Resumo Para mitigar os efeitos deletérios do estresse salino, tem se utilizado substâncias capazes de atuar como atenuantes e/ou indutoras de tolerância ao estresse, viabilizando o uso de águas salinas e contribuindo para desenvolvimento da agricultura irrigada. Neste contexto, objetivou-se com presente estudo, avaliar o efeito da pulverização foliar com peróxido de hidrogênio como atenuante do estresse salino sobre a morfofisiologia da gravioleira. O estudo foi conduzido sob condições de casa de vegetação, em Campina Grande - PB, utilizando-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados, no arranjo fatorial 4 × 4, cujos tratamentos resultaram da combinação de quatro níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação - CEa (0,8 – controle; 1,6; 2,4 e 3,2 dS m-1) e quatro concentrações de peróxido de hidrogênio - H2O2 (0; 10; 20 e 30 µM), com três repetições. A aplicação foliar de peróxido de hidrogênio na concentração de 10 µM aumentou o crescimento, a síntese de clorofila e o teor relativo de água nas folhas e consequentemente reduziu o déficit de saturação hídrica foliar da gravioleira irrigada com CEa de até 1,6 dS m-1. A concentração de peroxido de hidrogênio de 30 µM intensificou o estresse salino sobre o extravasamento de eletrólitos no limbo foliar e os pigmentos fotossintéticos da gravioleira, aos 270 dias após o transplantio.

Abstract To mitigate the deleterious effects of salt stress, substances capable of acting as mitigators and/or inducers of tolerance to stress have been used, enabling the use of saline waters and contributing to the development of irrigated agriculture. In this context, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of foliar spraying with hydrogen peroxide as an attenuator of salt stress effects on soursop morphophysiology. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions in Campina Grande - PB, Brazil, using a randomized block design, in a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement, whose treatments resulted from the combination of four levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water - ECw (0.8 – control, 1.6, 2.4, and 3.2 dS m-1) and four concentrations of hydrogen peroxide - H2O2 (0, 10, 20, and 30 μM), with three replicates. Foliar application of hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of 10 µM increased growth, chlorophyll synthesis, and relative water content in the leaves and consequently reduced the foliar water saturation deficit of soursop irrigated with ECw up to 1.6 dS m-1. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide of 30 µM intensified the salt stress on the electrolyte leakage in the leaf blade and the photosynthetic pigments of soursop, 270 days after transplanting.

Abstract Considering the relevance of bell pepper and the limitations imposed by the deleterious effects of salt stress, especially in semi-arid regions, it is extremely important to establish strategies that can facilitate the use of saline water in vegetable production. In this scenario, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of the frequency of foliar application of salicylic acid on the morphophysiology and production of the bell pepper cv. “All Big” irrigated with saline water. The study was conducted at a greenhouse in Campina Grande - PB. The treatments were distributed in a completely randomized design and set up in a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement with three replications, corresponding to four application frequencies of salicylic acid (F1- No application of salicylic acid, F2 - Weekly application, F3- fortnightly application, and F4- monthly application) and four levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water - ECw (0.8, 1.6, 2.4 and 3.2 dS m-1). The fortnightly application of salicylic acid at a concentration of 1.0 mM mitigated the effects of salt stress on the morphophysiology and production components of bell pepper cv. All Big cultivated with ECw of up to 2.4 dS m-1, which reinforces the hypothesis that salicylic acid can act as a signaling molecule and reduce the effects of saline stress in bell pepper, enabling the use of brackish water in agricultural activity, mainly in semi-arid regions of northeastern Brazil, which have a shortage of fresh water.

Resumo Considerando a relevância da cultura do pimentão e as limitações impostas pelos efeitos deletérios do estresse salino, principalmente em regiões semiáridas, é de suma importância o estabelecimento de estratégias que possam viabilizar o uso de águas salinas na produção de olerícolas. Neste contexto, objetivou-se com o presente estudo, avaliar o efeito da frequência de aplicação foliar de ácido salicílico sobre a morfofisiologia e a produção de pimentão cv. All Big irrigado com águas salinas. O estudo foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em Campina Grande - PB. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizados, em esquema fatorial de 4 × 4, com 3 repetições, sendo quatro frequências de aplicação de ácido salicílico (F1- Sem aplicação de ácido salicílico, F2 - Aplicação semanal, F3- quinzenal e F4- mensal) e quatro níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação - CEa (0,8, 1,6, 2,4 e 3,2 dS m-1). A aplicação quinzenal de ácido salicílico na concentração de 1,0 mM amenizou os efeitos do estresse salino sobre a morfofisiologia e os componentes de produção do pimentão cv. All Big cultivado com CEa de até 2,4 dS m-1, o que reforça a hipótese que o ácido salicílico pode atuar como uma molécula sinalizadora e reduzir os efeitos do estresse salino no pimentão, viabilizando o uso de água salobra na atividade agrícola, principalmente em regiões semiáridas do nordeste brasileiro, que possui escassez de água doce.

