RESUMO - RACIONAL: Disfunção do esfíncter esofágico inferior (EEI), doença do refluxo gastroesofágico e esofagite erosiva em pacientes submetidos à gastrectomia subtotal são ocorrências comumente reconhecidas, mas até agora as causas permanecem obscuras. OBJETIVO: A hipótese deste estudo é que a gastrectomia subtotal provoque alterações na pressão de repouso do EEI e na sua competência, devido ao dano anatômico desta, visto que as fibras oblíquas “Sling”, um dos componentes musculares do EEI, são seccionadas durante este procedimento cirúrgico. MÉTODOS: Sete cães adultos sem raça definida (18-30 kg) foram anestesiados e submetidos à transecção do estômago proximal. Em seguida, o remanescente gástrico proximal foi fechado por sutura. No intraoperatório, manometria lenta foi realizada em cada cão, em condições basais (com estômago intacto) e no remanescente gástrico proximal fechado. A média dessas medidas é apresentada, com cada cão servindo como seu próprio controle. RESULTADOS: A pressão média do EEI medida no remanescente gástrico proximal, em comparação com a pressão do EEI no estômago intacto, foi diminuída em cinco cães, aumentada em um cão e sem alterações no outro cão. CONCLUSÃO: A secção transversa superior do estômago e o fechamento do remanescente do estômago por sutura provocam alterações na pressão do EEI. Sugerimos que essas mudanças na pressão do EEI são secundárias à secção das fibras oblíquas “Sling” do esfíncter, um de seus componentes musculares. A sutura e o fechamento do remanescente gástrico proximal, reancora essas fibras com mais, menos ou a mesma tensão, modificando ou não a pressão do EEI.

ABSTRACT - BACKGROUND: Dysfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), gastroesophageal reflux disease, and erosive esophagitis in patients undergoing subtotal gastrectomy are commonly recognized occurrences, but until now the causes remain unclear. AIM: The hypothesis of this study is that subtotal gastrectomy provokes changes on the LES resting pressure and its competence, due to the anatomical damage of it, given that the oblique “Sling” fibers, one of the muscular components of the LES, are transected during this surgical procedure. METHODS: Seven adult mongrel dogs (18-30 kg) were anesthetized and admitted for transection of the proximal stomach. Later, the proximal gastric remnant was closed by a suture. Intraoperatively, slow pull-through LES manometries were performed on each dog, under basal conditions (with the intact stomach), and in the closed proximal gastric remnant. The mean of these measurements is presented, with each dog serving as its control. RESULTS: The mean LES pressure (LESP) measured in the proximal gastric remnant, compared with the LESP in the intact stomach, was decreased in five dogs, increased in one dog, and remained unchanged in other dogs. CONCLUSION: The upper transverse transection of the stomach and closing the stomach remnant by suture provoke changes in the LESP. We suggested that these changes in the LESP are secondary to transecting the oblique “Sling” fibers of the LES, one of its muscular components. The suture and closing of the proximal gastric remnant reanchor these fibers with more, less, or the same tension, whether or not modifying the LESP.

background: Laparoscopic nissen fundoplication is the surgical procedure of choice for patients with gastroesophageal reflux. Aim: To describe the most important surgical stages of the technique and report the rates of complications and mortality. material and methods: In a ten years period, 530 patients were subjec-ted to laparoscopic fundoplication. In all patients a clinical history was obtained and an upper endoscopy with biopsy, esophageal manometry and 24 h pH measurement were performed. Patients with Barret esophagus, hiatal hernia of more than 5 cm and those subjected to other surgical techniques were excluded from analysis. Results: No patient died. The conversion rate was 0.4%. No patient required splenectomy. Two patients had complications and required a second intervention. Mean hospital stay was 2.8 days. Conclusions: Laparoscopic nissen fundoplication is safe and has a low rate of complications.

