Resumo O artigo discute questões sobre o futuro da humanidade ante as ameaças que rondam a saúde das populações, cujo impacto vem se exacerbando no curso das desigualdades em todas as partes do mundo, pari passu o desenvolvimento global no modelo hegemonizado a partir do século passado. A pandemia de COVID-19 foi tomada como um caso que bem ilustra essa dessintonia entre desenvolvimento e desigualdades. Formulam-se perguntas a serem postas em debate sobre a construção do futuro da sociedade mundial, com base na acepção sobre o caráter evolucional da vida no planeta vis-à-vis os males que acometem grandes contingentes populacionais e representam poderosos riscos para esse processo evolutivo. São indagações que apontam para a discussão em torno da participação social na definição e no controle das políticas públicas, em contrapartida à hegemonia dos interesses privados na formulação e execução dessas políticas, tanto nos cenários de cada país como no contexto internacional.

Abstract This article discusses questions concerning the future of humanity in the face of threats to the health of populations, whose impact has been exacerbated in the course of inequalities in all parts of the world, pari passu with global development in the hegemonized model since last century. The COVID-19 pandemic is a good example that illustrates this dissonance between development and inequalities. Questions were formulated to be debated about the construction of the future of world society, based on the understanding of the evolutionary character of life on the planet vis-à-vis the evils that affect large contingents of the population and represent powerful risks for this evolutionary process. These questions call attention to the discussion around social participation in the definition and control of public policies, as opposed to the hegemony of private interests in the formulation and execution of these policies, both in the scenarios of each country and in the international context.

Resumo O artigo discute questões sobre o futuro da humanidade ante as ameaças que rondam a saúde das populações, cujo impacto vem se exacerbando no curso das desigualdades em todas as partes do mundo, pari passu o desenvolvimento global no modelo hegemonizado a partir do século passado. A pandemia de COVID-19 foi tomada como um caso que bem ilustra essa dessintonia entre desenvolvimento e desigualdades. Formulam-se perguntas a serem postas em debate sobre a construção do futuro da sociedade mundial, com base na acepção sobre o caráter evolucional da vida no planeta vis-à-vis os males que acometem grandes contingentes populacionais e representam poderosos riscos para esse processo evolutivo. São indagações que apontam para a discussão em torno da participação social na definição e no controle das políticas públicas, em contrapartida à hegemonia dos interesses privados na formulação e execução dessas políticas, tanto nos cenários de cada país como no contexto internacional. populações mundo passado COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 Formulamse Formulam mundial visàvis vis evolutivo públicas internacional COVID1 1 COVID-

Abstract This article discusses questions concerning the future of humanity in the face of threats to the health of populations, whose impact has been exacerbated in the course of inequalities in all parts of the world, pari passu with global development in the hegemonized model since last century. The COVID-19 pandemic is a good example that illustrates this dissonance between development and inequalities. Questions were formulated to be debated about the construction of the future of world society, based on the understanding of the evolutionary character of life on the planet vis-à-vis the evils that affect large contingents of the population and represent powerful risks for this evolutionary process. These questions call attention to the discussion around social participation in the definition and control of public policies, as opposed to the hegemony of private interests in the formulation and execution of these policies, both in the scenarios of each country and in the international context. populations century COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 society visàvis vis à process policies context COVID1 1 COVID-

Abstract: The aim of this study was to use microscopic and molecular techniques to evaluate the effects of a single session of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on the alveolar repair process after tooth extraction in rats. The study sample included 84 rats divided into four groups, as follows: a) Control - untreated socket; b) Laser - socket treated using photobiomodulation; c) TBO - socket treated with topic application of the photosensitizer agent, toluidine blue O (TBO); and d) aPDT - socket treated with TBO and laser irradiation. An additional rat was used for thermal mapping during socket irradiation. The animals were euthanatized at 6, 15, and 28 days after unilateral extraction of the upper incisor. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the connective and bone tissues, blood clot, blood vessel, and inflammatory infiltrate were performed, and real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to study the expression of genes (collagen type I, osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase [ALP], runt-related transcription factor 2 [RUNX2], and vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]) involved in the bone healing process. No statistically significant differences in microscopic and molecular outcomes were observed between the groups (p > 0.05). A positive correlation was seen to exist between blood clot and VEGF (p = 0.000), and a negative correlation was observed between bone tissue and ALP (p = 0.028) and blood vessel and VEGF (p = 0.018). A single session of aPDT in the dental extraction site did not influence the alveolar repair process in rats.

