Abstract We investigated the genetic control of the three yield components in cowpea: number of grains per pod, pod length and grain size, in a biparental cross. Genetic parameters were estimated in generations of a cross between two contrasting genitors, using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Narrow-sense heritability estimates varied from 27% to 67%, suggesting that genetic gains can be achieved with selection. Pod length and grain size had the highest heritability values and genetic gains. The number of grains per pod is highly affected by the environment. Dominance was detected for all traits, mainly for pod length. However, additive gene effects accounted for more than 68% of the variation in all traits, which are controlled by at least 10 genes. It is possible to improve the evaluated traits via conventional breeding approaches, although large population sizes will be required in breeding stages. cowpea genitors replications Narrowsense Narrow sense 27 67 67% selection environment However 68 1 genes approaches stages 2 6

Abstract Brazilian veredas are hygrophilous communities with high species diversity, featuring many floristic studies but a still incipient number of faunistic studies. In the present study, we conducted an inventory of insect galls in four different veredas located in the Northern region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Overall, we found 75 gall morphotypes, distributed across 50 host species representing 37 plant genera and 22 families. Fabaceae was the plant family with the greatest number of insect gall morphotypes (n = 21), followed by Malpighiaceae (n = 10). The plant genera that supported the highest diversity of insect galls were Copaifera (n = 8) and Byrsomima (n = 5). The plant species Copaifera oblongifolia (n = 6) and Anacardium humile (n = 4) exhibited the highest richness of insect galls. The leaves were the most attacked organs (89% of all galls). Most morphotypes are glabrous (83%), green (69%) and lenticular (60%). The taxa of gall-inducing insects were identified for 46 morphotypes (80%), and were recorded inducers from the orders Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera. Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) was the most representative galling group, with 42 morphotypes, making up 93.3% of the recorded inducers. Among the sampled veredas areas, the Vereda do Peruaçu presented the highest richness of insect gall morphotypes and host plant species. The faunistic similarity was higher in the Pedras and Tiririca veredas, followed by Almescla and Peruaçu veredas. This is the first systematic inventory of insect galls and their host plant in Brazilian veredas. The diversity of insect galls in the studied veredas is relatively high when compared to other Brazilian Cerrado vegetation types. study Gerais Brazil Overall 7 5 3 2 families n 21, 21 , 21) 10. 10 . 10) 8 5. 5) 6 4 89% 89 (89 galls) 83%, 83 83% (83%) 69% 69 (69% 60%. 60 60% (60%) gallinducing inducing 80%, 80 80% (80%) Diptera Lepidoptera Hymenoptera (Diptera group 933 93 93.3 areas types 1 (8 (83% (69 (60% (80% 9 93. ( (83 (6 (60 (80

Abstract In the present study we tested whether the distribution of insect galls induced by Jatrophobia brasiliensis (Rübsaamen, 1907) (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) on Manihot caerulenses (Euphorbiaceae) differs between edge and interior environments in a Neotropical savanna in Brazil. We tested the hypothesis that the abundance of galls is higher in the vegetation edge, which is exposed to constant dust from an unpaved road, than in the interior of the savanna, where the penetration of dust is smaller. The study was in the Parque Estadual da Serra do Cabral where 28 plants were sampled, being selected 14 plants inside the vegetation and 14 plants on the road edge. We sampled a total of 269 galls of Jatrophobia brasiliensis, being 203 galls on edge plants and 66 galls on interior plants. Corroborating our expectation, we registered a higher number of insect galls on the edge plants than interior plants. We suggest that dust is the main stressor in border environments of Neotropical savannas, unlike forest vegetation, where microclimatic changes can be more important. Our findings suggest that the environmental changes caused by dust deposition in the edge affect the distribution of insect galls in Neotropical savannas. Rübsaamen, Rübsaamen (Rübsaamen 1907 Diptera, Diptera (Diptera Cecidomyiidae Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbiaceae Brazil smaller 2 1 26 20 6 expectation savannas important 190 19