Objetivo: El presente estudio pretende describir las etapas quirúrgicas más importantes de esta técnica y describir la morbimortalidad publicada por autores nacionales. material y método: Entre enero de 1993 y diciembre de 2013 un total de 530 pacientes se sometieron a una fundoplicatura laparoscópica dentro de un protocolo de estudio prospectivo. En todos se realizó una encuesta clínica, endoscopia con toma de biopsia, manometría esofágica y pH de 24 h. Se excluyeron pacientes con esófago de Barrett, pacientes con hernia hiatal > 5 cm y pacientes sometidos a una técnica quirúrgica diferente. Resultados: La mortalidad operatoria fue cero. La tasa de conversión fue de 0,4%. No hubo esplenectomía. Hubo un total de 2 pacientes complicados (0,4%), siendo todos reoperados. La estadía hospitalaria fue de 2,8 días. Conclusión: La fundoplicatura de Nissen por vía laparoscópica es un procedimiento seguro, de muy baja morbilidad y nula mortalidad operatoria.

Introduction: Faecal incontinence (FI) represents an important psychological and social condition for an individual. There are several causes for FI, therefore its study and management is complex. Among different aetiologies, anatomical disruption of the external anal sphincter (EAS) as a consequence of anorrectal surgery or obstetric injury can be studied by endoanal ultrasound (EAUS). This study focus on anatomical assessment of sphincter muscle injury of EAS and its relationship with clinical presentation con FI. Objective: Compare anatomical and disruption of EAS features studied by 3D-EAUS between patients with FI, according to its severity. Methods: 3D-EAUS images were obtained from selected patients studied for FI between January 2008 and July 2010 at Clínica las Condes. Wexner Score (SW) was used to evaluate severity of FI, dividing patients into two categories: Mild FI (SW < 9) and Severe FI (SW ≥ 9). A single observer evaluated different morphological variables: width, length, percentage and angle of EAS disruption. Parametrical and non-parametrical analysis was used as appropriate. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: From 31 female patients studied, mean SW was 11.7 ± 0.8 points, range from 5 to 20 points. When dividing into two groups, 9 patients had mild FI and 22 had severe FI. Studied variables in EAUS 3D cubes: width, length, percentage and angle of EAS disruption, did not reach statistical significance between groups. Conclusion: No relationship was found between external anal sphincter anatomic injury variables studied and severity of faecal incontinence.

Introducción: La incontinencia fecal (IF) se refleja en una condición psicológica y social importante para el individuo. Las causas de IF son múltiples, siendo su estudio y manejo complejo. La disrupción anatómica del esfínter anal externo (EAE), secundaria, entre otras, a cirugía anorrectal o lesión obstétrica, es posible de ser estudiada por endosonografía anal (EAUS). El presente artículo se centra en el daño anatómico del EAE y su relación con la presentación clínica de la IF. Objetivo: Comparar las características anatómicas y daño del EAE objetivadas mediante endosonografía en 3 dimensiones (EAUS3D), entre los pacientes con IF según su severidad. Material y Método: Se obtuvo las EAUS3D realizadas en Clínica Las Condes por estudio de IF entre enero de 2008 y julio de 2010. Se utilizó el score de Wexner (SW) para separar la población en dos grupos, IF leve (SW < 9) e IF grave (SW ≥ 9). Un único observador evaluó las diferentes variables: grosor, longitud, porcentaje de defecto y ángulo de lesión del EAE. Se utilizó estadística paramétrica o no-paramétrica según corresponda. Se consideró significativo p < 0,05. Resultados: De un total de 31 pacientes femeninas estudiadas, el SW promedio fue de 11,7 ± 0,8 con rango entre 5 y 20 puntos. Al separar según grupos, 9 pacientes tenían IF leve y 22 IF grave. De las variables estudiadas por EAUS3D: el promedio, grosor, longitud, porcentaje de defecto y el ángulo de lesión del EAE no lograron diferencia estadística entre los grupos. Conclusión: No existe una relación directa entre las variables estudiadas de daño anatómico del EAE y el grado de IF.

After years of discussion by the Chilean legislature, the Law Nº 20.584, which regulates health care related rights and duties of people, entered into force in Chile in October 2012. This bill represents an important step in the recognition and protection of health care related rights, welfare, dignity and duties of persons. It also intends to protect potential participants in clinical research. However such protective measures include explicit prohibitions such as the review of clinical records or the inclusion of people with mental or psychological handicaps as research participants. We herein discuss the implications of this law in medical research.

