Abstract Introduction: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are mainly acquired through sexual contact and can affect people of any age; however, adolescents are the most affected age group, therefore, it is likely that their behaviors are more risky than protective. Objective: The objective of the research is to determine the relationship between the level of sexual education and knowledge about STIs and risk and protective behaviors in young people. Method: Analytical design research, descriptive, cross-sectional study with quantitative data, with a sample of 130 men and women, considering 10 people by age from 18 to 30 years. Results: There is no statistically significant relationship between sexual education and risk and/or protective behaviors (p > 0.05) nor between sexual education and condom use, both internal and external (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Despite having sexual education, not all people use frequently barrier contraceptives and, mainly, the little use of the vaginal condom in the general population is surprising, with people of heterosexual orientation being those that use it less.

Resumen Introducción: Las infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) se adquieren principalmente por el contacto sexual y pueden afectar a personas de cualquier edad, sin embargo los adolescentes son el grupo etario más afectado, por tanto es probable que sus conductas sean más de riesgo que protectoras. Objetivo: El objetivo de la investigación es determinar la relación entre el nivel de educación sexual y el conocimiento sobre ITS y las conductas de riesgo y protectoras en los jóvenes. Método: Investigación de diseño analítico, estudio de tipo descriptivo, transversal con datos de tipo cuantitativos, con una muestra de 130 hombres y mujeres, considerando 10 personas por edad desde los 18 a los 30 años. Resultados: No existe relación estadísticamente significativa entre la educación sexual y las conductas de riesgo y/o protectores (p > 0,05), ni tampoco entre la educación sexual y el uso del preservativo, tanto interno como externo (p > 0,05). Conclusión: A pesar de tener educación sexual, no todas las personas utilizan de forma frecuente los anticonceptivos de barrera y principalmente es sorprendente el poco uso del condón de vagina en la población en general, siendo las personas de orientación heterosexual las que lo utilizan menos.

Objectives: To characterize clinical aspects, evaluate the diagnostic opportunity, and identify factors associated with mortality in patients hospitalized for tuberculosis (TB). Methods: Retrospective study of patients admitted for TB to a Regional Hospital in Chile between 2011 and 2019. Results: 142 TB events required hospitalization in this period (38.2% of total cases). All risk groups were identified, with a significant increase in patients with diabetes mellitus. The pulmonary location was the most frequent (71.1%), followed by disseminated forms (16.2%). The sensitivity of microscopy smear in cases of pulmonary TB (isolated or combined) was 78.8% and lower in cases of bronchoalveolar lavage (58.3%). PCR was only occasionally applied (< 10%) with a sensitivity of 100% in sputum samples. Its use increased progressively and reached a positivity of 33% (6 out of 18 cases) in cases with negative sputum staining. The median time between symptom onset and diagnosis was prolonged (9 weeks), and 32.5% of all regional events were diagnosed at the hospital. Dose adjustments (22.1%), corticosteroid use (25%), and treatment interruptions were frequent (11%). Lethality reached 19%, and by multivariate analysis, only shock was associated with a fatal outcome. Conclusions: In this case series, the diagnosis of TB cases was delayed, scarcely diagnosed by molecular methods, highly concentrated at the hospital level, required admission in a large percentage of cases, and had a high case-fatality rate.

Objetivos: Caracterizar aspectos clínicos, evaluar la oportunidad diagnóstica e identificar factores asociados a mortalidad en pacientes ingresados por tuberculosis (TB). Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes ingresados por TB a un Hospital Regional en Chile entre el 2011 y 2019. Resultados: Un total de 142 eventos de TB requirieron hospitalización en el período (38,2% del total). Todos los grupos de riesgo fueron identificados con un aumento significativo de los pacientes con diabetes mellitus. La localización pulmonar fue la más frecuente (71,1%), seguida de la forma diseminada (2 o más sitios; 16,2%). La sensibilidad de la tinción de expectoración en casos de TB pulmonar (aislada o combinada) fue de 78,8% y más baja en casos de lavado broncoalveolar (58,3%). La PCR fue sólo ocasionalmente aplicada (< 10%) con una sensibilidad del 100% en muestras de expectoración. Su uso aumentó progresivamente en el período y el incremento diagnóstico de TB en casos con tinción negativa de expectoración estudiados con PCR fue de 33% (6 de 18 casos). La mediana entre inicio de síntomas y el diagnóstico fue prolongada (9 semanas) y el 32,5% de los eventos regionales fueron diagnosticados en el hospital. Los ajustes de dosis (22,1%), uso de corticoides (25%) e interrupciones del tratamiento fueron hechos frecuentes (11%). La letalidad alcanzó 19% y en el análisis multivariado sólo la aparición de shock se asoció a un desenlace fatal. Conclusiones: En esta serie de casos, el diagnóstico de casos de TB fue tardío, infrecuentemente diagnosticado por métodos moleculares, concentrado en la atención terciaria, requirió hospitalización en un gran porcentaje de casos y tuvo una elevada letalidad.

