Abstract The final consolidation of southwestern Gondwana during the Ediacaran–Cambrian resulted in the formation of a large landmass originally surrounded by the newborn Panthalassic Ocean. The Río de la Plata Craton is one of the last pieces that complete the geotectonic puzzle along the austral part of this supercontinent. However, the sedimentary record corresponding to the interval between the consolidation of SW Gondwana until the initial deposition in a large Ordovician cratonic basin is apparently missing. In this context, the Ediacaran–Cambrian epiclastic shallow-marine ramp of the Cerro Negro Formation, the uppermost unit of La Providencia Group, Tandilia System, is envisaged as the first known stratigraphic record of the hidden pericratonic basins of Gondwana. Geochronological and provenance data, coupled with robust stratigraphic and sedimentologic background, support that this unit keeps more tectono-sedimentary affinity with the Ordovician Balcarce Formation than the Neoproterozoic Sierras Bayas Group. The presence of similar Neoproterozoic source areas for both units, the absence of any metamorphism and deformation related to the Brasiliano cycle, and shallow marine deposition strongly suggest that the paleogeography and physiography of the original southernmost continental platform of Gondwana were similar to the Ordovician ones. Thus, the Cerro Negro Formation appears as the missing link between the ultimate stages of the Brasiliano Orogenic Cycle and the final stabilization of the continental platform from the SW part of Gondwana. EdiacaranCambrian Ediacaran Cambrian Ocean supercontinent However context shallowmarine Group System data background tectonosedimentary tectono units cycle ones Thus

Abstract The terminal Ediacaran fossil record includes microbial mats and body fossils characterized by simple morphologies, which represents a challenge to understand several aspects related to the paleoecology of the emerging complex life. The marine siliciclastic deposits of the Cerro Negro Formation (~560–550 Ma) contain evidence of different styles of microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS) and discoidal forms associated with them. Different types of MISS, such as Kinneyia and wrinkle structures, elephant skin, and Arumberia, are reported and related to shallow marine depositional environments. These morphologies are commonly associated with the high quality of preservation of body fossils in Ediacaran deposits. The preservation of Aspidella discoidal holdfast is related to biotic and abiotic processes involving substrate sealing by microbial mats, fluidization, and probably organic matter decay. Both abiotic factors (tidal currents and waves, added to liquefaction and sand injection) and biotic factors (substrate biostabilization by microbial mats favoring sediment cohesion) are considered the main ones responsible for the preservation style in the Cerro Negro Formation. This formation constitutes a remarkable example in SW-Gondwana of how preservation dynamics took place on a seabed sealed by microbial mats and is an important deposit conserving diverse Ediacaran forms of life in South America. ~560–550 560550 560 550 (~560–55 Ma MISS (MISS them skin Arumberia environments fluidization decay tidal waves injection cohesion SWGondwana SW Gondwana America ~560–55 56055 56 55 (~560–5 ~560–5 5605 5 (~560– ~560– (~560 ~560 (~56 ~56 (~5 ~5 (~ ~ (

ABSTRACT The well-preserved limestone succession, Loma Negra Formation (~40 m), in the Tandilia System was deposited in a shallow carbonate ramp under low energy conditions. The evolution in the depositional settings of the unit was indicated as deepening upwards varying from shallow-middle to outer ramp environment. The limestone fabric is assumed as the product of biologically controlled precipitation of micrite, where the terrigenous supply was limited. From detailed meso- and microscopic descriptions it is possible to recognize microbially induced sedimentary structures ‘MISS’ represented by typical microtextures related to microbial activity that appear represented throughout the entire formation. In addition, micro-stromatolites are observed in the unit associated with the microbial mats showing micro-columnar conical to domical morphologies. In the basal and middle Loma Negra Formation, hemispherical structures are recognized in the bed-tops and interpreted as bubbles-like and gas escape features associated with the microbial mat interaction. Their morphology is compared with oxygen bubbles produced by modern experimental modelling with photosynthetic cyanobacteria microbial mats. Moreover, hemispherical structures are associated with increasing gas pressure lifting grains and the organic components to the surface. This paper provides evidence to understand the possible causal relationship between microbial activity and seawater oxygenation. The high oxygen production revealed by geochemistry proxies and here proposed as probably associated with photosynthetic microbial activity might be a plausible explanation for the record of the documented Middle Ediacaran Oceanic Oxygenation Event in the Loma Negra Formation.