Cecal appendix invagination was first described by Mc Kidd in 1858, however, due to its low frequency and nonspecific presentation, it is usually a radiological or intraoperative finding. During surgery, the therapeutic approach may vary from an appendectomy to a right hemicolectomy. The selected technique will depend of the suspected diagnosis, which will undoubtedly also influenced by surgeon experience. We present a case of a male patient aged 57 years old, with the intraoperative finding of appendiceal intussusception. The laparoscopic dissection of the cecum revealed an inflammatory appendix, soft to palpation with graspers. A large section of the appendix base with linear stapler was made. The final biopsy and surgical specimen showed an appendiceal inflammation without atypia.

La invaginación del apéndice cecal fue descrita por primera vez en 1858, sin embargo, debido a su baja frecuencia y presentación inespecífica suele constituir un hallazgo radiológico o intraoperatorio. En este último caso la conducta terapéutica puede variar desde la apendicectomía hasta la hemicolectomía, ya que se debe plantear a la neoplasia cecal dentro de los diagnósticos diferenciales y, en virtud de ello, la decisión operatoria puede obligar a la hemicolectomía derecha. Esta decisión se verá influida también por la experiencia del cirujano. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino de 57 años de edad con el hallazgo intraoperatorio de invaginación apendicular. Se realizó una disección amplia del ciego por vía laparoscópica y a la palpación con las pinzas el apéndice y el ciego impresionaban de consistencia blanda, no tumoral. Debido a estos hallazgos se decidió realizar la apendicectomía realizando una sección amplia de la base apendicular con stapler lineal cortante. La biopsia definitiva de la pieza operatoria informó un proceso inflamatorio apendicular sin hallazgos sugerentes de atipías.

Background: Patients with achalasia may require surgical treatment. Aim: To assess postoperative evolution, complications and mortality after surgical treatment of achalasia. Material and Methods: Analysis of 328 patients aged 13 to 80 years (51% females) with achalasia, operated in a period of 40 years. Open surgery was used in 165 patients and a laparoscopic modality (starting in 1994) in 163. Results: Patients subjected to open or laparoscopic surgery had similar demographic and manometric features. Mucosal injury during myotomy occurred in 20 (12%) and 10 (6%) of patients subjected to open or laparoscopic surgery, respectively (p < 0.05). Four patients operated using a laparoscopic approach had to be converted to open surgery. Two patients operated using an open approach had a postoperative leak. One patient had an abscess and one a hemoperitoneum. Conclusions: The surgical approach of choice for achalasia is laparoscopic, with a low incidence of complications.

Objetivos: Evaluar la evolución postoperatoria inmediata y morbimortalidad en 328 pacientes con acalasia sometidos a tratamiento quirúrgico en un período de 40 años. Material y Método: Se analizan 328 pacientes con acalasia, sometidos a abordaje laparotómico en 165 pacientes y laparoscópico en 163 pacientes, evaluando la morbilidad y mortalidad postoperatoria exclusivamente. Se aplicó el mismo protocolo quirúrgico en ambos grupos, variando sólo en la vía de acceso abdominal. Resultados: Ambos grupos son enteramente comparables tanto en edad, distribución por género, síntomas, duración de síntomas y estudio manométrico. Hubo significativamente más apertura de la mucosa esofágica durante cirugía laparoscópica comparada con la vía laparotómica. Hubo 2 pacientes con filtración postoperatoria con cirugía laparotómica y 1 hemoperitoneo después de abordaje laparoscópico. No hubo mortalidad operatoria. Conclusión: El abordaje laparoscópico es la técnica de elección en la actualidad en pacientes con acalasia, con una muy baja morbilidad.

This is a review of publications comparing the results of medical and surgical treatment of morbid obesity. An overall conclusions is that the frequency of cardiovascular complications or cancer is higher among patients receiving medical treatment. Surgical treatment is associated with a better weight loss, reduction in complications and quality of life. Mortality risk decreases significantly after surgical treatment, when compared with patients receiving medical therapy Therefore, management of morbid obesity should be carried out by multidisciplinary teams with experience on gastrointestinal surgery. In this way the complications and mortality of bariatric surgery would be minimized.