Abstract Background Sepsis is an uncontrolled inflammatory response against a systemic infection that results in elevated mortality, mainly induced by bacterial products known as endotoxins, producing endotoxemia. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is frequently observed in septic patients and is associated with organ failure and death. Sepsis activates endothelial cells (ECs), promoting a prothrombotic phenotype contributing to DIC. Ion channel mediated calcium permeability participates in coagulation. The transient reception potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) non-selective divalent cation channel that also contains an α-kinase domain, which is permeable to divalent cations including Ca2+, regulates endotoxin-stimulated calcium permeability in ECs and is associated with increased mortality in septic patients. However, whether endothelial TRPM7 mediates endotoxemia-induced coagulation is not known. Therefore, our aim was to examine if TRPM7 mediates coagulation during endotoxemia. Results The results showed that TRPM7 regulated endotoxin-induced platelet and neutrophil adhesion to ECs, dependent on the TRPM7 ion channel activity and by the α-kinase function. Endotoxic animals showed that TRPM7 mediated neutrophil rolling on blood vessels and intravascular coagulation. TRPM7 mediated the increased expression of the adhesion proteins, von Willebrand factor (vWF), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and P-selectin, which were also mediated by the TRPM7 α-kinase function. Notably, endotoxin-induced expression of vWF, ICAM-1 and P-selectin were required for endotoxin-induced platelet and neutrophil adhesion to ECs. Endotoxemic rats showed increased endothelial TRPM7 expression associated with a procoagulant phenotype, liver and kidney dysfunction, increased death events and an increased relative risk of death. Interestingly, circulating ECs (CECs) from septic shock patients (SSPs) showed increased TRPM7 expression associated with increased DIC scores and decreased survival times. Additionally, SSPs with a high expression of TRPM7 in CECs showed increased mortality and relative risk of death. Notably, CECs from SSPs showed significant results from the AUROC analyses for predicting mortality in SSPs that were better than the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) and the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that sepsis-induced DIC is mediated by TRPM7 in ECs. TRPM7 ion channel activity and α-kinase function are required by DIC-mediated sepsis-induced organ dysfunction and its expression are associated with increased mortality during sepsis. TRPM7 appears as a new prognostic biomarker to predict mortality associated to DIC in SSPs, and as a novel target for drug development against DIC during infectious inflammatory diseases.

Abstract: Background: Highly stressful events can have harmful effects on people's well-being and mental health. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of a preventive intervention protocol based on Brief Systemic Therapy oriented to people who recently experienced a highly stressful event. Method: Seventy-five people participated, 39 were in the experimental group and 36 in the control group. A quantitative design with two groups (experimental and control) and two time points (pre- and post-intervention) was used for data analysis. A six-month follow-up was added to the experimental group. The protocol was structured in four sessions and aimed to impact on posttraumatic symptoms, posttraumatic growth, ruminative response and coping strategies. Results: An increase in posttraumatic growth, deliberate rumination, problem-focused coping, and positive reinterpretation was observed in the experimental group. In contrast, there was only a nonsignificant trend in reduced posttraumatic symptomatology and in seeking social support. Conclusions: These results contribute to the development of Brief Systemic Therapy and support its usefulness in preventive intervention with people exposed to a highly stressful event.

