Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o impacto de um experimento de biomanipulação na alimentação das espécies da ictiofauna de um reservatório do semiárido neotropical, antes e após a remoção da espécie exótica Oreochromis niloticus. Métodos Os dados foram amostrados em dois períodos, antes da remoção da espécie (maio de 2012 a janeiro de 2013) e após a remoção (abril de 2013 a novembro de 2013). Foram analisadas os valores do Índice Alimentar de seis espécies: Oreochromis niloticus, Prochilodus brevis Steindachner,1875, Hypostomus cf. paparie Fowler,1941, Hoplias gr. malabaricus Bloch,1794, Astyanax bimaculatus Linnaeus,1758 e Leporinus piau Fowler,194. O índice de Morisita-Horn foi usado para avaliar a similaridade alimentar entre as espécies e estabelecer categorias tróficas (insetívora, onívora, detritívora/iliófaga e piscívora). Para avaliar as possíveis variações devido à presença da espécie O. niloticus, foi utilizado o Índice Alimentar das espécies numa matriz de similaridade de Bray-Curtis, usando a análise de ordenação (NMDS), a Análise de Correspondência Canônica (CCA) avaliou se houve influência das variáveis ambientais na dieta, a partir dos dados do Índice Alimentar. Resultados As espécies foram enquadradas em quatro categorias tróficas que não demonstraram variação nos grupos formados entre os períodos estudados. Após a remoção da tilápia algumas espécies apresentaram mudanças em itens alimentares, segundo a análise de ordenação (NMDS). A Análise de Correspondência Canônica indicou uma baixa associação entre os dados do Índice Alimentar mensal das espécies e as variáveis ambientais. Conclusão O processo de biomanipulação no reservatório da Estação Ecológica de Serra Negra, visando comparar as dietas de cinco espécies nativas antes e após a remoção da espécie exótica Oreochromis niloticus, resultou em alteração na composição da dieta de três das cinco espécies estudadas.

Abstract Aim To evaluate the impact of a biomanipulation experiment on the feeding of fish species from a neotropical semiarid reservoir, before and after the removal of the exotic species Oreochromis niloticus. Methods The values of Food Index were analyzed for six species: Oreochromis niloticus , Prochilodus brevis Steindachner,1875, Hypostomus cf. paparie Fowler,1941, Hoplias gr. malabaricus Bloch,1794, Astyanax bimaculatus Linnaeus,1758 and Leporinus piau Fowler,194. All data were obtained in two periods, before of the removal O. niloticus (May 2012 to January 2013) and after its removal (April 2013 to November 2013). The Morisita-Horn index was used to evaluate the feeding similarity among the six species and determine trophic categories (insectivorous, omnivorous, iliophaga and piscivora). To establish the probable variations due the presence of O. niloticus species, the Food Index of the six species was used in a Bray-Curtis similarity matrix. Through the Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) we could not observe any differences among items consumed by different species. The Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to assay the influence of environmental variables on the dietary, from the Food Index data. Results All species were classified in four trophic categories that do not shown any variation among the formed groups during studied periods. After the removal of Nile tilapia some species showed changes in food items, according to NMDS. The CCA indicated low association among the monthly Food Index of species and the environmental changes. Conclusion The process of biomanipulation on the Ecological Station from Serra Negra reservoir, which compares the dietaries from five local species before and after removal of exotic species Oreochromis niloticus, resulted in modification of dietary composition from three of five studied species.