New derivatives of synthetic 5,5-diphenylhydantoin (phenytoin) were prepared by N-alkylation with 1,3-dibromopropane. Subsequent treatment with sodium azide led to the respective azide. Reaction of the azide with phenylacetylene and 2-hydroxy-3-butyne and oxidation of the resulting alcohol with MnO2 resulted in three triazolic compounds that were evaluated in vitro for their antiviral activity against human metapneumovirus (HMPV). 5,5-Diphenyl-3-[3-(4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione was the most active of the three compounds tested, with selectivity index of 129.87, even higher than ribavirin, the control substance. The three compounds showed activity in the early stages of viral replication presenting virucidal activity and binding to cellular receptors, preventing the adsorption of viral particles. These compounds showed higher activity in both experiments, inhibiting 98.3% of infection as virucidal and 98.9% when interacting with cellular receptors. Furthermore, they showed 73.8% of activity during the penetration of HMPV particles into cells. The derivative 3-{3-[4-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]propyl}-5,5-diphenylimidazolidine-2,4-dione presented a mild anti-HMPV activity, with selectivity index of 2.74. 3-[3-(4-acetyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propyl]-5,5-diphenylimidazolidine-2,4-dione inhibited less than 50% of HMPV replication.

OBJECTIVE: Available chemotherapy presents poor control over the development of metastatic melanoma. FTY720 is a compound already approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of patients with multiple sclerosis. It has also been observed that FTY720 inhibits tumor growth in vivo (experimental models) and in vitro (animal and human tumor cells). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of FTY720 on a metastatic melanoma model and in tumor cell lines. METHODS: We analyzed FTY720 efficacy in vivo in a syngeneic murine metastatic melanoma model, in which we injected tumor cells intravenously into C57BL/6 mice and then treated the mice orally with the compound for 7 days. We also treated mice and human tumor cell lines with FTY720 in vitro, and cell viability and death pathways were analyzed. RESULTS: FTY720 treatment limited metastatic melanoma growth in vivo and promoted a dose-dependent decrease in the viability of murine and human tumor cells in vitro. Melanoma cells treated with FTY720 exhibited characteristics of programmed cell death, reactive oxygen species generation, and increased β-catenin expression. In addition, FTY720 treatment resulted in an immunomodulatory effect in vivo by decreasing the percentage of Foxp3+ cells, without interfering with CD8+ T cells or lymphocyte-producing interferon-gamma. CONCLUSION: Further studies are needed using FTY720 as a monotherapy or in combined therapy, as different types of cancer cells would require a variety of signaling pathways to be extinguished.

The propagation of the struck proton through the nuclear medium is studied in the semi-classical multicolli-sional internuclear cascade approach. The probability of formation of various residual nucleus configurations and the corresponding excitation energies were obtained as a function of the energy omega transferred to the proton by the knockout.

Dando prosseguimento ao estudo da eficiência de diversos fosfatos para a cultura da cana-de-açúcar, neste trabalho são relatadas mais cinco experiências, realizadas entre 1961 e 1963 (três em terra-roxa-misturada, uma em solo massapé-salmourão e uma em solo derivado do arenito Bauru), nas quais foram empregados, na presença de NK, 50. 100 e 150 kg/ha de P2O5 total. Tôdas apresentaram produções satisfatórias e respostas significativas ao fósforo. Em média das cinco experiências e das três doses usadas, foram os seguintes os aumentos porcentuais, na produção de cana-planta, proporcionados pelos fosfatos estudados: termofosfato, 49; fosfato bicálcico, 39; farinha de ossos degelatinados, 38; superfosfato simples, 35; fosfato Alvorada, 28; fosforita de Olinda, 26; fosfato de Araxá, 20; bauxita fosforosa, 10. Houve consideráveis diferenças no comportamento dos fosfatos nas experiências individuais, mas os autores preferem deixar para estudá-las em conjunto com outras conduzidas anterior e posteriormente, quando procurarão associá-las às características dos solos estudados.