Abstract The diversity of galling insects may be associated with abiotic factors, such as hygrothermal stress, and biotic factors of the host plants, such as structural complexity and resource concentration. In the present study, we aimed evaluate the occurrence of galling insects Palaeomystella oligophaga (Lepidoptera, Agonoxenidae) associated with Macairea radula (Melastomataceae) in veredas of northern of Minas Gerais, testing the effect of environmental stress, resource concentration and plant architecture.The study was carried out in three veredas with distinct levels of soil drying and conservation (preserved, intermediate and degraded). In each vereda, were selected 20 individuals of the Macairea radula for galling sampling. For each focal plants were sampled the abundance of galls, plant height (m), number of branches and number of individuals close to the focal plant within a radius of 5 m. In total, were sampled 2,030 galls of Palaeomystella oligophaga on Macairea radula. The abundance of galls differed significantly between the plants of the different veredas, being higher in the plants of the Vereda da Almescla (intermediate conservation level). In addition, the abundance of galls was positively correlated with plant height, and the number of nearby individuals (considering all plant species). Our results demonstrate that both anthropic alterations that lead to the dryness of the veredas, and structural characteristics of the host plants, can affect the occurrence of galls of Palaeomystella oligophaga. stress Lepidoptera, Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Agonoxenidae Melastomataceae (Melastomataceae Gerais architectureThe architecture preserved, preserved (preserved degraded. degraded . degraded) vereda 2 sampling m, m , (m) total 2030 030 2,03 level. level level) addition considering species. species species) (m 203 03 2,0 0 2,

Abstract An insect gall inventory was carried out in two reserves of the Peruvian Amazon, Allpahuayo-Mishana National Reserve and Quistococha Regional Reserve, both situated in Iquitos, northeastern Peru. Four vegetation types were surveyed between December, 2021 and December, 2022: terra firme forest, white-sand wet forest, and white-sand dry forest in Allpahuayo-Mishana National Reserve, and palm swamp forest in Quistococha Regional Reserve. Overall, we found 262 gall morphotypes, distributed across 75 host species representing 66 plant genera and 30 families. Fabaceae was the plant family with the greatest number of gall morphotypes (n = 48), followed by Calophyllaceae (n = 21) and Euphorbiaceae (n = 20). The plant genera that supported the highest diversity of galls were Caraipa (n = 17), Eschweilera (n = 16), Tapirira (n = 16), Micrandra (n = 14), and Iryanthera (n = 10). The plant species Tapirira guianensis (n = 16), Caraipa utilis (n = 14), Micrandra elata (n = 14), Eschweilera coriacea (n = 11), and Sloanea parvifructa (n = 10) exhibited the highest richness of galls. Among the host plants, C. utilis stands alone as the only species noted as both endemic to the Amazonian region and bearing a Vulnerable (VU) conservation status. The leaves were the most attacked organs (90% of all galls). Most morphotypes are glabrous (89%), green (67%), globoid (53%), and one-chambered (91%). We found galling insects belonging to the orders Diptera, Thysanoptera, Lepidoptera, and Hemiptera. The galling insects of Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) were the most common, inducing 22% of the gall morphotypes. In addition to the gallers, we also observed the presence of successors, cecidophages, and parasitoids. Among the sampled vegetation types, the terra firme forest presented the highest richness of gall morphotypes and host plant species. This is the first systematic inventory of insect galls in this part of the Peruvian Amazon. Amazon AllpahuayoMishana Allpahuayo Mishana Iquitos Peru December 202 2022 whitesand white sand Overall 26 7 6 3 families n 48, 48 , 48) 21 20. 20 . 20) 17, 17 17) 16, 16 16) 14, 14 14) 10. 10 11, 11 11) plants C VU (VU status 90% 90 (90 galls) 89%, 89 89% (89%) 67%, 67 67% (67%) 53%, 53 53% (53%) onechambered one chambered 91%. 91 91% (91%) Diptera Thysanoptera Lepidoptera Hemiptera (Diptera common 22 gallers successors cecidophages parasitoids 2 4 1 9 (9 8 (89% (67% 5 (53% (91% ( (89 (67 (53 (91 (8 (6 (5