Resumen: Antecedentes: Los eventos altamente estresantes pueden tener efectos nocivos en el bienestar y salud mental en las personas. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia de un protocolo de intervención preventiva basado en la Terapia Sistémica Breve orientado a personas que vivenciaron de manera reciente un evento altamente estresante. Método: Participaron 75 personas, 39 conformaron el grupo experimental y 36 el grupo control. Para el análisis de los datos se siguió un diseño cuantitativo con dos grupos (experimental y control) y con dos puntos temporales (pre y post-intervención). Al grupo experimental se añadió un seguimiento a los seis meses. El protocolo estuvo estructurado en cuatro sesiones y apuntaba a incidir sobre los síntomas postraumáticos, el crecimiento postraumático, la respuesta rumiativa y las estrategias de afrontamiento. Resultados: Se observó un aumento del crecimiento postraumático, de la rumiación deliberada, del afrontamiento centrado en el problema y de la reinterpretación positiva en el grupo experimental. En cambio, solo hubo una tendencia no significativa en la reducción de la sintomatología postraumática y en la búsqueda de apoyo social. Conclusiones: Estos resultados contribuyen al desarrollo de la Terapia Sistémica Breve y apoyan su utilidad en la intervención preventiva con personas expuestas a un evento altamente estresante.

Abstract Background: Staphylococcus aureus is part of the nasal microbiota in 20-30% of the population. This colonization is also a reservoir for its dissemination, which is worrying in the case of strains with resistance to methicillin (MRSA). Aim: To determine S. aureus nasal carriage in nursing and medical students of San Felipe Campus and characterize theirs isolates. Methods: During 2017, nasal swabs were taken from 225 students and seeded in salt manitol agar. Antibiotypes were determined by agar diffusion and the genetic clonality was assessed by PFGE and MLST in isolated S. aureus. SCCmec cassette and Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene (pvl) presence were determined in the MRSA isolates. Results: 61 students carried S. aureus (27.1%) including two MRSA strains (0.9%). S. aureus showed resistance to penicillin (75%), erythromycin (14%) and clindamycin (10%), chloramphenicol (1.6%) and levofloxacin, oxacillin, cefoxitin (3.3%). Nineteen PFGE-types were differentiated, and their sequence-types coincided with main clonal complexes described in S. aureus carriers from different places worldwide: CC30, CC8, CC97, CC15, CC22 and CC1. MRSA strains belonged to CC5 and they corresponded to the Chilean/Cordobes and USA100NY/J clones. Conclusion: Nasal carriage of S. aureus and MRSA in students, coincided with the general population and sensitive-methicillin strains showed clonal diversity and high antimicrobial susceptibility except for penicillin.

Resumen Introducción. Staphylococcus aureus es parte de la microbiota nasal en 20-30% de la población general, colonización que constituye un reservorio para su transmisión, lo que es preocupante en cepas resistentes a meticilina (SARM). Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de S. aureus en estudiantes de Medicina y Enfermería del Campus San Felipe y caracterizar sus aislamientos. Material y Métodos: El 2017 se midió la portación nasal a 225 estudiantes, a las cepas aisladas se le analizó su antibiotipo por difusión en agar, la relación clonal por electroforesis de campo pulsado y MLST. En SARM se determinó el cassette SCCmec y gen de la leucocidina de Panton-Valentine. Resultados: 61 estudiantes portaron S. aureus (27,1%) incluyendo dos cepas SARM (0,9%). Staphylococcus aureus mostró resistencia a penicilina (75%), eritromicina (14%) y clindamicina (10%), cloranfenicol (1,6%) y levofloxacina, oxacilina, cefoxitina (3,3%). Se diferenciaron diecinueve pulsotipos y el secuenciotipo coincidió con complejos clonales descritos a nivel mundial en portadores de S. aureus: CC30, CC8, CC97, CC15, CC22 y CC1. Las dos cepas SARM correspondieron con los clones chileno/cordobés y USA100NY/J, ambas del CC5. Conclusión: La portación nasal de S. aureus y SARM en los estudiantes coincidió con la portación en la población general y las cepas sensibles a meticilina mostraron diversidad clonal y alta susceptibilidad antimicrobiana, exceptuando a penicilina.

