Abstract: The aim of this work was to determine the effect of Azadirachta indica and Tagetes erecta leaf extract, as well as Jatropha curcas resin extract on the control of Carmenta foraseminis larvae in Theobroma cacao fruits. The study was conducted using a complete random block design (CRBD) with 6 treatments (T1:0%, T2:10%, T3:20%, T4:30%, T5:40% and T6:50%), 3 replicates and 10 fruits per experimental unit. The variables evaluated were: number of hatched larvae-NHL and number of attacked fruits. Extracts from , Azadirachta indica,Tagetes erecta leaves and Jatropha curcas resin at concentrations greater than 40% were efficient in the control of Carmenta foraseminis in Theobroma cacao fruits in the fruiting phase. Further studies should be carry out to determine the concentration of secondary metabolites in Azadirachta indica, Tagetes erecta leaves and Jatropha curcas resin at different maturation stages for a more efficient use in the control of the insect pest. Abstract CRBD (CRBD T10%, T10 T T1 0%, 0 (T1:0% T210%, T210 T2 10%, T2:10% T320%, T320 T3 20%, 20 T3:20% T430%, T430 T4 30%, 30 T4:30% T540% T540 T5 40 T5:40 T650%, T650 T6 50% 50 T6:50%) 1 unit larvaeNHL NHL indicaTagetes phase pest T10% 0% (T1:0 T210% T21 10% T2:10 T320% T32 20% 2 T3:20 T430% T43 30% T4:30 T54 4 T5:4 T650% T65 5 T6:50% (T1: T2:1 T3:2 T4:3 T5: T6:50 (T1 T2: T3: T4: T6:5 (T T6:

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito dos extratos de folhas de e Azadirachta indicaTagetes erecta, bem como da resina de Jatropha curcas no controle de larvas de Carmenta foraseminis em frutos de Theobroma cacao. O estudo foi conduzido em delineamento, em blocos casualizados (DBC), com 6 tratamentos(T1:0%,T2:10%, T3:20%, T4:30%, T5:40% e T6:50%), 3 repetições e 10 frutos por unidadeexperimental. As variáveis avaliadas foram: número de larvas eclodidas-NLE, e número de frutos atacados. Os extratos foliares de Azadirachta indica, Tagetes erecta e resina de Jatropha curcas, em concentrações superiores a 40% foram eficientes no controle de Carmenta foraseminis o cultivo de , Theobroma cacaona fase de frutificação. Recomenda-se arealização de novos estudos para a determinação da concentração de metabólitossecundários em folhas de Azadirachta indica, Tagetes erecta e na resina de Jatropha curcas,em diferentes estágios de maturação, para utilização mais eficiente no controle doinseto-praga. Resumo cacao delineamento DBC, DBC (DBC) tratamentosT10%,T210%, tratamentosT10T210 tratamentosTT tratamentos T1 0%,T2 10%, 0 T2 T tratamentos(T1:0%,T2:10% T320%, T320 T3 20%, 20 T3:20% T430%, T430 T4 30%, 30 T4:30% T540% T540 T5 40 T5:40 T650%, T650 T6 50% 50 T6:50%) 1 unidadeexperimental eclodidasNLE, eclodidasNLE eclodidas NLE, NLE eclodidas-NLE atacados indica frutificação Recomendase Recomenda se curcasem maturação doinsetopraga. doinsetopraga doinseto praga. praga doinseto-praga (DBC tratamentosT10 T210 tratamentosT tratamentosT10%,T210% tratamentosT10T21 0T2 0%,T 10% tratamentos(T1:0%,T2:10 T320% T32 20% 2 T3:20 T430% T43 30% T4:30 T54 4 T5:4 T650% T65 5 T6:50% tratamentosT1 T21 tratamentosT10%,T210 tratamentosT10T2 0T tratamentos(T1:0%,T2:1 T3:2 T4:3 T5: T6:50 tratamentosT10%,T21 tratamentosT10T tratamentos(T1:0%,T2: T3: T4: T6:5 tratamentosT10%,T2 tratamentos(T1:0%,T2 T6: tratamentosT10%,T tratamentos(T1:0%,T