Resumo Um inventário de galhas de insetos foi realizado em duas reservas da Amazônia peruana, Reserva Nacional Allpahuayo-Mishana e Reserva Regional Quistococha, ambas situadas em Iquitos, nordeste do Peru. Quatro tipos de vegetação foram pesquisados entre dezembro de 2021 e dezembro de 2022: floresta de terra firme, floresta úmida de areia branca e floresta seca de areia branca na Reserva Nacional Allpahuayo-Mishana, e floresta de pântano de palmeiras na Reserva Regional Quistococha. No total, encontramos 262 morfotipos de galhas, distribuídos em 75 espécies hospedeiras representando 66 gêneros de plantas e 30 famílias. Fabaceae foi a família de plantas com o maior número de morfotipos de galhas (n = 48), seguida por Calophyllaceae (n = 21) e Euphorbiaceae (n = 20). Os gêneros de plantas que apresentaram a maior diversidade de galhas foram Caraipa (n = 17), Eschweilera (n = 16), Tapirira (n = 16), Micrandra (n = 14) e Iryanthera (n = 10). As espécies de plantas Tapirira guianensis (n = 16), Caraipa utilis (n = 14), Micrandra elata (n = 14), Eschweilera coriacea (n = 11) e Sloanea parvifructa (n = 10) apresentaram a maior riqueza de galhas. Dentre as plantas hospedeiras, C. utilis destaca-se como a única espécie listada como endêmica da região amazônica e com um status de conservação Vulnerável (VU). As folhas foram os órgãos mais atacados (90% de todas as galhas). A maioria dos morfotipos é glabra (89%), verde (67%), globoide (53%) e possui apenas uma câmara interna (91%). Encontramos insetos galhadores pertencentes às ordens Diptera, Thysanoptera, Lepidoptera e Hemiptera. Os insetos galhadores da família Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) foram os mais comuns, induzindo 22% dos morfotipos de galhas. Além dos galhadores, também observamos a presença de sucessores, cecidófagos e parasitoides. Entre os tipos de vegetação amostrados, a floresta de terra firme apresentou a maior riqueza de morfotipos de galhas e espécies de plantas hospedeiras. Este é o primeiro inventário sistemático de galhas de insetos nesta região da Amazônia peruana. peruana AllpahuayoMishana Allpahuayo Mishana Quistococha Iquitos Peru 202 2022 AllpahuayoMishana, Mishana, total 26 7 6 3 famílias n 48, 48 , 48) 21 20. 20 . 20) 17, 17 17) 16, 16 16) 14 10. 10 14, 11 C destacase destaca se VU. VU (VU) 90% 90 (90 galhas) 89%, 89 89% (89%) 67%, 67 67% (67%) 53% 53 (53% 91%. 91 91% (91%) Diptera Thysanoptera Hemiptera (Diptera comuns 22 sucessores parasitoides amostrados 2 4 1 (VU 9 (9 8 (89% (67% 5 (53 (91% ( (89 (67 (5 (91 (8 (6

Los restaurantes poseen un papel relevante en los destinos turísticos. La creación de estrategias empresariales adecuadas es capaz de subsidiar el ofrecimiento de servicios adecuados a los consumidores y la expansión internacional. El presente trabajo es una investigación teórico-empírica con el propósito de analizar el proceso de internacionalización del grupo Bonaparte. En el marco teórico se identifican los principales conceptos relativos a la internacionalización de empresas, las características de los servicios y cómo impactan en el proceso de expansión internacional. La metodología usada fue el estudio de caso cualitativo que tuvo como unidad de análisis la marca Bossa Grill del grupo brasileño Bonaparte. Los resultados demuestran que la principal razón para la expansión fue la búsqueda de nuevos mercados y para eso se desarrolló un producto totalmente diferente de los que la empresa ya operaba en Brasil. La elección de Estados Unidos respondió a la madurez y al tamaño del mercado de alimentación fuera del hogar, más allá de la estabilidad política y económica que permite una mayor planificación de las empresas. Se percibe también que las redes de relaciones de los ejecutivos fueron fundamentales para el inicio de la internacionalización y el desarrollo de la cadena de suministro, en la búsqueda de socios en Brasil y Estados Unidos. La empresa optó por el sistema de franquicias. Se observa que a pesar de su idiosincrasia el proceso de internacionalización del Grupo Bonaparte no difiere del presentado por las empresas manufactureras.

