Abstract Background: Several factors may affect herbicide fate in the soil, including soil moisture which can affect herbicide availability and degradation and mixture with other degradable herbicides. Objective: The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effects of soil moisture content and association with glyphosate on S-metolachlor persistence in lowland soil. Methods: Greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2011 and repeated in 2012 using a randomized complete block design in a factorial arrangement (3×3×5) with four replications. Factor A included three soil moisture contents (air-dried, water holding capacity, and saturated), and factor B included two herbicide combinations (S-metolachlor; S-metolachlor + glyphosate) plus an untreated check. Factor C included five intervals between application and sowing of the bioindicator species (rice): 150, 120, 90, 60, and 30 days before sowing. Herbicide injury, height in rice plants, and herbicide concentration in soil was evaluated. Results: S-metolachlor concentration and injury to rice were higher under dry soil conditions regardless of application timing. In contrast, rice injury was significantly lower in the soil saturated condition. The association with glyphosate did not affect S-metolachlor persistence in lowland soil. Conclusion: These results indicate that S-metolachlor exhibits shorter persistence under saturated soil conditions; and indicated that drought periods following S-metolachlor applications may increase carryover to sensitive crops planted in rotation. Background herbicides Objective Smetolachlor S metolachlor Methods 201 3×3×5 335 3 5 (3×3×5 replications airdried, airdried air dried, dried (air-dried capacity saturated, , saturated) (S-metolachlor check (rice) 150 120 90 60 plants evaluated Results timing contrast condition Conclusion rotation 20 3×3× 33 (3×3× (rice 15 12 9 6 2 3×3 (3×3 1 3× (3× (3 (

Abstract: Background: RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) system of eukaryotic cells and can be used as spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) to target genes. Due to the complexity of plant cell structure and genome, using SIGS in plants has faced many barriers. Objective: We aimed to develop a delivery strategy and appropriate siRNA design to induce PTGS by SIGS. Methods: The rice Phytoene desaturase (OsPDS) gene was used as a model to test our SIGS. Three siRNAs (siPDS1, siPDS2, and siPDS3) targeting different regions of the OsPDS transcript were applied individually or mixed siPDS2+siPDS3 in solution with SilwetTM adjuvant. Treatments were applied using a micropipette in rice seedlings (V2-stage), with the addition of proper control treatments: untreated-check and adjuvant-check. Seedlings were accessed phenotypically, physiologically, and molecularly. Results: The most prominent phenotype was observed for siPDS1 and siPDS2+siPDS3. Reduction in plant growth, chlorophyll index and shoot dry mass were reduced after siPDS2+siPDS3 application, while increasing anthocyanin content. OsPDS was downregulated after siPDS1 application with no change in the non-treated upper leaf. Conclusions: Our siRNA design and delivery strategy efficiently delivered the siRNA inside the plant and promoted target PTGS and compatible phenotype. The system used in this experiment did not show systematicity in the plant, probably due to the fast oxidative stress that hindered the systematic effect. This is an advance on the SIGS and can be a valuable tool for PTGS to find new targets for RNAi. Abstract Background RNAi (RNAi posttranscriptional post transcriptional (PTGS sprayinduced spray induced (SIGS genes genome barriers Objective Methods (OsPDS siPDS1, siPDS (siPDS1 siPDS2 siPDS3 siPDS2siPDS3 siPDSsiPDS siPDS2+siPDS adjuvant V2stage, V2stage Vstage V2 stage , V (V2-stage) treatments untreatedcheck untreated check adjuvantcheck. adjuvantcheck check. adjuvant-check phenotypically physiologically molecularly Results growth content nontreated non treated leaf Conclusions effect (siPDS siPDS2siPDS (V2-stage