Although some morphological investigations on aged human sublingual glands (HSG) found eventual phenomena identified as autolysis and mucous extravasation, the exact meaning of these findings has not been elucidated. Objective The aim of this work is to investigate whether acinar autolysis and mucous extravasation are related to the aging process in human sublingual glands. We also speculate if autolytic changes may assist forensic pathologists in determining time of death. Material and Methods 186 cadavers’ glands were allocated to age groups: I (0–30 years); II (31–60), and III (61–90). Time and mode of death were also recorded. Acinar autolysis and mucous extravasation were classified as present or absent. Ultrastructural analysis was performed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Data were compared using Mann-Whitney U, Spearman’s correlation coefficient, Kruskal-Wallis, and Dunn tests (p<0.05). Results There was correlation between age and acinar autolysis (r=0.38; p=0.0001). However, there was no correlation between autolysis and time of death. No differences were observed between genders. TEM showed mucous and serous cells presenting nuclear and membrane alterations and mucous cells were more susceptible to autolysis. Conclusion Acinar autolysis occurred in all age groups and increased with age while mucous extravasation was rarely found. Both findings are independent. Autolysis degrees in HSG could not be used to determine time of death.

PURPOSE:The use of the collared peccary as an experimental model for ischemic nephropathy.METHODS:A total of 12 collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) was used and ischemic nephropathy was induced in six of these animals that constituted the experimental group (G1) while the other six formed the control group (G2). Ischemic nephropathy was induced surgically by partial occlusion of the left renal artery. The disease course was assessed by hematological tests, serum chemistry, urinalysis, ultrasound (US) and doppler ultrasound function of the renal artery before induction, and at five, 10, 15 and 20 days after surgery. Twenty days after the occlusion, unilateral nephrectomy and histopathological examination were performed to assess renal morphology.RESULTS:Statistical analysis by Fischer's test showed a significant difference (p<0.05) between the control group and the experimental group. The histopathological examination showed glomerular, tubular and interstitial lesions. In the experimental group, 83.3% (5 /6) showed moderate renal lesions and only 16.7% (1/6) were classified with no lesions. The ultrasound examination of the right kidney presented statistical difference between day 5 and day 10 post occlusion.CONCLUSION:The collared peccary as a good experimental model for ischemic renal disease, because it could be manipulated during the research time without death, with health conditions that permit any subsequent procedure for disease therapy.

Objective To evaluate the biocompatibility and the setting time of Portland cement clinker with or without 2% or 5% calcium sulfate and MTA-CPM. Material and Methods Twenty-four mice (Rattus norvegicus) received subcutaneously polyethylene tubes filled with Portland cement clinker with or without 2% or 5% calcium sulfate and MTA. After 15, 30 and 60 days of implantation, the animals were killed and specimens were prepared for microscopic analysis. For evaluation of the setting time, each material was analyzed using Gilmore needles weighing 113.5 g and 456.5 g, according to the ASTM specification Number C266-08 guideline. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test for setting time and Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn test for biocompatibility at 5% significance level. Results Histologic observation showed no statistically significant difference of biocompatibility (p>0.05) among the materials in the subcutaneous tissues. For the setting time, clinker without calcium sulfate showed the shortest initial and final setting times (6.18 s/21.48 s), followed by clinker with 2% calcium sulfate (9.22 s/25.33 s), clinker with 5% calcium sulfate (10.06 s/42.46 s) and MTA (15.01 s/42.46 s). Conclusions All the tested materials showed biocompatibility and the calcium sulfate absence shortened the initial and final setting times of the white Portland cement clinker.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated experimentally-induced periapical bone loss sites using digital radiographic and histopathologic parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-seven Wistar rats were submitted to coronal opening of their mandibular right first molars. They were radiographed at 2, 15 and 30 days after the operative procedure by two digital radiographic storage phosphor plates (Digora®). The images were analyzed by creating a region of interest at the periapical region of each tooth (ImageJ) and registering the corresponding pixel values. After the sacrifice, the specimens were submitted to microscopic analysis in order to confirm the pulpal and periapical status of the tooth. RESULTS: There was significant statistically difference between the control and test sides in all the experimental periods regarding the pixel values (two-way ANOVA; p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The microscopic analysis proved that a periapical disease development occurred during the experimental periods with an evolution from pulpal necrosis to periapical bone resorption.