Resumen El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar la asociación entre las estrategias de afrontamiento, el bienestar subjetivo y el estrés en personas con cefalea primaria -es decir, con dolor de cabeza sin origen orgánico-. En total, participaron 150 personas adultas -135 mujeres y 15 hombres- diagnosticadas con cefalea primaria y episodios de cefalea en los últimos seis meses. Los instrumentos de medida utilizados fueron la Escala de satisfacción con la vida de Diener, la escala de estrategias de afrontamiento Brief Cope, la Escala de estrés percibido de Cohen, dos preguntas sobre la intensidad y frecuencia del dolor, y un cuestionario sociodemográfico. En general, se encontró que el bienestar subjetivo se relaciona positivamente con la planificación y negativamente con el uso de sustancias y la frecuencia del dolor; a la vez que el estrés percibido se asocia positivamente con negar la realidad del acontecimiento estresante, culpabilizarse por la situación ocurrida y la frecuencia del dolor, y negativamente con la aceptación de la situación estresante. Además, se observó un mayor estrés percibido en usuarios de atención pública de salud que en aquellos que son atendidos en el sistema privado. Este estudio permite identifi car las estrategias que deben ser potenciadas o modificadas con ayuda del personal de salud para mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas con cefalea primaria.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess the association between coping strategies, subjective well-being and stress in people with primary headache, i.e., headache with no organically -based origin. In total, 150 adult persons participated -135 women and 15 men -diagnosed with primary headache and headache episodes in the last six months. The measurement instruments used were the Diener Life Satisfaction Scale, the Brief Cope Coping Strategies Scale, the Cohen Perceived Stress Scale, two questions on pain intensity and frequency, and a sociodemographic questionnaire. In general, it was found that subjective well-being is positively related to planning and negatively to substance use and frequency of pain; while perceived stress is positively associated with denying the reality of the stressful event, blaming oneself for the situation that occurred and the frequency of pain, and negatively with accepting the stressful situation. Also, greater perceived stress was observed in users of public health care than in those who are seen in the private system. This study allows the identification of strategies that should be enhanced or modified with the help of health personnel to improve the quality of life of people with primary headache.

Resumen: Los directores son una pieza clave en la mejora escolar, especialmente en escuelas categorizadas como insuficientes por los sistemas de inspección de desempeño. Este estudio utiliza un enfoque exploratorio y cualitativo, cuyo objetivo es describir las percepciones de los directores que lideran las escuelas “más críticas” en la región de Valparaíso, Chile. Para ello, de acuerdo con la metodología cualitativa se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad con siete personas directoras de establecimientos escolares, con el fin de describir las razones por las cuales consideran que sus escuelas se encuentran en una situación de deterioro. Se concluye que las personas directoras de este estudio reportan que la situación de deterioro crónico se explica de manera multifactorial. Estos factores pueden ser agrupados en cinco categorías: (1) nivel socioeconómico de estudiantes y sus familias, (2) alta rotativa directiva, (3) calidad de las prácticas pedagógicas, (4) compromiso docente y (5) características idiosincráticas del sistema educacional chileno. Se presentan recomendaciones para la política pública nacional sobre cómo brindar apoyo profesional a los líderes que tienen la tarea de dirigir en la complejidad.

Resumo: Os diretores são uma peça chave na melhoria escolar, especialmente naquelas escolas categorizadas como insuficientes pelos sistemas de inspeção do desempenho. Este estúdio utiliza uma abordagem exploratória e qualitativa, cujo objetivo e descrever as percepções dos diretores que lideram as escolas em estado “mais crítico” na região de Valparaíso no Chile. Para isso, de acordo com a metodologia qualitativa foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade com sete participantes em cargos de direção em estabelecimentos escolares com a finalidade de descrever as razões pelas quais consideram que as escolas estão em situação de deterioro. Conclui-se que as pessoas diretoras deste estúdio afirmam que a situação de deterioro crônico é explicada de uma maneira multifatorial. Esses fatores podem ser agrupados em cinco categorias: (1) nível socioeconômico dos estudantes e suas famílias, (2) a alta rotação diretiva, (3) qualidade das práticas pedagógicas, (4) engajamento docente e (5) características idiossincráticas do sistema educacional chileno. Recomendações para a política pública nacional sobre como dar apoio profissional aos líderes que têm a tarefa de gerir na complexidade serão apresentadas.