Abstract: Background: Provisia rice and glyphosate-resistant soybean can control imidazolinone(IMI)-resistant weedy rice (WR-R) and reduce the soil seedbank. Objective: We evaluated different systems to reduce the WR-R soil seedbank under analysis when adopting soybean and Provisia rice (PV). Methods: From 2017 to 2022, a field experiment in randomized block design with four repetitions was performed. In 2017-2018, WR-R and Clearfield® rice (CL) were sown in the area. From 2018 to 2022, twelve systems [including CL, Provisia (PV), non-CL rice (NCL) and Soy] were used: S1) PV-PV-PV-PV, S2) CL-CL-CL-CL, S3) PV-CL-PV-CL, S4) PV-PV-Soy-CL, S5) PV-PV-CL-CL, S6) PV-Soy-PV-Soy, S7) Soy-PV-PV-Soy, S8) Soy-PV-PV-NCL, S9) PV-PV-PV-NCL, S10) Soy-PV-PV-CL, S11) Soy-Soy-PV-PV, and S12) PV-Soy-PV-CL. The WR-R management were CL – imazapyr + imazapic, PV – quizalofop-p-ethyl, NCL – no specific treatment, and Soy – glyphosate. WR-R plant density and soil seedbank were evaluated during the experiment. The systems were analyzed by year and each system over the years and the means were compared (LSD, p<0.05). Results: Over the years, no WR-R plant escapes (100% control) were observed in the systems using soybean or PV. However, even after three years of using alternative systems, the return of CL rice allowed seedbank replenishment. Thus, our results suggest that it takes more than four years to deplete the seedbank. The systems in which soybean (S6, S7, and S11) were used for two years were more efficient for soil seedbank reduction. Conclusions: Systems alternating soybean and Provisia rice for more than four years are a strategy to reduce imidazolinone-resistant weedy rice soil seedbanks. Abstract Background glyphosateresistant glyphosate resistant imidazolinoneIMIresistant imidazolinone IMI WRR WR R (WR-R Objective . (PV) Methods 201 2022 performed 20172018, 20172018 2018, 2017-2018 Clearfield (CL area including PV, , nonCL non (NCL S1 S PVPVPVPV, PVPVPVPV PV-PV-PV-PV S2 CLCLCLCL, CLCLCLCL CL-CL-CL-CL S3 PVCLPVCL, PVCLPVCL PV-CL-PV-CL S4 PVPVSoyCL, PVPVSoyCL PV-PV-Soy-CL S5 PVPVCLCL, PVPVCLCL PV-PV-CL-CL S6 PVSoyPVSoy, PVSoyPVSoy Soy, PV-Soy-PV-Soy S7 SoyPVPVSoy, SoyPVPVSoy Soy-PV-PV-Soy S8 SoyPVPVNCL, SoyPVPVNCL NCL, Soy-PV-PV-NCL S9 PVPVPVNCL, PVPVPVNCL PV-PV-PV-NCL S10 SoyPVPVCL, SoyPVPVCL Soy-PV-PV-CL S11 SoySoyPVPV, SoySoyPVPV Soy-Soy-PV-PV S12 PVSoyPVCL. PVSoyPVCL CL. PV-Soy-PV-CL imazapic quizalofoppethyl, quizalofoppethyl quizalofop p ethyl, ethyl quizalofop-p-ethyl treatment LSD, LSD (LSD p<0.05. p005 p<0.05 0 05 p<0.05) Results 100% 100 (100 However replenishment Thus S6, (S6 reduction Conclusions imidazolinoneresistant seedbanks (PV 20 202 2017201 2017-201 p00 p<0.0 10 (10 (S 2 201720 2017-20 p0 p<0. 1 (1 20172 2017-2 p<0 ( 2017- p<