Resumen:Los peces migratorios se han visto gravemente afectados por la construcción de embalses y los efectos negativos de estos proyectos, tales como la interrupción de rutas migratorias, reducción o eliminación de desove / áreas de alimentación. El desarrollo inicial puede influir en la estructura de la población de los peces migratorios, lo que resulta en la reducción en la abundancia de los mismos. El Leporinus piau es un pez migratorio que se encuentra ampliamente distribuido en las cuencas del semiárido brasileño y es de importancia para la pesca deportiva y artesanal. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la estructura de la población y la dinámica de reproducción de la especie migratoria Leporinus piau en el embalse Pau dos Ferros, región semiárida de Brasil. La relación estructura de tallas y talla-peso de la CPU la talla de la primera la madurez, proporción de sexos, el desarrollo gonadal y el IGS se analizaron. Con redes de enmalle se llevaron a cabo recolecciones trimestralmente entre febrero 2011 y noviembre 2012. Se contaron los peces capturados; se midieron la longitud estándar (cm) y peso total (g), y se disectaron para determinar el estadio del sexo y la madurez de las gónadas. Los niveles de agua de lluvia y los embalses se registraron y se analizaron sus correlaciones con el período reproductivo y la CPUE. Un total de 549 individuos fueron capturados. La CPUE promedio varió entre 0.0259 individuos/m2 * h (mayo/ 2011) y 0.0008 individuos/m2 * h (Agosto/2012), y se observaron diferencias significativas; sin embargo, ninguna correlación significativa se observo entre los niveles de lluvia y el nivel de la represa. La longitud estándar varió entre 5.9 y 20.7 cm, y el peso entre 4.16 y 271.5 g. Un análisis de histogramas, reveló que la clase estándar de 5-10 cm de longitud fue la más abundante de los jóvenes y que la clase 10-15 cm fue la más abundante de las hembras y machos adultos. La relación peso-talla se ajusta más adecuadamente a la ecuación log10Wt = -1.57711 + 3.00707 Log10 Ls, donde la especie presenta un crecimiento isométrico. La medida estimada de la primera madurez fue 12.76 cm. Se recogieron un total de 148 machos y 82 hembras (1.81: 1, M: F), y estos valores fueron significativamente diferentes. El más alto GSI se observó en febrero 2011, tanto para las mujeres (10.69) como para hombres (5.72), y el GSI fue significativa y positivamente correlacionado con la precipitación. Se llegó a la conclusión de que la población L. piau está establecida en la represa y encontramos que su periodo de reproducción se produjo durante la época de lluvias entre febrero y mayo.

Abstract:Migratory fishes have been seriously impacted by the building of reservoirs and because of the negative effects of these projects such as the interruption of migratory routes, reduction or elimination of spawning/ feeding areas, and initial development can influence the population structure the migratory fishes, resulting in reduction in abundance. Leporinus piau is migratory fish widely distributed in the watersheds of the Brazilian semiarid and it is of importance for artisanal and sport fishing. The goal of the study was to evaluate the population structure and reproductive dynamics of the migratory species Leporinus piau in the Pau dos Ferros Reservoir, which is located in the semiarid region of Brazil. The CPUE, length structure, length-weight relation-ship, length at first maturity, sex ratio, gonad development and IGS were analyzed. Collections were performed quarterly between February 2011 and November 2012 using gillnets. The captured fish were counted; the standard length (cm) and total weight (g) were measured, and dissected to determine the sex and gonad maturity stage. The rainfall and reservoir water levels were recorded, and their correlations with the reproductive period and CPUE were analyzed. A total 549 individuals were captured. The average CPUE varied between 0.0259 individuals/m2*h (May/2011) and 0.0008 individuals/m2*h (August/2012), and significant differences were observed; however, significant correlations were not observed between rainfall and reservoir levels. The standard length varied between 5.9 cm and 20.7 cm, and the weight varied between 4.16 g and 271.5 g. A histogram analysis revealed that the 5-10 cm standard length class was the most abundant for juveniles and that the 10-15 cm class was the most abundant for adult females and males. The weight-length relationship was best fit by the equation log10Wt = -1.57711 + 3.00707 Log10 Ls, and the species presented isometric growth. The estimated length at first maturity was 12.76 cm. A total of 148 males and 82 females were collected (1.81:1, M:F), and these values were significantly different. The highest GSI was observed in February 2011 for both females (10.69) and males (5.72), and the GSI was significantly and positively correlated with rainfall. We concluded that the L. piau population is established in the reservoir and found that its reproduction period occurred during the rainy season between February and May. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (4): 1369-1381. Epub 2016 December 01.