The Neoproterozoic sedimentary cover of the Río de La Plata Craton in the Sierras Bayas - Olavarría region, located in the northwestern sector of the Tandilia System, is represented by the Sierras Bayas Group (Villa Mónica, Cerro Largo, Olavarría and Loma Negra formations; Fig. 1), which is unconformably overlain by the Cerro Negro Formation (Poiré and Spalletti, 2005). The Sierras Bayas Group is composed of a variety of different marine sedimentary rocks which are characterized by the absence of strong deformation and metamorphism (Gómez Peral et al., 2007). Compared to the Sierras Bayas Group, the Cerro Negro Formation received less attention over the last years. In the Sierras Bayas region (Fig. 2), Iñiguez and Zalba (1974) and Iñiguez et al. (1989) described and named this unit in well-exposed quarries faces. They indicated that it was mostly composed of siliciclastics (reddish mudstones and sandstones), with subordinated marls in its basal section. In the nearby subsurface area, some authors mentioned the presence of a relatively thick succession of dark fine-grained rocks overlying the Sierras Bayas Group (Amos et al., 1972; Cuomo et al., 1983), but the relationship with the Cerro Negro Formation described in outcrops was unclear. The aim of this contribution is to present the sedimentological attributes and stratigraphic relationships of the outcrop and subsurface successions originally reported as Cerro Negro Formation, in order to integrate this upper section of the Neoproterozoic cover in a common evolutionary model. To do so, more than 200 m of cores were described (Fig. 3), and combined with sections measured in the quarries. Conventional sedimentological description (textures, physical structures, bed thickness, etc.), was combined with X-Ray diffraction and standard petrography, in order to define mineralogical composition and proportion of main components. In this context, 181 samples were analyzed by XRD using standard procedures, and 50 thin sections, mostly from siltstones and sandstones, were qualitatively and quantitatively described. This information was integrated in a facies analysis. The facies analysis allowed to identify and interpret 10 sedimentary facies, based on texture, structures and colors, which are grouped in four categories (Figs. 4-7): marls (massive and laminated marls), siliciclastic mudstones (dark fissile mudstones, red massive mudstones, and grey massive mudstones), mudstone-sandstone with heterolithic bedding (grey heterolithics with lenticular bedding, grey heterolithics with wavy bedding, and red heterolithics with wavy bedding), and finally, sandstones (cross-laminated sandstones and massive sandstones). Broadly speaking, marls and siliciclastic mudstones are interpreted as the result of settling from suspension, either in oxygen-rich (marls and red massive mudstones) or oxygen-depleted (dark fissile mudstones) sea floors. Heterolithic intervals with lenticular and wavy bedding represent recurrent alternation of settling and traction, the latter mostly as a result of ripple migration. Finally, the sandstones are interpreted as the product of wave-generated ripple migration (cross-laminated sandstones) or deposition under high-concentrated flows (massive sandstones). The ten recognized facies occur in a systematic order in the investigated succession. Therefore, three distinctive facies successions were defined (facies successions I, I, and III), and correlated when possible across subsurface or outcrop areas (Fig. 8). Facies successions I (4-25 m thick) comprises laminated and massive marls at the base, which grade vertically into red massive mudstones. Mudcracks are occasionally observed. Clay minerals are mostly illitic (illite and illite/smectite). This succession overlies the regional erosive karstic surface sculpted at the top of the Sierras Bayas Group (named Barker surface) and marks the resumption of mixed carbonate/siliciclastic sedimentation in the area. This facies succession is interpreted as deposited under supratidal conditions in a tidalflat depositional environment, probably under well oxygenated conditions. Facies succession II (0-150 m thick) conformably overlies the previous one in many of the investigated cored wells and is composed of dark fissile mudstones and massive grey siltstones, as well as grey heterolithics with lenticular and wavy bedding. In the fine fraction, clays are now dominated by chlorite and illite in similar proportions (Fig. 8b). This facies succession is interpreted to represent low-energy subtidal settings, likely with suboxic to anoxic bottom conditions. Facies succession III (up to 75 m thick) unconformably rests upon the previous, and represents an abrupt change to red heterolithics with wavy and flaser bedding, together with cross-laminated and massive, fine- to medium-grained sandstones (Fig. 8b). Mudcracks, scour marks and flutes are common in this succession. In these facies quartz and plagioclases are abundant, with subordinated clay minerals, which are composed mainly of illite and less proportion of chlorite. This succession is interpreted to represent subtidal to intertidal settings, probably with well-oxygenated substrates. The top of this succession has been removed by erosion both in subsurface and outcrops. The spatial (vertical and lateral) distribution of facies successions and their basal boundaries, together with the faults recognized by well correlation, provide the framework for the proposed tectono-sedimentary model for the investigated Neoproterozoic succession (Fig. 9). This begins with the stage I which coincides with the deposition of the facies succession I over the karstic surface of the top of Sierras Bayas Group. Then, the facies succession II is deposited conformably onto the previous one, and is related here to a sea level drop referred as stage II, which is followed by a transgressive event. Stage I was dominated by marly to clay-rich sedimentation under oxic conditions which turns to anoxic and purely siliciclastic during the stage II. At the end of the stage II the complete succession, including the Sierras Bayas Group strata, was affected by the reactivation of vertical to subvertical falls from the basement with modified the relief by uplift, followed by intense erosion and peneplanation. This period is defined as stage III. Finally, the stage IV is constituted by the deposition of the facies succession III in which the top is not preserved. The lithological and stratigraphic relationships defined in this contribution for the Neoproterozoic upper strata of the northwestern Tandilia System make necessary to postulate a new lithostratigraphic scheme for them. As mentioned before, the facies succession II is composed of up to 150 meters of mainly black shales and was almost unknown till the present study. This stratigraphic division is lithologically distinctive compared to facies successions I and III and is truncated at the top by an erosional unconformity. This interval is therefore proposed as a new formation here, complying the provisions of the article 28 of the Argentine Stratigraphic Code. This definition drives necessary the re-location of the facies succession I, not as the base of the Cerro Negro Formation, but as a new lithostratigraphic unit as well. In this sense, the facies succession I is here defined as Avellaneda Formation, while facies succession II is termed Alicia Formation (Fig. 10). The name Cerro Negro is here attributed solely to facies succession III, the reddish heterolithics that represent the uppermost part of the investigated strata. Moreover, these three lithostratigraphic units, conforming a discrete depositional record within a single basin, are grouped into a new lithostratigraphic unit defined as La Providencia Group (Fig. 10).