Abstract Background drones for pesticide application have become more popular due to their practicality and reduction in cost. Accessing drone efficacy in herbicide application is needed. Objective This work aimed to determine the efficiency of drones in applying glyphosate and glufosinate to control ryegrass and oilseed radish compared to electrostatic and conventional ground herbicide applications. Methods The experiments were conducted in a factorial arrangement with five replications and repeated in time. Factor A consisted of spraying methods [drone, electrostatic ground spraying (electrostatic), and conventional ground spraying (conventional)], and factor B consisted of eight doses of glyphosate and glufosinate. A CO2 pressurized backpack was equipped with XR TeeJet® 11001VS spray nozzles for electrostatic and conventional applications, adjusted to a spray volume of 100 L ha-1. The drone, Pelicano® 2022 model (Skydrones), was equipped with the same spray nozzles but was regulated to a spray volume of 10 L ha-1. Results: The results demonstrated that glyphosate application via drones provided superior control of ryegrass and oilseed radish compared to terrestrial methods, whereas glufosinate’s effectiveness was comparable to that of ground-based applications. Conclusions drone application of glyphosate and glufosinate was efficient in controlling ryegrass and oilseed radish, being as good as ground spraying, even demonstrating that low spray volume does not significantly interfere with weed control in this study. cost needed applications time [drone electrostatic, , (electrostatic) conventional, (conventional)] CO TeeJet VS ha1. ha1 ha 1. 1 ha-1 Pelicano 202 Skydrones, Skydrones (Skydrones) Results glufosinates s groundbased based study (electrostatic (conventional) ha- 20 (Skydrones (conventional 2

Abstract Herbicide mineralization in the soil is affected by several factors, including the herbicide application history of the soil, soil moisture, and whether the herbicide is co-applied with another herbicide. The objective of this work was to evaluate S-metolachlor mineralization in the soil as affected by soil moisture content, history of herbicide application, and association with glyphosate. 14C-S-metolachlor mineralization increased with increasing soil moisture content. The average cumulative mineralization of S-metolachlor at 63 days of incubation was 0.03, 0.80, and 1.80% in air-dried, field capacity, and saturated soil, respectively. The mineralization rate of S-metolachlor was greater under saturated conditions and affected by the association with glyphosate. Greater mineralization of S-metolachlor occurred in cornfield soil with a history of S-metolachlor application. The average cumulative mineralization was 0.24% in cornfield and 0.89% in non-cultivated area. We can conclude that the higher the soil moisture content the higher S-metolachlor mineralization and that the mixture of this herbicide with glyphosate increased its degradation compared to the application of the herbicide alone. While there is evidence suggesting enhanced degradation of S-metolachlor in soil previously subjected to corn cultivation and S-metolachlor application, drawing a definitive conclusion is challenging due to the influence of sorption observed in our dataset. factors coapplied co applied Smetolachlor S metolachlor 14CSmetolachlor CSmetolachlor 14C C 6 003 0 03 0.03 080 80 0.80 180 1 1.80 airdried, airdried air dried, dried air-dried capacity respectively 024 24 0.24 089 89 0.89 noncultivated non cultivated area alone dataset 00 0.0 08 8 0.8 18 1.8 02 2 0.2 0. 1.

Abstract: The investigation determined the location to build a graphite commercial warehouse (GCW), derived from the fact that the only place of production of the input is the state of Sonora, the above complicates satisfying the internal and external market of consumers due to the times and the distances. The methodology applied to determine the location for the construction of the warehouse was by means of a macro and micro analysis of location, both contemplate the diagnosis of variables through the methods of critical factors and center of gravity. The results allowed obtaining the order of alternatives for the GCW are Querétaro, followed by San Luis Potosí, Guanajuato, Tamaulipas, Aguascalientes, and Durango. The conclusion is that the GCW must be built in the location of georeferenced coordinates (20 ° 49´40.32 "N, 100 ° 18´32.38" W) or its equivalent (20.827, -100.308), specifically in the municipality of Marquez for have optimal communication channels and be a strategic point for the distribution of the product.