Little information is available on the pathogenesis of fluorosis during the fetal and initial postnatal period. In the present study, female rats received 0 (control), 7 or 100 ppm of sodium fluoride in drinking water, one week before breeding and throughout gestation and nursing periods. The hemimandibles of the offspring were collected at 0, 7 and 14 days of postnatal life (n = 5) and processed for morphological analyses by light and electron microscopy, immunohistochemical analysis for amelogenin and morphometric study of enamel matrix and ameloblasts of incisors. The results showed a decrease in matrix production at the secretory phase at all study periods for the 100 ppm group. In this same group, the secretory ameloblasts showed reduction of enamel matrix secretion, disorganization of mitochondrial crests, large vacuoles at the apical portion of the cytoplasm, retention of intracisternal material and dilatation of some cisterns in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. In the groups of animals aged 7 and 14 days, analysis of variance showed significant reduction (p<0.05) in cytoplasmic volume of 23.80% and 24.75%, respectively, in relation to the control group. The smooth-ended maturation ameloblasts exhibited a large number of vacuoles with electron-dense endocytic matrix, suggesting a delay in the resorption process. Immunohistochemical analysis showed no difference in the intensity and labeling pattern of the enamel matrix in any study group. Interestingly, in offspring at the age of 14 days for the 7 ppm group, there was an increase in the matrix length at the secretory phase. Therefore, part of the excessive dose of sodium fluoride given to the mother in drinking water can reach the offspring through the placenta and mother's milk, causing morphological changes in ameloblasts and suggesting a reduction in secretion and a delay in matrix resorption.

Avaliou-se o reparo de perfurações em dentes de cães, tratadas com ProRoot MTA, MTA Angelus e cimento Portland branco. As perfurações foram feitas na região de furca de premolares, superiores e inferiores, com broca STP 58 sob refrigeração com soro fisiólogico. Os animais foram mortos após 90 dias e os dentes foram preparados para análise microscópica pela coloração da hematoxilina e eosina. Os três materiais propiciaram o selamento da perfuração com tecido mineralizado e o teste de Kruskal-Wallis demostrou não haver diferença estatística entre eles.

Fourteen root perforations were performed for microscopic evaluation of the repair of interradicular tissue in dogs' teeth. These perforations were accomplished at low-speed with a STP 58 bur at the cervical third of the mesial root toward the furcation under irrigation with saline solution, followed by immediate sealing with ProRoot MTA, MTA-Angelus and white Portland cement. The dogs were killed after 90 days, revealing good results. The Kruskal-Wallis test did not demonstrate any statistically significant difference. It was concluded that the three materials showed good sealing in mineralized tissue, with complete closure, and they were free of inflammation in most teeth.