Resumen En el sector Atusparia, Tocache, de la Región de San Martin, Perú, plantas de Theobroma cacao L. (Malvaceae) clon CCN-51 de dos años de edad presentaron, por primera vez en enero de 2010, síntomas de amarillamiento en hojas, marchitez y muerte, e internamente obstrucción del sistema vascular. Para el aislamiento del agente causal, tejidos enfermos fueron sembrados en placas Petri que contenían medio papa dextrosa agar oxitetraciclina, cuya identificación fue con base en un análisis morfológico, microscópico y secuenciación de Sanger. Las pruebas de patogenicidad se hicieron en T. cacao clon ICS-1 con edad de tres meses, inoculadas con una suspensión de conidias de 1x107 ufc/mL por dos métodos de inoculación (Drench al suelo y punción en el tallo). La capacidad antagónica (micoparasitismo y antibiosis) se determinó in vitro con aislamientos de Trichoderma endofito sobre el patógeno. En ambos métodos de inoculación, se observaron síntomas de marchitez de diferentes grados de severidad y se confirmó que el agente causal de la muerte súbita del T. cacao fue el hongo Verticillium dahliae Kleb. El análisis de la secuencia blast revelo que el aislamiento tuvo un 100 % de homología con las secuencias de V. dahliae en GenBank. El Trichoderma TE-91 fue identificado como el micoparasito más agresivo, debido a que sus metabolitos inhibieron completamente el crecimiento micelial del patógeno.

Abstract In the Atusparia sector, Tocache, of the San Martin region in Peru, two-year-old plants of Theobroma cacao L. (Malvaceae) of the CCN-51 clone showed for the first time in January 2010, symptoms of leaf yellowing, wilt and dieback, with an internal obstruction of the vascular system of the plant. To isolate the fungus, diseased tissues were cultured in Petri dishes containing potato dextrose agar oxytetracycline, and the identification was based on morphological and microscopic analyses and by the Sanger sequencing. Pathogenicity tests were carried out on three-months-old T. cacao ICS-1 clone plants and were inoculated with a conidia suspension of 1x107 cfu/mL employing two inoculation methods (Drench to the soil and stem puncture). Likewise, the antagonistic capacity (mycoparasitism and antibiosis) was established in vitro with endophytic Trichoderma isolates on the pathogen. With both inoculation methods symptoms of wilt of different degrees of severity were observed and the causal agent of sudden death in T. cacao was confirmed to be the fungus Verticillium dahliae Kleb. blast sequence analysis revealed that the isolate showed 100 % homology with V. dahliae sequences in GenBank. Trichoderma TE-91 was identified as the most aggressive mycoparasite because its metabolites inhibited completely the mycelial growth of the pathogen.

Resumen [24] El cacao es una planta nativa de américa tropical y el Perú ha expandido su área sembrada consideradamente, por lo que es necesario un manejo adecuado del cultivo para obtener rendimientos rentables. Así, el presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo validar la inclusión de Trichoderma endófito y micorrizas en la fertilización orgánica e inorgánica para mejorar el rendimiento y la tolerancia a enfermedades del cacao. El experimento fue localizado en dos zonas productivas del Departamento de San Martín (Juanjui y Lamas), cepas de Trichoderma (T) y hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) se inocularon en plantas de cacao de 6 a 12 años en conjunto con aplicación de fertilizantes (F) y Guano de isla (G), dispuestos en DBCA con 10 tratamientos (Aplicación de T; HMA; T+HMA; T+F; T+G; HMA+F; HMA+G; T; G). Se evaluó la dinámica de las principales enfermedades en cacao (Escoba de bruja, Moniliasis y Pudrición parda), número de frutos cherelles, número de mazorcas y peso de grano seco. A partir de los resultados, se puede concluir que las zonas de Juanjui y Lamas, presentaron mayor incidencia de Moniliasis y Pudrición parda, respectivamente; explicado por el posible desbalance nutricional en las plantas producido por el exceso y falta de calcio, respectivamente. De forma general, la localidad de Juanjui tuvo mayor rendimiento de granos de cacao en comparación a Lamas. Los tratamientos con mayores rendimientos fueron los que incluyeron la aplicación de HMA y fertilizante inorgánico indicando la sinergia entre factores.