Abstract Background Eragrostis plana , introduced from South Africa, is the most important invasive perennial weed in the grasslands of Southern Brazil (“Pampa biome”), becoming a threat in neighboring countries. How temperature, light, and water potential affect seed germination is poorly understood but essential to understand its invasiveness and dissemination. Objective This study characterized the seed germination of E. plana from locations in the Brazilian Bioma Pampa under different conditions. Methods Seed germination was evaluated by using a time-to-event model across a wide range of temperatures (15 to 45C), light (total darkness or 12-h light), and water potentials (0, -0.08, -0.2, -0.25, -0.5, -0.75, -1, and -1.5 MPa). Results E. plana seeds did not germinate below 15C and at water potential lower than -0.75 MPa. Among populations, the highest germination was at 40C (> 90%). The base temperature for germination ranged from 12.3 to 15.6C across populations. E. plana did not germinate more than 40% at 25C, except for one population (Caçapava do Sul), with a germination capacity of 73%. Light is a requirement for a fraction of the seeds as darkness inhibits the germination of a fraction of the seeds as well. Conclusions E. plana could adapt to cooler temperatures, as shown by the ability of the Caçapava do Sul population to germinate at low temperatures. This ability for seed germination help to explain why E. plana has successfully invaded the rangelands of Southern Brazil, spreading around neighboring countries. Management strategies have to be urgently adopted to avoid its dissemination abroad. Africa biome, biome biome”) countries E conditions timetoevent time event 15 (1 45C, 45C C 45C) total 12h h 12 light) 0, 0 (0 0.08, 008 08 -0.08 0.2, 02 2 -0.2 0.25, 025 25 -0.25 0.5, 05 5 -0.5 0.75, 075 75 1, 1 -1 1.5 -1. MPa . MPa) 0.75 -0.7 populations > ( 90%. 90 90% 90%) 123 3 12. 156C 6C 40 25C Sul, Sul) 73 73% well abroad biome” 0.08 00 -0.0 0.2 -0. 0.25 0.5 07 7 - 1. 0.7 9 4 0.0 0. -0

Abstract Background Eragrostis plana is the main invasive plant in the Pampa Biome of southern Brazil. This plant is highly competitive, tolerant to abiotic stresses, and very difficult to manage. Plants exposed to abiotic stresses and herbicides develop mechanisms that help alleviate or reduce damage caused by stressors and transmit this ability to the progenies. Objective The study’s objectives were to ascertain whether acclimatization to stress due to drought and sub-lethal doses of glyphosate may decrease plant sensitivity to glyphosate and investigate the possible memory mechanisms involved in this process. Methods A population of E. plana was submitted to drought, glyphosate, or a combination of drought plus glyphosate for two generations. The progenies were analyzed for sensitivity to the herbicide glyphosate and for biochemical, metabolites, and molecular responses. Results When testing sensitivity to glyphosate in the G 2 generations, the DRYxGLY (plants stressed with drought plus glyphosate) was the least sensitive (ED50 443.0 g a.e. ha-1), while CHK (without stresses) was the most sensitive (ED50 278.0 g a.e. ha-1). Evaluating the effects of glyphosate, the CHK population showed a greater accumulation of oxidative damage and shikimic acid. While DRYxGLY had greater antioxidant activity and higher expressions of the EPSPS and ABC-carrier MRP10 genes. Conclusions Recurrent selection with drought stress and sub-lethal rate of glyphosate (DRYxGLY) showed reduced sensitivity to glyphosate in the second generation ( G 2 ). The conjunction of factors, including the upregulation of EPSPS and the ABC MRP10 transporter, antioxidant enzymes seem to decrease the sensitivity of the DRYxGLY population to glyphosate.

Abstract Mixing herbicides is a common practice in agriculture, to optimize farm management practices, widen the weed control spectrum, enhance application efficiency, and manage herbicide resistance. Interactions between herbicides can occur within the spray tank, on the leaf surface, and/or inside the plant, resulting in physicochemical and physiological interactions. Additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects can result from these interactions. Given the range in plant response and the potential for negative and positive outcomes for weed management, predicting herbicide interactions before using mixtures would be of great value. Therefore, the physiological responses in the literature can help to ensure efficient weed control and avoid unwanted effects in the field. This review compiles information on physiological and physicochemical interactions between herbicides, addressing the most known cases of synergism, antagonism, and additivity, as well as their physiological bases, and the methods for evaluating herbicide interactions. Reference models for herbicide interactions have been reported and they usually interfere interpretation of the mixture effect. Antagonistic interactions can increase the evolution of weed resistance by favoring the survival of individuals exposed to the herbicide. Physicochemical incompatibility in the spray tank usually causes herbicide antagonism, whereas both synergism and antagonism can result from increased or decreased uptake/translocation and from physiological changes in the plant. agriculture practices spectrum efficiency surface andor Additive synergistic value Therefore field additivity bases effect uptaketranslocation uptake translocation