Five experiments were conducted in the State of São Paulo to study the efficiency of different sources of phosphorus for the production of sugar cane on three types of soil, using 50, 100 and 150 kilograms of total P2O5 per hectare in the presence of NK. The soil pH varied from 4.8 to 5.6. Phosphorus significantly increased the yields in all of the experiments. As an average of the five experiments and the three rates of application, the per-cent yield increases caused by the studied phosphorus carriers were the following: thermophosphate, 49; dicalcium phosphate, 39; bone meal, 38; ordinary superphosphate, 35; Alvorada-phosphate, 28; Olinda-phosphate, 26; Araxá-phosphate, 20; phosphorous bauxite, 10. The four latter sources are natural phosphates from different regions of Brazil.

Neste trabalho são apresentados os resultados obtidos em um ensaio de adubação ds cana-de-açúcar, instalado em terra-roxa, na Estação Experimental de Ribeirão Prêto, Estado de São Paulo. No estudo dos três principais elementos de fertilização empregou-se um delineamento fatorial 3³, com duas repetições. As adubações foram pesquisadas nos níveis, em kg/ha, de 0, 50 e 100 de nitrogênio, 0, 80 e 160 de P(2)0(5) e 0, 60 e 120 de K2O. O nitrogênio foi empregado sob o forma de sulfato de amônio e o fósforo e o potássio, respectivamente, sob as formos de superfosfato simples e cloreto de potássio. O ensaio foi conduzido sob as condições normais de cultivo pora a cultura em aprêço. Os resultados mostram que o potássio foi o elemento que proporcionou o maior aumento de produção, sendo linear a relação entre as doses empregadas e as produções obtidas. O nitrogênio tombem apresentou aumento linear de produção, sendo, porém, menos acentuado do que o verificado para o potássio. O efeito observado em relação ao emprêgo do fósforo não chegou a ser significativo.

The results obtained in a 3³ factorial experiment on the applications of the three major elements for the sugar cane are presented in this paper. The fertilizer levels used were, as follows: (1) Nitrogen, applied os ammonium sulphate at the rates of 0, 50, and 100 kg/ha; (2) Phosphorus, applied as superphosphate at the rates of 0, 80, and 160 kg/ha of P2O5; and (3) Potassium, as potassium chloride at the rates of 0, 60, and 120 kg/ha of K2O. All cultural operations were carried out as in commercial plantings. The results indicated that potassium was the element that gave the highest yield increases. There was a linear relationship between potassium levels and yield gains. Nitrogen also increases the yield linearly, but its effects was less noticeable than that of potassium. The response to phosphorus was not statistically significant.

Neste trabalho são apresentados os resultados preliminares obtidos em terra massapê-salmourão da Usina Itaiquara, município de Tapiratiba, em três ensaios com diferentes fertilizantes fosfatados. No ensaio instalado em 1950, em presença de nitrogênio e potássio foram estudados oito tipos de adubos fosfatados, na dose de 120 kg/ha de P2O5 verificando-se que, estatísticamente, deram os mesmos resultados: superfosfáto'simples, serranafosfato, farinha de ossos degelatinados, farinha de ossos autoclavados, hiper-fosfato, fosfato argeliano e fosfato do Morro do Serrote. A bauxita fosforosa mostrou-se inferior ao superfosfáto e às duas farinhas de ossos. Em outros dois experimentos, instalados em 1952, foram estudados cinco tipos de fertilizantes fosfatados, nos níveis de 0, 40, 80 e 120 kg/ha de P2O5. e os resultados mostraram que não houve diferença entre o superfosfato simples, farinha de ossos degelatinados, fosfato bicálcico (fertifós) e hiperfosfato; o fosfato do Morro do Serrote foi inferior a êsses fertilizantes.

The application of various types of phosphate fertilizers to sugar cane was compared in 3 experiments carried out in soil of the "massape-salmourao" type at the Usina Itaiquara, Tapiratiba. In a first trial, nitrogen and potassium were applied uniformly to all plots receiving fertilizers, and 8 different types of phosphates were compared at the rate of 120 kg of P2O5 per hectare. In two other tests a uniform rate of NK was applied, and four levels, 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg per hectare, of 5 phosphate fertilizers were compared. The results obtained in the three tests permitted the following conclusions: a) In a "massape-salmourao" soil with high acidity, a good increase in cane tonnage was obtained by the application of NK alone, when this treatment was compared with control plots receiving no fertilizer. The yield increase was considerably greater when phosphate in any of the forms was applied. There was no statistical difference in the cane yields obtained with the use of superphosphate, degelatinated and steamed bone meal, "serranafosfato", "hiperfosfato", Argelian phosphate, and a local rock phosphate (Morro do Serrote). Superphosphate and the two types of bone meal were statistically better than a type of phosphorated bauxite, but there was no difference between this and the remaining treatments. b) In "massapê-salmourão" soils of low acidity there was no statistical difference between the applications of phosphorus as superphosphate, degelatinated bone meal, "fertifós", and "hiperfosfato"; all these treatments were better than rock phosphate (Morro do Serrote).