Summary: Principals are a key player in school improvement, especially in schools categorized as insufficient by performance inspection systems. This study uses an exploratory and qualitative approach, the objective of which is to describe the perceptions of the principals who lead the “most critical” schools in the Valparaíso region, Chile. To do this, according to the qualitative methodology, in-depth interviews were conducted with seven school principals, in order to describe the reasons why they consider that their schools are in a deteriorating situation. It is concluded that the persons conducting this study report that the chronic deterioration situation is explained in a multifactorial manner. These factors can be grouped into five categories: (1) socioeconomic level of students and their families, (2) high rotation of top positions, (3) quality of pedagogical practices, (4) teachers´ commitment, and (5) idiosyncratic characteristics of the Chilean educational system. Recommendations are submitted for the national public policy on how to provide professional support to leaders tasked with leading in the midst of complexity.

Abstract The present qualitative-exploratory-descriptive study aims to typify the feedback patterns that headmasters provide to their teachers after class observation. We analyzed 22 audio recordings collected at the initial stage of a headmasters training process held in Valparaíso, Chile. The analysis was carried out following three categorization lines based on three theorical approaches: interpersonal skills, types of feedback, and feedback content. The conclusion shows that the feedback patterns are mostly centered on the headmasters’ opinion and are mainly descriptive. Furthermore, headmasters tend to “evade” their teachers when the latter ask for further explanation on their evaluations. We recommend providing training for strengthening inter- personal skills as well as knowledge regarding effective feedback practices in the training processes of school directors.

Resumen El presente estudio, de carácter cualitativo-exploratorio-descriptivo, tiene el objetivo de caracterizar los patrones de la retroalimentación que proporcionan los directores escolares a los profesores, post observación de aula. Se analizaron 22 audios que fueron recolectados al inicio de un proceso de formación de directores llevado a cabo en Valparaíso, Chile. El análisis se realizó mediante tres matrices de categorización elaboradas a partir de tres referentes teóricos: habilidades interpersonales, tipos de retroalimentación y contenidos de la retroalimentación. Se concluye que el patrón de retroalimentación está centrado en la opinión del director y es descriptivo; y que los directores ocupan la estrategia de “fuga” cuando los docentes solicitan justificaciones sobre las valoraciones. Se recomienda incluir en los procesos formativos de directores escolares el fortalecimiento de habilidades interpersonales y conocimientos sobre prácticas de retroalimentación efectiva.

Abstract: Being a school principal is a highly stressful and demanding job, particularly due to the number of conflicts that arise as they perform the role. The purpose of this study was to identify the types of conflicts faced by school principals with different actors and to analyze their intensity and frequency. Through an online survey sent to school principals (n=395) working in the municipal sector, it was found that they have much more intense conflicts with other adults than with students. Furthermore, most of the conflicts reported by principals (41.5%) were with families (parents/guardians). The types of conflicts that principals faced with these actors were organized into the following categories: official complaints against the school, opposition to school rules, violence against the school staff, communication issues, lack of family commitment to educational work, and negligence on the part of the school regarding specific situations with the students. The conclusions highlight the need to develop a deeper understanding of the conflicts faced by school principals.

Resumen: Ser director es una tarea altamente demandante y estresante, especialmente por la gran cantidad de conflictos que requieren afrontar en el desempeño de ese rol. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar los tipos de conflictos que enfrentan los directores con distintos actores de la comunidad, analizando el nivel de intensidad y su frecuencia. Mediante una encuesta en línea enviada a directores de establecimientos municipalizados de Chile (n=395) se constata que los conflictos con los adultos son más intensos que con los estudiantes. Dentro de los actores adultos, los apoderados (41,5%) son los más conflictivos. Los tipos de conflictos que enfrentan los directores con estos actores se relacionan con denuncias realizadas por estos, la resistencia en acatar y seguir las directrices de la escuela, situaciones de violencia en contra de la escuela, problemas de comunicación, falta de compromiso con la tarea educativa y, finalmente, con la negligencia de la escuela ante situaciones específicas con los estudiantes. Las conclusiones del estudio evidencian la necesidad de desarrollar una comprensión más profunda de los tipos de conflictos y estrategias de resolución empleadas por los líderes escolares.

Resumen: En medio de la incertidumbre provocada por la pandemia experimentada en el año 2020, los directores han tenido que liderar sus escuelas. Pese a ello se plantean ciertas certezas sobre el liderazgo en tiempos turbulentos. Entre ellas se cuentan; la relevancia de comprender la naturaleza cambiante del contexto, la adaptabilidad del líder; el fomento de las prácticas de liderazgo distribuido, desarrollar la flexibilidad y cuidar el bienestar socioemocional personal y de la comunidad.