Abstract RNA interference (RNAi) is a next-generation technology for weed management. Weeds would be sprayed with small RNAs (sRNAs) capable of inducing gene silencing (referred to as spray-induced gene silencing, SIGS) without involving the use of transgenes, reaching traditional targets in chemical control, targets that are not today more sensitive to herbicides and even new targets. Here we present the main challenges and opportunities for using SIGS as a practical tool for weed management. The development of SIGS in weed science has been slower compared to other crop protection areas such as entomology and plant pathology due to the difficulty of obtaining stable molecules that easily enter the plant, without off-target risks to crops, and that in small amounts guarantee systemic silencing with effectiveness. To overcome the challenges, it is necessary to achieve the synthesis of sRNAs on a large scale, making the field application practical and economical, develop formulations that protect sRNAs inside and outside the plant, and substantially increase the genomic and transcriptomic information available for weeds. Once these barriers have been overcome, SIGS technology could be similarly used in the field as herbicides are used today, spraying directly on the crop and selectively controlling weeds. This will provide a new tool for weed management, herbicide resistance management, and potentially exploration of new plant enzyme targets never before achieved by chemical control.

Abstract Background: Clearfield® (CL) rice is one of the most successful tools for selective weedy rice control, using imidazolinone herbicides (IMI). However, IMI have residual soil activity and may carryover to non-tolerant crops growing in succession. It is necessary to find options to reduce IMI persistence in paddy rice fields. Objective: Evaluate the effect of water management on IMI dissipation in rice paddy and its carryover to soybean and non-CL rice. Methods: The herbicide mixture of imazapyr and imazapic totalizing 147 g a.i. ha−1 and 49 g a.i. ha−1, respectively, was applied half in preemergence (S3 stage – rice spike stage) and the other half in postemergence (V3-V4 rice stage). After herbicide application, a total of 21 samples were taken for analysis of residues. Soil samples were air dried and herbicides residues were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Results: Calculated field dissipation half-life (DT½) of imazapyr was 182.5 and 42.0 days in continuous flooding and intermittent water management, respectively. Imazapic had a DT½ of 96.3 days on intermittent water management. No adjustment for the dissipation regression parameters was obtained for imazapic in continuous water management. No reduction in yield components was observed in soybean when grown in soil with imidazolinone residues. On the other hand, non-CL rice showed decreased shoot dry weight and stem number. Conclusion: Imidazolinone herbicides have a longer half-life under continuous rice water management than intermittent. Therefore, growers can use intermittent irrigation in ares prone to IMI carryover and can use soybean in rotation.

Resumen Introducción y objetivo: la severidad de la fluorosis dental refleja exposición a fluoruros durante el desarrollo del esmalte. Recientemente se han reportado asociaciones entre la exposición prenatal y postnatal a fluoruros y efectos negativos en el neurodesarrollo. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir y comparar la severidad y el patrón de distribución de la fluorosis en las denticiones primaria y permanente, como base para discutir la temporalidad de la exposición en niños viviendo en áreas endémicas en el departamento del Huila. Materiales y métodos: odontólogos entrenados diagnosticaron fluorosis en 840 niños (preescolares y escolares) de cuatro municipios usando el índice de Thylstrup & Fejerskov. Para estimar la prevalencia de las diferentes severidades, cada niño se clasifico de acuerdo con la severidad más alta en boca. La distribución de la prevalencia de severidades por grupo etario y tipo de dentición se reportan como tasas de prevalencia (%). Resultados: la prevalencia en preescolares y escolares fue de 97.2% y 99.9%, respectivamente y la fluorosis moderada la más prevalente (75.6% y 63.5%, respectivamente). En ambas denticiones, la fluorosis leve fue más prevalente en los dientes anteriores que en posteriores. Las severidades moderada y severa tuvieron mayor prevalencia en dientes posteriores que en anteriores. Conclusiones: el patrón de distribución de la severidad de la fluorosis sugiere exposición prenatal y postnatal a fluoruros, por encima de los niveles recomendados. Este estudio resalta la importancia de la alidación de la fluorosis del dental como un potencial biomarcador histórico de exposición a luoruros en momentos críticos para el neurodesarrollo.