Poucos estudos demonstram as reações patológicas devidas à inalação de fumaça pelas vias aéreas de ratos. OBJETIVO: Estudar e analisar os possíveis efeitos histopatologicos produzidos pela inalação crônica de fumaça de cigarro nas pregas vocais de ratos. DESENHO DE ESTUDO: Experimental. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: 36 ratos masculinos (Rattus norvergicus Wistar), de 60 dias de idade, foram mantidos em gaiolas e expostos à inalação da fumaça produzida por 10 cigarros, 3 vezes ao dia, 7 dias por semana, para períodos de 25, 50 e 75 dias, e os controles respectivos. Os animais foram sacrificados e as suas laringes dissecadas e submetidas a análise histológica com coloração de Hematoxilina e Eosina e analisados através de microscopia simples. RESULTADOS: Os ratos expostos ao cigarro exibiram menor (p <0,05) massa corporal que o grupo controle. Havia hiperplasia e metaplasia escamosa na extremidade livre da prega vocal e hiperplasia escamosa na porção mediana da prega vocal em todos os 3 períodos de estudo. Além disso, o grupo de 50 dias revelou metaplasia com queratinização nesta área. Não foram observadas alterações morfológicas em outras áreas da laringe e reação inflamatória da lâmina propria. CONCLUSÃO: Foi concluído que a inalação passiva de fumaça de cigarro rende mudanças morfológicas importantes no epitélio da prega vocal que podem, eventualmente, progredir para neoplasia.

Few studies have demonstrated the pathologic reactions yielded by smoke inhalation on the airway in rats. AIM: The aim of this study was to analyze the possible histopathological effects produced by chronic cigarette smoke inhalation on the vocal folds of rats. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 36 male rats (Rattus norvergicus Wistar strain), aged 60 days, were kept in cages and exposed to inhalation of the smoke produced by 10 cigarettes lit 3 times a day, 7 days a week, for periods of 25, 50 and 75 days, and their respective controls. Thereafter the animals were killed and their larynxes were dissected and submitted to histological processing for achievement of histological sections, which were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin and analyzed by light microscopy. RESULTS: The rats exposed to smoke displayed smaller (p< 0,05) body mass than the control group. There was hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia in the free edge of the vocal fold and squamous hyperplasia on the middle portion of the vocal fold in all 3 study periods. Moreover, the 50-day group revealed keratinizing metaplasia in this area. Morphological alterations in other areas of the larynx and inflammatory reaction of the lamina propria were also not observed. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the passive inhalation of cigarette smoke yields important morphological changes in the vocal fold epithelium, which may progress to neoplasia.

Ameloblastos são células de origem epitelial, que apresentam funções de síntese, secreção e maturação do esmalte dental. Assim sendo, ameloblastos passam por mudanças morfológicas durante o seu curso de desenvolvimento. Desse modo, cinco ratos adultos Wistar foram utilizados para avaliar a morfologia de ameloblastos da fase secretora e em maturação, usando de métodos estereológicos em microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Os dados foram analisados pela análise de variância a um critério (ANOVA). Os resultados mostraram que da fase de secreção para a de maturação da amelogênese: a) ocorreu uma redução de 23% no volume absoluto nuclear e o volume absoluto citoplasmático não mostrou diferença estatisticamente significante (p>0.05); b) o volume total e a superfície total do retículo endoplasmático rugoso (RER) diminuíram 74% e 90%, respectivamente; c) o volume total e a superfície total das mitocôndrias aumentaram 742% e 384%, respectivamente; d) a relação superfície-volume do RER e das mitocôndrias diminuíram 59% e 42%, respectivamente; e) os pequenos grânulos de secreção, dispostos principalmente na área apical, desapareceram junto com o Processo de Tomes e apareceram os lisossomos e vacúolos digestivos principalmente na área supranuclear. Portanto, apesar de ocorrer uma significante adaptação morfológica durante a modulação da fase secretora para a de maturação do desenvolvimento do esmalte, o volume citoplasmático do ameloblasto permanece inalterado.

The ameloblasts both in secretion phase and in smooth-ended ameloblasts in maturation phase were studied using stereologic methods in transmission electron microscopy (TEM). From secretion to maturation phase of amelogenesis, the nucleus volume decreased 23% and cytoplasm volume did not show significant changes; the total volume and surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) decreased 74% and 90%, respectively, and of the mitochondria increased 742% and 384%, respectively; the surface-to-volume ratio for RER and mitochondria decrease 59% and 42%, respectively; and the predominantly apical secretory granules disappeared joined at Tomes’ process and lysosomes and phagic vacuoles have appeared principly in supranuclear cytoplasm. Although significant morphologic variation occurs from the secretory to the maturation phase of the ameloblasts, their cytoplasm volume remains unaltered.