Resumen: Aquí se estudia principalmente qué es el matrimonio. De paso, se muestra cómo este debate tiene profundas consecuencias en el bien común y cómo debería regularse su protección. De manera sistemática revisan las opiniones más importantes sobre el matrimonio, a favor y en contra, para luego sopesar su consistencia. El análisis se divide en dos partes. En la primera se delimita la noción del matrimonio auténtico y se muestran las consecuencias que tiene en el bien común, las mismas que justifican la actuación del Estado en esta materia. Se ven ahí todo género de uniones románticas, monogámicas o no, y el interés público que estas pueden presentar. La segunda parte aborda las objeciones más comunes formuladas contra el matrimonio tradicional, no vistas antes. Estas son objeciones por conservadurismo (¿por qué no extender las normas tradicionales a la comunidad gay?), de tipo pragmático (¿qué pasa con las necesidades concretas de las parejas?), de equidad (¿acaso la concepción conyugal del matrimonio sacrifica el desarrollo pleno de algunas personas a favor de otras?), de naturalidad (¿no es acaso natural?), y de la neutralidad (¿no es cierto que las leyes matrimoniales tradicionales imponen visiones morales y religiosas controversiales a otras personas?). La conclusión principal es que el matrimonio entendido como la unión conyugal de marido y mujer realmente sirve al bien de los hijos, al bien de los esposos, y al bien común de toda la sociedad; estos beneficios no se dan de la misma manera en el matrimonio igualitario.

Abstract: Here is studied mainly what marriage is. By the way, the analysis shows how this debate has profound consequences in the common good and how its protection should be regulated. With a systematically method, authors review the most important opinions about marriage, for and against the usual notion, and then they weigh their consistency. The analysis is divided into two parts. In the first one is defined the notion of the authentic marriage and the consequences that it has on the common good (consequences that justify the State’s actions in this matter). There are analyzed all kinds of romantic unions, monogamous or not, taking care of the public interest that they can present. Part II considers all of the serious concerns that are not treated earlier: the objections from conservatism (Why not spread traditional norms to the gay community?), from practicality (What about partners’ concrete needs?), from fairness (Doesn’t the conjugal conception of marriage sacrifice some people’s fulfillment for others’?), from naturalness (Isn’t it only natural?), and from neutrality (Doesnʹt traditional marriage law impose controversial moral and religious views on everyone?). The main conclusion is that marriage understood as the conjugal union of man and woman really serves for the good of the children, the good of the spouses, and the common good of the society; these benefits do not occur in the same way in same sex marriage.

RESUMO: A listeriose é uma doença que afeta várias espécies animais, incluindo o homem, e possui três formas diferentes de apresentação: nervosa, abortiva ou septicêmica. A forma nervosa é causada principalmente pela bactéria Listeria monocytogenes. No Brasil a doença já foi descrita em bovinos, ovinos e caprinos, mas não foram encontrados relatos desta doença em búfalos no Brasil e no mundo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever um surto de listeriose nervosa em búfalos no estado do Pará, Brasil. O surto ocorreu de maio a julho de 2016, em uma propriedade localizada no município de Bujaru, na Amazônia Oriental. Três bubalinos de um total de 47 animais (Casos 1, 2 e 3), menores de 40 dias, apresentaram um quadro clínico neurológico caracterizado por dificuldade de locomoção, paralisia dos quatro membros, diminuição da sensibilidade cutânea, decúbito lateral e morte. A morbidade foi de 6,38% e a letalidade de 100%. Na necropsia não foram encontradas lesões macroscópicas significativas. Amostras do sistema nervoso central foram coletadas e fixadas em formalina tamponada a 10% e processadas rotineiramente para análise histopatológica. As principais alterações microscópicas observadas foram microabscessos unilaterais no tronco encefálico, compostos predominantemente por células mononucleares, com menor número de polimorfonucleares, e manguitos perivasculares compostos predominantemente por células mononucleares e poucos neutrófilos. Amostras dos Casos 1 e 2 revelaram bactérias Gram positivas nas áreas de necrose na técnica de Gram. Amostras do Caso 1 resultaram positivas na imuno-histoquímica para L. monocytogenes. O diagnóstico da forma nervosa da listeriose foi baseado nos dados epidemiológicos, no quadro clínico patológico e na imunomarcação para Listeria monocytogenes. Os resultados demostram que a listeriose deve ser considerada no diagnóstico diferencial em bubalinos com sinais nervosos.