Abstract [28] Cacao is a native plant of tropical America and in Peru has considerately expanded its planted area, so proper crop management to obtain profitable yields is necessary. Thus, this study aimed to validate the inclusion of Trichoderma endophyte and mycorrhizae in organic and inorganic fertilization to improve performance and tolerance of cacao to diseases. The experiment was located in two production areas of the Department of San Martin (Juanjui and Lamas), strains of Trichoderma (T) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were inoculated into cacao plants of 10 to 15 years in conjunction with inorganic (F) and organic (G) fertilizer applications, arranged in RCBD with 10 treatments (application of T; HMA; T + HMA; T + F; T + G; HMA + F; HMA + G; T; G). The dynamics of major diseases (Witches’ broom, Frosty pod and black pod) in cacao, cherelles, number of fruits, number of ears and grain dry weight was evaluated. From the results, it can be concluded that the towns of Juanjui and Lamas, had a higher incidence of Moniliasis and Black pod, respectively; explained by the possible nutritional imbalance in plants caused by excess and lack of calcium respectively. Overall, the plants showed higher yields in Juanjui in comparison to Lamas. The treatments with higher yields were those that included the application of HMA and inorganic fertilizer, indicating synergy between factors.

Cocoa has experienced significant growth in recent years in Peru and the presence of heavy metals in the soils of these plantations is a potential problem for the export of this product. The objective of the present study was to determine the total concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Ni, Pb, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn) in soils with cacao crops in the main productive areas in Peru: North (Tumbes, Piura, Cajamarca and Amazonas), Center (San Martin, Huánuco and Junín) and South (Cuzco). Contents of heavy metals in soils of cocoa plantations from 10 to 15 years old were evaluated. Physical (texture) and chemical (pH, organic matter, CEC, P, K, Ca, Mg, Al, Cd, Ni, Pb, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn) analyzes were conducted in the soils. The results show favorable growing conditions for cocoa. The values found for heavy metals were below those considered as phytotoxic. Mean values of total Fe, Zn, Mn, Ni and Pb were higher in the southern region while in the northern region the values of Cu and Cd were higher. In general, pH, % of Clay and Mg were the variables that had higher significant correlations with heavy metals.

El cacao ha tenido un crecimiento significativo en los últimos años en el Perú y la presencia de metales pesados en los suelos de estas plantaciones es un potencial problema para las exportaciones de este producto. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar los contenidos totales de metales pesados (Cd, Ni, Pb, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn) en los suelos de plantaciones de cacao en las principales áreas de producción del Perú: Zona Norte (Tumbes, Piura, Cajamarca y Amazonas); Zona central (San Martín, Huánuco y Junín); Zona Sur (Cuzco). Se consideraron plantaciones entre 10 y 15 años de edad. Se realizaron los análisis físicos (textura) y químicos (pH, materia orgánica, CIC, P, K, Ca, Mg, Al, Cd, Ni, Pb, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn) de los suelos muestreados. Los suelos en el estudio presentan adecuadas condiciones físicas y químicas para el cultivo de cacao. Los valores de metales pesados se encontraron por debajo de lo considerado como fitotóxico. Los valores promedio de hierro, zinc, manganeso, níquel y plomo fueron mayores en la zona sur, mientras que en la zona norte los valores de cobre y cadmio fueron mayores. De forma general el pH, % de arcilla y Mg fueron las variables que tuvieron mayor correlación con la concentración de metales pesados.