Abstract Introduction and objective: dental fluorosis severity reflects fluoride exposure during dental enamel development. Recently, prenatal and postnatal exposure to fluoride has been associated with negative neurodevelopmental outcomes. The aim of this study was to describe and compare the severity and distribution pattern of dental fluorosis in the primary and permanent dentition, as a basis to discuss the timing and extent of fluoride exposure of children living in endemic areas of fluorosis in the department of Huila. Materials and methods: 840 children (preschoolers and schoolchildren) from four municipalities of the Huila Department were examined by trained dentists for dental fluorosis using the Thylstrup & Fejerskov Index. To estimate the prevalence of severities of fluorosis, each child was classified according to the most severe score. The distribution of the prevalence of enamel fluorosis severity by age-group and type of dentition were reported as prevalence rates (%). Results: Prevalence of dental fluorosis in preschoolers was of 97.2% and in schoolers of 99.9%. For both preschoolers and schoolers moderate fluorosis was the most prevalent (75.6% and 63.5%, respectively). For both primary and permanent teeth, mild fluorosis was more prevalent in anterior teeth than in posterior teeth. Moderate and severe fluorosis were more prevalent in posterior teeth than in anterior teeth. Conclusions: the distribution pattern of the severity of dental fluorosis suggests both prenatal and postnatal exposure to fluoride above recommended levels. This study raises the importance of the validation of dental fluorosis as a potential historical biomarker of fluoride exposure at moments that are critical for neurodevelopment.

Resumo Introdução e objetivo: a severidade da fluorose dentária reflete a exposição a fluoretos durante o desenvolvimento do esmalte. Recentemente, associações entre a exposição pré-natal e pós-natal ao fluoretos e efeitos negativos no desenvolvimento neurológico foram relatadas. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever e comparar o padrão de severidade e distribuição da fluorose na dentição decídua e permanente, como intuito para a discussão sobre a temporalidade da exposição em crianças moradoras em áreas endêmicas de fluorose no departamento de Huila, Colômbia. Materiais e métodos: Cirurgiões-dentistas treinados diagnosticaram fluorose em 840 crianças (pré-escolares e escolares) de quatro municípios, utilizando o índice de Thylstrup & Fejerskov. Para estimar a prevalência dos diferentes estágios de severidade, cada criança foi classificada de acordo com o escore mais severo da boca. A distribuição da prevalência de fluorose nos diferentes estágios de severidade por faixa etária e tipo de dentição é apresentada como taxa de prevalência (%). Resultados: a prevalência de fluorose em pré-escolares foi de 97,2% e em escolares de 99,9%. Fluorose moderada foi a mais prevalente (75,6% e 63,5%, respectivamente). Em ambas as dentições, a fluorose leve foi mais prevalente nos dentes anteriores do que nos posteriores. Porém, tanto fluorose moderada como severa foram mais prevalentes nos dentes posteriores do que nos anteriores. Conclusões: o padrão de distribuição da severidade da fluorose sugere uma exposição pré- e pós-natal a fluoretos acima de níveis recomendados. Este estudo salienta a importância da validação da fluorose dentária como um potencial biomarcador histórico da exposição ao fluoretos durante momentos críticos para o neurodesenvolvimento.

