture area, and a forest fragment used as control. The forest fragment presented the lowest exangeable bases and the highest levels of P, SOC and CEC; it also showed the lowest penetration resistance, and the largest diameter and aggregate stability. The chemical and physical soil attributes of the reforestation areas differed from those of the forest fragment (control), showing that the recovery period was not sufficient to restore these attributes. However, the 9-year-old reforestation area presented significant improvement of these soil attributes, tending to approach those of the control area.

Por fazer parte de inúmeros compostos e estar diretamente relacionado com a capacidade fotossintética das plantas, o nitrogênio (N) pode influenciar significativamente na produção e enraizamento de estacas. Com base nesse contexto, o trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de doses crescentes de N na produtividade, capacidade e velocidade de enraizamento das miniestacas produzidas de minicepas do clone híbrido de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla (I-224), além da qualidade das mudas formadas. O presente trabalho foi realizado no viveiro de mudas clonais de Eucalyptus, em minijardim de leito de areia da FAEF - Garça - SP. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com 4 repetições, sendo os tratamentos constituídos por 5 doses de nitrogênio diferentes na solução nutritiva (0; 80; 160; 240 e 320 mgL-1). As variáveis analisadas foram: número de estacas produzidas, índice de produtividade, enraizamento das estacas produzidas e determinação da massa seca das mudas. A dose de nitrogênio aplicada no minijardim influenciou a produção de estacas, apresentando comportamento quadrático, atingindo a produção máxima (13,1 estacas cepa-1 mês-1) com a dose estimada de 129 mg L-1. O percentual de enraizamento apresentou comportamento linear crescente. A dose que proporcionou o maior índice de produtividade do minijardim foi de 194 mg L-1. A dose de nitrogênio aplicada no minijardim influenciou significativamente na velocidade de enraizamento, e o acúmulo de matéria seca das mudas formadas.

For being part of innumerable compounds and being directly related with the photosynthetic capacity of plants, Nitrogen (N) can significantly influence the production and rooting of cuttings. On the basis of this context, the work aimed to evaluate the effect of increasing doses of N in the productivity, capacity and speed of rooting mini-cuttings produced from mini-stumps of hybrid clones of Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla (I-224), beyond the quality of the formed changes. The present work was carried through in nursery seedlings of Eucalyptus, in a mini-garden of sand stream bed of FAEF, in Garça, São Paulo state. The used experimental delineation was complete randomized design with 4 replications, being the treatments consisted of 5 different doses of Nitrogen in nutritional solution (0; 80; 160; 240 and 320 mg L-1). The variables analyzed were: number of cuttings produced, the productivity index, rooting of cuttings produced and determination of the dry mass of seedlings. The dose of nitrogen applied in the mini-garden influenced the production of stakes, with a quadratic, reaching maximum production (13,1 stakes strain-1 month-1) with the estimated dose of 129 mg L-1.The percentage of rooting presented increasing linear behavior. The dose that provided the biggest index of productivity of the mini-garden was of 194 mg L-1. The dose of nitrogen applied in the mini-garden influenced the rooting significantly and the dry mass of formed seedlings.

Conduziu-se, este trabalho, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de doses de nitrogênio sobre o desenvolvimento inicial e nutrição de plantas de Guanandi (Calophyllum brasiliense Cambèss), espécie arbórea nativa brasileira. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, em recipientes plásticos com capacidade de 50L de solo tipo Latossolo vermelho distrófico. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de cinco doses de N: 0, 40, 80, 120 e 160 mg dm-3, mais o controle (sem adubação e calagem), sendo a fonte de adubação utilizada a ureia. Com exceção do controle, todos os tratamentos receberam calagem para elevar a saturação por bases do solo de 60% e adubação com 150 mg dm-3 de P2O5, 80 mg dm-3 de K2O. Foram analisados mensalmente a altura da planta e diâmetro do coleto e aos 10 meses de idade: a massa seca de folhas, caules, raízes e total, a área foliar e a análise química das folhas e caules. As doses de N afetaram, significativamente, os dados de altura, área foliar, massa seca do caule e massa seca foliar, observando-se um efeito quadrático; já, os dados de diâmetro e massa seca de raízes foram afetados de forma linear negativa. A melhor resposta de crescimento foi obtida com a dose de 40mg dm-3 de N.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen doses on the initial development and nutrition of Guanandi (Calophyllum brasiliense Cambèss) plants, a native Brazilian arboreal species. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, in plastic containers with capacity of 50 L of dystrophic red Latosol (oxisol). The experimental design used was completely randomized, with six treatments and four repetitions. The treatments consisted of five N doses: 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 mg dm-3, and the control (with no fertilization or liming of the soil), where urea was used as the fertilization source. With the exception of the control, all the treatments received liming to elevate saturation by bases of soil of 60% and fertilization with 150 mg dm-3 of P2O5, 80 mg dm-3 of K2O. There were monthly analysis of the plant's height and diameter of the connecting point of root and stem of the plant and at its 10 months age were also analyzed the leaves, stems, roots and total dry mass, the foliar area and the chemical analysis of leaves and stems. The N doses significantly affected the height, foliar area, stem and foliar dry mass data, observing a quadratic effect. The diameter and root dry mass data were affected on a negative linear way. The best growth response was obtained with the 40mg dm-3 N dose.

No presente trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de doses de fósforo (P) na qualidade de mudas clonais de Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis no viveiro e a sobrevivência e desenvolvimento inicial no campo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com 4 tratamentos e 5 repetições, com 30 plantas por repetição. Ao final do ciclo (90 dias), foram utilizadas 15 mudas para a determinação do acúmulo de massa seca e concentração de nutrientes na parte aérea e o restante foi plantado no campo para determinar o percentual de sobrevivência e o desenvolvimento inicial. Os tratamentos foram compostos por 4 doses de adubação fosfatada (0,0; 1,3; 2,6 e 5,2 mg planta-1). Para a obtenção de mudas de qualidade em condiçoes semelhantes a desse experimento, devem ser utilizados doses de P na faixa de 3,6 a 3,8 mg planta-1. Doses superiores a 4 mg planta-1 prejudicam o desenvolvimento e a qualidade das mudas de eucalipto. A adubação fosfatada adequada em mudas de eucalipto aumenta em 30% o percentual de sobrevivia das mudas no campo.

This study evaluated the effect of phosphorus (P) on the survival in the nursery and early development in the field of clonal Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis seedlings. The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments and five replicates of 30 plants per replicate. At the end of the cycle (90 days), 15 seedlings were used for determining the dry matter accumulation and nutrient concentration in the shoot. The rest was planted in the field to determine the percentage of survival and early development. The treatments consisted of four doses of P fertilization (0.0, 1.3, 2.6 and 5.2 mg plant-1). To obtain high quality seedlings in conditions similar to this experiment it is required doses of P in the range from 3.6 to 3.8 mg plant-1. Doses greater than 4 mg plant-1 affect the development and quality of eucalyptus seedlings. An adequate phosphorus fertilization of eucalyptus seedlings increase, by about 30%, the percentage of surviving seedlings in the field.