The restaurants have an important role in tourist destinations. The development of appropriate business strategies can support the delivery of appropriate services to consumers and expansion. This paper is a theoretical and empirical research in order to analyze the process of internationalization of the Bonaparte Group. In the theoretical framework identifies the main concepts related to the internationalization of enterprises, the service features and how they impact the process of international expansion. The methodology used was qualitative case study as the unit of analysis was the brand of the Brazilian group Bossa Grill Bonaparte. The results show that the main reason was to expand the search for new markets and for this, we developed a totally different product that the company was already operating in Brazil. The choice by the United States was due to maturity and size of the market for food away from home, beyond the political and economic stability that allows for greater planning firms. It is also evident that the social networks of executives were instrumental in the early development and internationalization of the supply chain, seeking partners in Brazil and the United States for the design of society. As input mode, the company chose the franchise system. It is noticed that despite their idiosyncrasies the process of internationalization of the Group does not differ from Bonaparte conducted by manufacturing companies.

Los impactos de la fragmentación de los bosques y el efecto de borde sobre las interacciones planta-herbívoros son relativamente desconocidos, y las relaciones entre los insectos inductores de agallas y sus plantas hospederas son muy susceptibles a las variaciones ambientales. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue probar la hipótesis de efecto de borde en los insectos inductores de agallas asociados con la planta hospedera Styrax pohlii (Styracaceae). Los muestreos se realizaron en un fragmento de bosque semideciduo en Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil. Se tomaron muestras de treinta plantas hospederas (15 en el borde del fragmento y 15 en su interior), en cada planta, 10 ramas apicales fueron recolectadas en la parte superior, media e inferior. Nuestros resultados apoyan la predicción de una mayor riqueza de morfotipos de agallas en el borde del hábitat en comparación con su interior. De manera similar, la abundancia de las agallas y la frecuencia de las hojas atacadas también fueron mayores en el borde del fragmento. Estos resultados sugieren por consiguiente, una respuesta positiva de la diversidad de insectos de agallas al efecto borde, en el bosque de Saint-Hilaire, este efecto probablemente opera a través de los cambios en las condiciones microclimáticas de los hábitats de borde, que se traduce en un aumento de estrés higrotérmico, un factor determinante para los patrones de distribución de estos insectos. En conclusión, sugerimos que estos organismos podrían ser empleados como indicadores biológicos debido a (i) su especificidad del hospedero, (ii) su sensibilidad a los cambios en la calidad de la planta y, (iii) presentar respuestas diferentes y específicas a las variaciones locales de las condiciones del hábitat.

Impacts of forest fragmentation and edge effect on plant-herbivores interactions are relatively unknown, and the relationships between galling insects and their host plants are very susceptible to environmental variations. The goal of our study was to test the edge effect hypothesis for galling insects associated with Styrax pohlii (Styracaceae) host plant. Samplings were conducted at a fragment of semi-deciduous forest in Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. Thirty host plant individuals (15 at fragment edge and 15 in its interior) were sampled in July of 2007; in each plant, 10 apical branches were collected at the top, middle and bottom crown levels. Our results supported the prediction of greater richness of gall morphotypes in the edge habitat compared with remnant interior. In a similar way, gall abundance and frequency of attacked leaves were also greater in the fragment edge. These findings consequently suggest a positive response of galling insect diversity to edge effect; in the Saint-Hilaire forest, this effect probably operates through the changes in microclimatic conditions of edge habitats, which results in an increased hygrothermal stress, a determinant factor to distribution patterns of galling insects. We also concluded that these organisms could be employed as biological indicators (i) because of their host-specificity, (ii) they are sensitive to changes in plant quality, and (iii) present dissimilar and specific responses to local variation in habitat conditions. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (4): 1589-1597. Epub 2011 December 01.