No presente trabalho são apresentados resultados preliminares, obtidos em quatro ensaios de adubação da cana de açúcar de 18 meses, instalados na Usina Tamôio, Município de Araraquara, em 1951. O objetivo foi obter dados sobre as adubações mais adequadas, para os diversos tipos de solo daquela Usina. Estudaram-se quatro níveis de fósforo e de potássio, em presença e ausência de nitrogênio protêico, utilizando-se um delineamento fatorial 2x4x4 (NPK). Os níveis dos fertilizantes empregados, em kg/ha, foram 0 e 30 de nitrogênio e 0,30, 60 e 90 de p2o5 e de K2O. O nitrogênio foi empregado sob a forma de torta de algodão e o fósforo e o potássio, sob as formas de superfosfato simples e cloreto, respectivamente. A adubação foi realizada nos sulcos, por ocasião do plantio, e a variedade de cana empregada a Co. 290. Os resultados mostraram que o nitrogênio sob a forma proteica elevou significativamente a produção nos quatro ensaios. O fósforo em três ensaios apresentou aumento significativo de produção, proporcional aos níveis de P2O5 empregados, o mesmo se verificando com relação ao potássio, em dois dêsses ensaios.

Four fertilizer experiments were planted at the Usina Tamôio, Araraquara, São Paulo. Two of the trials were located in the "terra roxa misturada" type of soil (Sections Serra D'Água and Sede) ; one in sandy soil (Mantuana Section), and one in "terra roxa legítima" (Bela Vista Section). A 2x4x4 factorial design was used in the four tests, and the fertilizer levels per hectare were as follows : Nitrogen, 0 and 30 kg of N ; Phosphorus and Potassium, 0, 30, 60 and 90 kg of P2O5 and K2O, respectively. Nitrogen was used as cotton seed meal, and phosphorus and potassium were employed as superphosphate and potassium chloride. The fertilizers were added to the furrows before planting, and the variety used was Co. 290. Harvesting was done after 18 months. The statistical analysis of the data from the four trials gave the following indications : a) Nitrogen applied as cotton seed meal at, the rate of 30 kg of N per hectare prior to planting gave a significant increase in yield in the three types of soil; b) yield increases due to phosphorus application were recorded in three'of the tests; the rate of 60 kg/ha of P2O5 is indicated for the Bela Vista Section, whereas for the Serra D'Água and Mantuana Sections the rate of 90 kg/ha was better; c) Potassium should be employed at the rate of 60 kg/ha in the Mantuana Section, and at the rate of 90 kg/ha in the Sede Section.

This paper relates the results of an experiment designed to study the comparative effects of several phosphates applied to corn crops. The following phosphates were applied to a latin square of 6x6: Latif (a rock phosphate), fospal, superphosphate, fertifos, hiperfosfato and serranafosfato (a fusion phosphate). The nutrients were employd at the rates of 200 kg of N (as Chilean nitrate), 200kg of K2O (as muriate of potash) and 200 kg of P205. To correct the acidity and to improve the poor physical conditions of the sandy soil studied limestone (450 kg/Ha) and cotton seed meal (900 kg/Ha) were added to all plots; liming was made one month in advance to the planting. In the second year, in the same place, the split-plot technique was used: half plot received only N and K20 whereas the other half received the same treatment as the year before. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. in the first year, superphosphate of lime, produced better results than the other phosphates; there was no significant difference among fertifos, serranafosfato, and hiperfosfato but these phosphates proved to be superior to fospal and Latif; 2. in the second year, superphosphate, fertifos and serranafosfato produced practically the same effect, being better than hiperfosfato, fospal, and Latif which did not differ signicantly; 3. the increase in yield due to the reapplication of phosphates to the half plots was not advantageous under an economic point of view; however, it is interesting to note that the yield was still benefited in spite of the heavy doses of phosphates applied the year before.