La cobertura neoproterozoica del Cratón del Río de La Plata en el área de Sierras Bayas - Olavarría (noroeste del Sistema de Tandilia) constituye el relleno sedimentario más antiguo conocido en Argentina, e incluye al Grupo Sierras Bayas y a la Formación Cerro Negro. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un estudio sedimentológico y estratigráfico de detalle sobre las sedimentitas que hasta el presente trabajo eran conocidas como Formación Cerro Negro, al que se agrega aquí el análisis de un paquete sedimentario de más de 150 metros de espesor, conformado por sedimentitas finas silicoclásticas de color gris oscuro a negro. Esta sucesión, identificada sólo en subsuelo, se ubica estratigráficamente entre la sección basal margosa y la sucesión netamente heterolítica que caracteriza a la sección superior de la Formación Cerro Negro en los afloramientos típicos de la unidad. Para este trabajo se realizó un análisis de datos obtenidos de 17 secciones de subsuelo en dos yacimientos en actividad, más dos perfiles en frentes de canteras que corresponden a localidades típicas de la unidad. La descripción y caracterización de las sedimentitas de la Formación Cerro Negro permitió la definición de diez facies sedimentarias, las cuales fueron agrupadas en tres sucesiones de facies (I: margas y arcilitas rojas, II: lutitas negras, limolitas grises e intervalos heterolíticos grises y III: sucesiones heterolíticas y arenosas), que se interpretaron como depositadas en un ambiente de planicie de marea. Los análisis petrográficos y de difracción de rayos X permitieron caracterizar mineralógicamente a las unidades litológicas presentes. En las facies silicoclásticas finas se reconoce un predominio de cuarzo, acompañado de plagioclasas y arcillas, mientras que en las facies margosas se observan contenidos variables de calcita, variedades de la sílice y arcillas. Con respecto a las margas, la illita es el argilomineral que predomina, acompañada de clorita en proporciones moderadas a escasas. Por otra parte, los niveles de areniscas finas a medianas, señalan una buena selección y escasa a ausente matriz. Las mismas se componen de cuarzo monocristalino, plagioclasas, arcillas (illita y clorita), micas detríticas (muscovita y biotita) y minerales opacos (pirita y hematita). Integrando las relaciones estratigráficas de las sucesiones reconocidas en superficie con la información adicional de subsuelo se elaboró un modelo evolutivo de los diferentes estadios tecto-sedimentarios, el cual contribuye a comprender mejor la evolución de los procesos depositacionales ocurridos en el sector central y austral de las Sierras Bayas. El reconocimiento de una nueva sucesión constituida por sedimentitas finas de coloración gris oscura a negra (sucesión de facies II) conlleva a modificar el esquema estratigráfico existente para el sector noroeste del Sistema de Tandilia. En esta propuesta, a la sucesión de facies I se le asigna el nombre de Formación Avellaneda, la cual queda restringida a las sedimentitas del sector inferior del relleno sedimentario que se encuentra sobre una discontinuidad regional. A la sucesión de facies II, que se ubica por encima de la Formación Avellaneda, se la denomina con el nombre de Formación Alicia. Finalmente, la Formación Cerro Negro sensu stricto queda circunscripta al tope de la sucesión sedimentaria y es equivalente a la sucesión de facies III de este trabajo. En este sentido, y a partir de los resultados obtenidos, se propone redenominar a las unidades que suprayacen al Grupo Sierras Bayas como Grupo La Providencia, el cual está integrado por las formaciones Avellaneda, Alicia y Cerro Negro.