Abstract Background: Soybean cultivation has been an option used to diversify the production system and perform herbicide rotation in irrigated rice crops in the lowland soils of the Rio Grande do Sul State, southern Brazil. However, elevated salinity levels have been detected in these soils that can inhibit plant growth due to the reduction of the osmotic potential of the soil solution and can causes toxicity. The combination of stress factors in the plantation areas can intensify deleterious effects, such as changes in salinity associated with herbicides that trigger oxidative stress in crops. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate osmotic potential, cell damage, and enzyme activities of the antioxidant metabolism on soybean after treatment with herbicides and salinity stress conditions. Methods: For this purpose, completely randomized design was used in a factorial scheme with three replicates. The A factor included four herbicide treatments, as follows: control (no herbicide), sulfentrazone, S-metolachlor, and sulfentrazone + S-metolachlor. The B factor was represented by the following three salinity levels: 0 (control), 60, and 120 mM NaCl, which were applied 24 hours after soybean sowing. Results: The results showed a significant alteration in the osmotic potential of soybean plants, mainly at higher salt concentrations. Although an increase in the lipid peroxidation has been detected in some treatments, antioxidant enzyme action combined with osmotic adjustment to reduce oxidative damage were mechanisms found to be employed by plants to reduce hydrogen peroxide levels. Conclusions: We concluded that herbicide treatment, in combination with saline stress, can alter physiological and biochemical processes of soybean plants.

Abstract Background: Weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the main weed of rice crop. The high genetic variability of weedy rice contributes to the high phenotypic diversity between biotypes and different responses to environmental stress. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the response of imidazolinone-susceptible and -resistant weedy rice populations to increased atmospheric [CO2]. Methods: The experiment was arranged in a complete randomized design with six replications. The treatments included two [CO2] concentration (700 and 400 μmol mol-1) and three treatments: resistant genotype (IMI-resistant) treated with imazethapyr; resistant genotype without imazethapyr, and a susceptible genotype without imazethapyr. Results: The IMI-resistant and -susceptible weedy rice responded similarly to [CO2] enrichment. Enhanced [CO2] increased competitive ability of the weedy rice populations tested, by means of increased plant height. Weedy rice seed production also increased with enhanced [CO2] by means of increased photosynthesis rate and reduced transpiration (increased water use efficiency). Increased seed production also means increased weed persistence as it increases the soil seedbank size. The application of imazethapyr on IMI-resistant weedy rice did not alter its response to [CO2]; conversely, increased [CO2] did not change the resistance level of weedy rice to imazethapyr. High [CO2] increased spikelet sterility, but this beneficial effect was negated by the overall increase in production of filled grains. Conclusions: Enhanced [CO2] concentrations increases weedy rice growth, photosynthesis rates, seed production and spikelet sterility; the imidazolinone application does not affect the response of weedy rice to enhanced [CO2] affects weedy rice response to imidazolinone herbicide.

Abstract: Computer simulation was used to determine the potential of the Riohacha tourist district (Colombia), in the implementation of solar cooling by adsorption under local climatic conditions (ambient temperatures and global irradiation). The thermodynamics of the cycle are defined in the framework of the first law, using total heats, having as output parameter, the coefficient of performance (COP), the cooling effect and the minimum irradiation to produce ice. In the implementation, the algorithm took into account the Dubinin-Astakhove equation together with the parameters of the adsorption pair, which governs the adsorption in microporous solids and included the methanol saturation line. In the results, sensitivity graphs were obtained where the cycle behavior is reflected with respect to the maximum temperature, the average ambient temperatures, the COP, the minimum irradiation and the local irradiation during different typical days of the year. The results suggested the months of the year with the best potential to produce ice according to the maximum temperature of the cycle

Resumen: La simulación computacional se usó para determinar el potencial que tiene el distrito turístico de Riohacha (Colombia) en la implementación de la refrigeración solar por adsorción a las condiciones climáticas locales (temperaturas ambientes e irradiación global). La termodinámica del ciclo es definida en el marco de la primera ley, usando calores totales, teniendo como parámetros de salida el coeficiente de funcionamiento (COP), el efecto de enfriamiento y la irradiación mínima para producir hielo. En la implementación, el algoritmo tuvo en cuenta la ecuación de Dubinin-Astakhove junto con los parámetros propios de la pareja de adsorción, la cual rige la adsorción en sólidos microporosos y se incluyó la línea de saturación del metanol. En los resultados, se obtuvieron gráficos de sensibilidad donde se reflejan el comportamiento del ciclo con respecto a la temperatura máxima, las temperaturas promedio ambiente, el COP, la irradiación mínima y la irradiación local durante diferentes días típicos del año. Los resultados sugirieron los meses del año con mejores potenciales para producir hielo según la temperatura máxima del ciclo.