Resumo: Em meio à incerteza causada pela pandemia vivida em 2020, os diretores tiveram que liderar suas escolas. Apesar disso, certas certezas são levantadas sobre a liderança em tempos turbulentos. Entre eles estão; a relevância de compreender a natureza mutável do contexto, a adaptabilidade do líder; promover práticas de liderança distribuídas, desenvolver flexibilidade e cuidar do bem-estar socioemocional pessoal e comunitário.

Abstract: Amid the uncertainty caused by the pandemic experienced in 2020, principals have had to lead their schools. Despite this, certain certainties are raised about leadership in turbulent times. Among them are; the relevance of understanding the changing nature of the context, the adaptability of the leader; promoting distributed leadership practices, developing flexibility, and caring for personal and community social-emotional well-being.

Resumen El presente estudio explica y evalúa la metodología CECA (control emocional en conversaciones con apoderados) a través de su implementación en una escuela primaria en Chile. El objetivo de la metodología es desarrollar habilidades en el profesorado jefe para realizar entrevistas con personas adultas clasificadas como difíciles, y que son padres y madres de estudiantes con bajos resultados académicos y con conductas disruptivas en el aula. Paralelo a la formación, se aplicó el modelo de evaluación de D. L. Kirkpatrick y J. D. Kirkpatrick (2006) en sus cuatro pasos: satisfacción, adquisición de conocimientos teóricos, sustentabilidad de las prácticas y efectos organizacionales. Se concluyó que la metodología desarrolla en el profesorado habilidades para reconocer emociones, seleccionar tipos de conversaciones, analizar evidencias de aprendizaje con padres, madres y personas apoderadas, y planificar, en conjunto, metas de corto plazo asociadas al aprendizaje. Los resultados enriquecen la propuesta metodológica en tres aspectos: el primero, hacer los ciclos de retroalimentación intensivos inicialmente y que se difieran paulatinamente, acorde con las necesidades de las personas participantes; el segundo, incluir en la metodología acciones específicas para el equipo directivo sobre gestión del tiempo, gestión de infraestructura y animación del trabajo colaborativo entre pares; y el tercero, que esta metodología puede ser transferida a otros contextos formativos, ya que satisface necesidades reales en el sistema escolar.

Resumo Este estudo explica e avalia a metodologia CECA (Controle Emocional em Conversas com Apoderados) através da sua implementação em uma escola primária no Chile. O objetivo da metodologia é desenvolver habilidades nos professores para realizar entrevistas com pessoas adultas classificados como difíceis, e que são pais e mães de estudantes com baixos resultados acadêmicos e / ou com comportamento irruptivo na sala de aula. Paralelamente ao treinamento, aplicou-se o modelo de avaliação de D. L. Kirkpatrick e J. D. Kirkpatrick (2006) em suas quatro etapas: satisfação, aquisição de conhecimento teórico, sustentabilidade das práticas e efeitos organizacionais. Concluiu-se que a metodologia desenvolve nos professores habilidades para reconhecer emoções, selecionar tipos de conversas, analisar evidências de aprendizagem com pais e mães e planejar conjuntamente metas de curto prazo associadas à aprendizagem. Os resultados enriquecem a proposta metodológica em três aspectos: o primeiro, fazer ciclos intensivos de retroalimentação inicialmente e que vai mudando gradualmente de acordo com as necessidades dos participantes; o segundo, incluir na metodologia ações específicas para a equipe de direção sobre o gerenciamento do tempo, da infraestrutura e animação de trabalho colaborativo entre duplas; e o terceiro, que esta metodologia pode ser transferida para outros contextos de formação, uma vez que satisfaz as necessidades reais do sistema escolar.

Abstract The present study explains and evaluates the ECSC methodology (Emotional Control in Conversations with Parents) through its implementation in a primary school in Chile. The methodology’s goal is to develop skills in the teachers’ heads to conduct interviews with parents classified as difficult, and parents of students with low academic results and/or disruptive behavior in the classroom. Parallel to training, the D. L. Kirkpatrick and J. D. Kirkpatrick (2006) evaluation model was applied in its four steps: satisfaction, acquisition of theoretical knowledge, the sustainability of practices, and organizational effects. It was concluded that the methodology could develop skills for teachers to recognize emotions, select types of conversations, analyze evidence of learning with parents and plan, together, short-term goals associated with learning. The results also enrich the methodological proposal in three aspects: first, to make the intensive feedback cycles initially and to gradually differ according to the needs of the participants; second, to include specific actions in the methodology, for the management team, on time management, infrastructure management, and the animation of collaborative work among peers; third, this methodology can be transferred to other formative contexts, since it satisfies real needs in the school system.