Background: Hypoventilation and Pickwick syndrome are two respiratory problems observed in obese patients. Weight reduction achieved after bariatric surgery can correct these problems but an exacerbation of respiratory problems can be observed in the immediate postoperative period. Aim: To evaluate pulmonary function in patients subjected to open and laparoscopic gastric bypass, before and after surgery. Material and Methods: Thirty nine subjects with morbid obesity were studied. Twenty four patients aged 26 to 62 years (13 women) were subjected to an open bypass and 15 patients aged 22 to 55 years (12 women) were operated laparoscopically Chest X ray, spiromemetry and arterial gases were assessed in both groups in the preoperative period and during the fifth postoperative day. Results: The presence of atelectasis on Chest X rays in the open surgery group, increased from 8% in the preoperative period to 46% in the postoperative period. In the laparoscopic surgery group the figures changed from 0 to 33%. In the open surgery group a restrictive pattern in spirometry was observed in 13 and 42% in the pre and postoperative periods. In the laparoscopic group the figures were 13 and 33%. In both groups, a decrease in torced vital capacity (FVC) was observed in the postoperative period. Also a reduction in PaC0(2) after surgery, from 38.6 to 36.5 mm Hg and from 36.4 to 33.8 mmHg was observed in patients subjected to open and laparoscopic surgery, respectively. Conclusions: In the immediate period after gastric bypass, either open or laparoscopic, there is an increase in the frequency of atelectasis on Chest X rays, restrictive pattern and decreased torced vital capacity on spirometry and changes in blood gases.

Introducción: La obesidad está asociada a múltiples comorbilidades, entre ellas la patología respiratoria, que puede verse incrementada después de realizar cirugía bariátrica. Objetivo: Evaluar en forma prospectiva las alteraciones en la función pulmonar pre y postoperatorias, de pacientes obesos mórbidos operados con bypass gástrico por vía laparotómica y laparoscópica. Material y Método: 39 pacientes consecutivos con obesidad mórbida sometidos a bypass gástrico, divididos en 2 grupos: el primero formado por 24 pacientes operados por vía laparotómica y el segundo por 15 pacientes operados por vía laparoscópica, con evaluación pre y postoperatorias de radiografía de tórax, espirometría y gases arteriales. Resultados: En el postoperatorio un incremento significativo de atelectasias, presentándose en el 1er grupo con cirugía abierta en 45,8% de casos y en el 2° grupo con cirugía laparoscópica en el 33,3%. Aumento del patrón restrictivo a 41,7% en el 1er grupo y 33,3% de casos en el 2° grupo. Una disminución en ambos grupos de la capacidad vital forzada (CVF) y alteraciones en los gases arteriales con descenso mantenido de PaC0(2) en 36,5 mmHg en el 1er grupo y 33,8 mmHg en el 2° grupo. Conclusiones: Con la cirugía del bypass gástrico en obesos mórbidos, por vía laparotómica o laparoscópica se producen cambios en la función pulmonar postoperatoria, presentándose atelectasia, patrones espirométricos restrictivos, capacidad vital forzada disminuida y alteraciones en la Pa0(2) y PaC0(2). Esta última tiene significación estadística.

We report a 56 years old male consulting for a progressive epigastric pain lasting eight months. An abdominal ultrasound and a magnetic resonance showed a cystic lesion in the head of the pancreas and bile duct dilatation. He was operated, performing a pancreatoduodenectomy with a Roux en Y gastrojejunoanastomosis. The patient has a postoperative pneumonia but the rest of the evolution was uneventful and was discharged at the tenth postoperative day. The pathological diagnosis of the surgical piece was a pancreatic hydatid cyst

Se presenta el caso de un paciente con dolor epigástrico de intensidad progresiva, cuyos estudios de imágenes revelaron la presencia de una lesión quística de la cabeza de páncreas. Se realizó una pancreato-duodenectomía. El estudio anatomopatológico reveló un quiste hidatídico de la cabeza de páncreas, siendo el primer caso publicado en nuestra literatura nacional

Background: Surgeons and radiologists commonly believe that common bile duct dilates after cholecystectomy. Aim: To measure common bile tract diameter before and 12 years after a cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis. Material and methods: Prospective study of 85 patients (aged 20 to 71 years, 68 fenmales) subjected to a cholecystectomy and followed for 12 years. AH were asymptomatic and had abdominal ultrasound to measure common bile duct diameter, seven days before and 12 years after the surgical procedure. Results: Common bile duct diameter before and 12 years after surgery was 4.6+0.9 and 5.0+1.8 cm respectively (p=NS) among 69 patients aged ¡ess than 60 years. The figures for 16 patients aged more than 60 years were 5+0.8 and 6.7+1.9 (p <0.03). Conclusions: Among patients below 60 years of age there is no significant change in bile duct diameter 12 years after surgery. In subjects over 60 years of age there is a significant increase in this diameter