ABSTRACT The study and determination of the antioxidant capacity of the Greigia Sphacelata fruit were carried out. G. sphacelata is an endemic fruit of central-southern Chile, better known as Chupón or Quiscal. Spectrophotometric and modified ORAC test were developed for antioxidant capacity determinations, and later an electrochemical method was developed by differential impulse voltammetry (DPV) with a vitreous carbon electrode for the quantification of the antioxidant capacity expressed in equivalent of the Trolox standard in µmolL-1. Once the voltammetric test was developed, the correlation study between both methods used to determine the antioxidant capacity of Greigia sphacelata was carried out. The results of the determination of the antioxidant capacity of Greigia sphacelata by ORAC test report an antioxidant capacity of 3525 µmol/100gequivalents of Trolox. Concerning the concentration obtained by the electrochemical methodology, 724 µmol/100g Trolox equivalents is obtained for a linear correlation r = 0.969 with the spectrophotometric method.

Abstract The article describes participation processes developed in the Biobío region in order to answer the question that if these were indeed binding for the political authority and therefore make effective the empowerment of the local community, using the documentary research of the cases added to qualitative interviews with key informants. The conclusion is the existence of a triangle of synergistic factors for a model of participatory territorial democracy: this implies the design of a multi-stakeholder governance system with public, private and citizen intergovernmental cooperation; binding consultation processes as a form of direct democracy, and social empowerment in order to make visible subordinate subjects to be part of the decision-making agora of local and regional policies.

Resumen El artículo describe procesos de participación desarrollados en la región del Biobío con el fin de responder a la pregunta de si estos fueron efectivamente vinculantes para la autoridad política y por tanto, hacen efectivo el empoderamiento de la comunidad local. Se utilizó como método la investigación documental de los casos sumado a entrevistas cualitativas a informantes claves. Se concluye la existencia de un triángulo de factores sinérgicos bases para un modelo de democracia territorial participativa: esto implica el diseño de un sistema de gobernanza multiactor con cooperación intergurbenamental público, privado y ciudadano; procesos de consultas vinculantes como forma de democracia directa y empoderamiento social con el fin de visibilizar a sujetos subalternos para formar parte del ágora decisoria de las políticas municipales y regionales.

Abstract This study aims to describe what actions in school climate are being carried out by the leadership teams in public schools in Chile. The study used a qualitative approach, with the participation of 67 teams’ members belonging to 24 public schools in the Valparaíso region. The findings indicate that actions sought by the management teams are concentrated in training, holding events and developing plans, manuals and protocols for school climate. Meanwhile, more than 85% of the actions were carried out outside the classroom, indicating a poor pedagogical connection of school climate with the actions taken by the leadership teams. Finally, the actions are developed by adults alone, mainly by those in charge of school climate and professionals of the psycho-social team. It is concluded that leadership teams develop diverse actions framed on a hybrid public policy which supports and demands from the professional performance.

Resumen Este estudio tiene por objetivo describir qué acciones en convivencia escolar están realizando los equipos directivos y líderes de escuelas públicas en Chile. Se utilizó un enfoque cualitativo descriptivo, con un total de 67 participantes pertenecientes a 24 establecimientos públicos de la región de Valparaíso. Los hallazgos indican que las acciones que desarrollan los equipos directivos se concentran en efectuar talleres de formación, realizar eventos y elaborar planes, manuales y protocolos de convivencia escolar. En tanto, más de un 85% de las acciones se desarrollan fuera del aula, lo que advierte una escasa conexión pedagógica de la convivencia escolar. Finalmente, las acciones las dirigen los adultos de manera solitaria, principalmente por los encargados de convivencia y profesionales de la dupla psicosocial. Se concluye que los equipos directivos desarrollan diversas acciones en convivencia escolar que son producto de una política pública híbrida que apoya y presiona el quehacer profesional.