Background: More than half of patients with gastric cancer have peritoneal metastases. Cancer cells exfoliated from the tumor can implant and proliferate in areas of damaged peritoneum or in areas of mesothelial denudation. Aim: To study peritoneal ultrastructure in patients with early and advanced gastric cancer. Material and Methods: Four patients with gastric cancer invading up to the muscular layer, 10 patients with gastric cancer invading the serosa and four patients operated for gastroesophageal reflux, were studied. A peritoneal sample from the root of the mesentery and a sample from peritoneal lavage, were obtained and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Patients with previous abdominal surgery or a positive peritoneal cytology for malignant cells, were excluded. Results: Among controls, abundant superficial microvilli and a faint definition on intercellular junctions was observed. In cancer patients, a reduction in microvilli and loss of intercellular junctions (mosaic pattern) or a loss of polygonal structure with focal loss of mesothelial cells, exposing the lamina propia (denudation pattern), were observed. A normal, mosaic or denudation pattern was observed in 90.1%, 7.6% and 2.3% of controls respectively, in 98,0 and 2% of patients with cancer invading up to the muscular layer respectively and 41, 42 and 17% of patients with cancer invading the serosa respectively (p<0.001 compared with the former two groups). Conclusions: Among patients with gastric cancer that invades the serosal surface, the visceral peritoneum experiences a loss of normal architecture and focal cellular denudation. These changes are not associated with the presence of free cancer cells in the peritoneal cavity and may precede the appearance of peritoneal metastases

Introducción: las metástasis peritoneales ocurren en más de la mitad de los pacientes con cáncer gástrico. Los mecanismos involucrados han sido poco estudiados y son pobremente conocidos. Experimentalmente se sabe que las células neoplásicas exfoliadas del tumor primario, sólo pueden implantarse y proliferar en áreas de peritoneo dañado o en áreas de denudación mesotelial. Objetivos: estudiar la ultraestructura peritoneal en controles y en pacientes con cáncer gástrico precoz y avanzado. Material y Método: Se estudiaron 14 pacientes con adenocarcinoma gástrico (4 mucosos/submucosos/musculares y 10 serosos) y 4 pacientes operados por patología benigna como controles. Se tomó muestra de peritoneo sano en la raíz del mesenterio (1,5 x 1,5 cm) y se obtuvo muestra de lavado peritoneal para estudio de células neoplásicas. Cada muestra fue fijada en glutaraldehido al 2,5%, deshidratada con acetona, secada y metalizada con oro-paladio. Se hizo evaluación ciega de cada muestra con Microscopia Electrónica de Barrido (10 campos con aumento de X 1250). Se excluyó pacientes con cirugía previa abdominal y con citología peritoneal (+) para células neoplásicas. Resultados: En el grupo control se encontró muy abundantes microvellosidades en la superficie y tenue definición de las uniones intercelulares (Normal). En casos con cáncer se observó disminución de las microvellosidades y pérdida de las uniones intercelulares (Patrón de Mosaico). Además se encontró pérdida de la estructura poligonal, aumento de la separación entre las células con pérdida focal de células mesoteliales dejando expuesta la lámina propia (Patrón de Denudación). Para cada grupo se encontró la siguiente distribución según patrones de normalidad, mosaico o denudación. Grupo control: 90,1%, 7,6% y 2,3% respectivamente. Grupo con cáncer mucoso/submucoso/muscular: 97,9%, 0% y 2,1% respectivamente. Grupo con cáncer seroso: 40,8%, 41,9% y 17,3% respectivamente (p<0,001 comparado con los dos primeros grupos, test exacto de Fisher). Conclusiones: En pacientes con cáncer gástrico seroso, existe una significativa alteración del peritoneo visceral a distancia, expresado por la pérdida de la arquitectura normal y por denudación focal celular del mesotelio que es el requisito para la implantación metastásica. Esta alteración no se asocia con células cancerosas libres en la cavidad peritoneal y se plantea que estos cambios pueden expresar mecanismos necesarios que anteceden a la metastización peritoneal del adenocarcinoma gástrico

Background: Overweight and obesity are considered precipitating factors in the apparition of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Besides antacids and acid-suppressors are highly effective in the palliation of such symptoms. Aim: to assess the prevalence of heartburn and epigastric burning pain, triggering factors, consumption of antacids or acid-suppressors, auto-medication and Body Mass Index (BMI) in adult population. Patients and Method: using a personal interview and physical examination, 433 adult subjects were assessed, excluding those with previously diagnosed gastro-esophageal reflux disease, history of upper gastro-intestinal surgery, and use of these medications due to other conditions. Results: symptoms in study were present in 60.1% (62.9% in women and 57.3% in men) being epigastric burning pain more frequent (35.6%) than heartburn (24.5%). Among symptomatic subjects 95% used medication on regular basis. Daily symptoms were referred by 23.5% of subjects and among them 64% use acid-suppressors. On the contrary subjects with sporadic symptoms recur mainly to antacids (65%-83%). Auto-medication was recognized by 78%-92% of people with sporadic symptoms and significantly less (48%) by people with daily symptoms. Emotional stress (35.1%-58.6%), alcohol intake (9%) and spicy food (5%) were mentioned as important triggering factors. Less than 4% of subjects considered increase in body weight as an important precipitating factor. BMI in asymptomatic group was: women 23.2 ±3.4 kg/m²; men 24.3 ±3.3 kg/m². Figures in symptomatic group were 22.5 ±3,1 kg/m² and 25 ±3.5 kg/m² respectively. In the former, overweight was 25.4% and obesity 5.7% not significantly different than 28.5% y 10.4% respectively in symptomatic group. Conclusions: The vast majority of symptomatic subjects successfully use medication for palliation. Subjects with sporadic symptoms use mainly antacids while subjects with daily symptoms use mainly acid-suppressors. There is no association between frequency of peptic gastro-esophageal symptoms and BMI

Introducción: El exceso de peso y la obesidad son considerados factores precipitantes en la aparición de síntomas de reflujo gastro-esofágico (RGE). Además, los antiácidos y ácido-supresores son altamente eficaces en la paliación de tales síntomas. Objetivo: conocer la prevalencia de pirosis y ardor epigástrico, sus factores precipitantes, consumo de antiácidos y de ácido-supresores, auto-medicación y su relación con la obesidad en adultos. Material y Método: encuesta personal y examen físico a 433 adultos sin RGE diagnosticado, historia de cirugía gastrointestinal y uso de estos medicamentos indicado por médicos. Resultados: los síntomas en estudio estaban presentes en el 60.1% del grupo (62,9% en mujeres y 57,3% en hombres) siendo más frecuente el ardor epigástrico (35,6%) que la pirosis (24,5%). Entre los sujetos sintomáticos el 95% utilizó medicación en forma regular. El 65%-83% de los sujetos con síntomas esporádicos recurrieron a antiácidos. Por el contrario, el 23,5% refirió síntomas diarios y entre ellos el 64% usaba ácido-supresores. La auto-medicación fue reconocida por el 78%-92% de personas con síntomas esporádicos y significativamente menos (48%) por sujetos con síntomas diarios. La tensión emocional (35,1%- 58,6%), ingesta de alcohol (9%) y alimentos muy condimentados (5%) fueron mencionados como factores precipitantes de los síntomas. Menos del 4% de los encuestados consideraron el aumento de peso corporal como factor precipitante. El índice de masa corporal en el grupo asintomático fue: mujeres 23,2 ±3,4 kg/m² y hombres 24,3 ±3,3 kg/m². Para el grupo sintomático las cifras fueron 22,5 ±3,1 kg/m² y 25 ±3,5 kg/m² respectivamente. En el grupo asintomático, el sobrepeso fue de 25,4% y la obesidad 5,7% no significativamente diferente del 28,5% y 10,4% respectivamente en el grupo sintomático. Conclusiones: La mayoría de las personas sintomáticas utiliza con éxito la medicación para su paliación. Los sujetos con síntomas esporádicos utilizan principalmente antiácidos mientras que aquellos con síntomas diarios utiliza principalmente ácido-supresores. No hay asociación entre la frecuencia de síntomas pépticos gastro-esofágicos e índice de masa corporal