ABSTRACT: Listeriosis is a disease that affects several animal species, including humans, and has three different forms of presentation: encephalic, reproductive, or septicemic. The nervous form is caused mainly by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. In Brazil, this disease has already been described in sheep, goats, and cattle. There are no reports of the disease in buffaloes in Brazil and worldwide. The objective of this study was to describe an outbreak of listeric meningoencephalitis in buffaloes in the state of Pará, Brazil. The outbreak occurred in a property located in the municipality of Bujaru, in the eastern Amazon, from May to July 2016. In a herd of 47 buffaloes, three animals (Cases 1, 2 and 3), aged <40 days, presented a neurological condition with locomotion difficulty characterized by paralysis of the four limbs, hypoesthesia, lateral recumbency, and death. Morbidity was 6.38% and lethality was 100%. At necropsy, no significant macroscopic lesions were found. Samples of the central nervous system were collected, fixed in 10% buffered formalin, and routinely processed for histopathological analysis. The main microscopic changes observed were unilateral microabscesses in the brainstem composed predominantly of mononuclear cells, with fewer polymorphonuclear cells, and perivascular cuffs composed mostly of mononuclear cells and few neutrophils. Samples of Cases 1 and 2 revealed Gram-positive bacteria in the areas of necrosis by the Gram’s stain technique. Samples of Case 1 were positive in immunohistochemistry for L. monocytogenes. Diagnosis of the nervous form of listeriosis was based on epidemiological data, clinical profile, and immunostaining for Listeria monocytogenes. Results showed that listeriosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis in buffaloes with nervous signs.

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a relação entre comomentos de terceira e quarta ordens e fatores de risco e sua adequação aos retornos, ao desempenho e à captação líquida de fundos de investimento. Os fatores utilizados para determinar a performance dos fundos e, consequentemente, sua relação com a captação são: retorno de mercado, tamanho, book-to-market, lucratividade, investimento, coassimetria e cocurtose. Os fundos que constituem a amostra são aqueles classificados como Ações Livre (no período de abril de 2001 a abril de 2015). Metodologicamente, este estudo apresenta duas fases. A primeira se refere à estimação dos parâmetros que representam a sensibilidade dos fundos aos fatores e à comparação dos capital asset pricing models (CAPM), 4 fatores Fama-French-Carhart (FFC), 5 fatores Fama-French (FF5) e 5 fatores Fama-French com momentum (FF5M), acrescidos ou não dos comomentos, por meio de procedimento de efeitos fixos. A segunda trata da verificação da relação entre a performance e a captação líquida dos fundos. Procedeu-se à reestimação dos modelos por meio de janelas temporais móveis, de modo que o alfa calculado em cada uma delas representasse a performance do fundo no período imediatamente subsequente. Também se estimou a relação captação-performance por meio de regressões transversais, com taxas e idade como variáveis de controle. Os resultados demonstraram que os coeficientes de coassimetria e cocurtose são pouco relevantes para a determinação do desempenho e da captação líquida de fundos de investimento. Dentre os fatores de risco, mercado, tamanho e momentum são os parâmetros que se mostram importantes para os retornos dos fundos. Os modelos FFC e FF5M são aqueles que apresentam maior poder explicativo à especificação dos retornos. Há, ainda, indícios de convexidade na relação entre desempenho e captação.

ABSTRACT This article aims to analyze the relation between third- and fourth-order conditions and risk factors and their adequacy to return, performance, and net fundraising. The factors used to determine fund performance and, consequently, their relation with fundraising are: market return, size, book-to-market, profitability, investment, co-skewness, and co-kurtosis. The funds constituting the sample are those classified as Free Stocks (within the period from April 2001 to April 2015). Methodologically, this study has two phases. The first one refers to estimating the parameters that represent fund sensitivity to the factors and the comparison of the capital asset pricing models (CAPM), Fama-French-Carhart 4-factor (FFC), Fama-French 5-factor (FF5), Fama-French 5-factor with momentum (FF5M), added or not with co-moments, by means of the fixed-effects procedure. The second one deals with verifying the relation between performance and net fundraising. The models were reestimated through moving time windows, so that the alpha calculated on each of them represented fund performance within the immediately subsequent period. We also estimated the relation fundraising-performance through cross-section regressions, with rates and age as control variables. The results showed that the co-skewness and co-kurtosis coefficients are not that relevant for determining performance and net fundraising of investment funds. Among the risk factors, market, size, and momentum are the significant parameters for fund returns. The FFC and FF5M models are those with greater explanatory power regarding return specification. There is also evidence of convexity in the relation between performance and fundraising.

Resumo Este estudo avalia o desempenho de fundos de investimento brasileiros em ações, comparando retornos reais e indicadores paramétricos e não paramétricos de performance. A estimativa de desempenho e classificação dos fundos foi realizada com base na observação dos retornos reais e dos alfas obtidos do modelo de regressão linear paramétrica, de Carhart. Os indicadores foram comparados com os scores de eficiência relativa da análise envoltória de dados, do modelo não paramétrico de Banker, Charnes e Cooper. Os alfas foram estimados considerando os impactos dos fatores de mercado, tamanho, valor e momento nos retornos reais de cada fundo e os scores, tendo como insumos risco sistêmico, recursos disponíveis, custos e risco total, e, como produto de análise, os retornos. Identificou-se queda de performance dos fundos, apontada pela literatura, alta correlação dos alfas com os retornos reais, baixa correlação dos scores com retornos e mais baixa correlação entre alfas e scores. Isso indica que a escolha da medida de avaliação a ser utilizada consiste em uma importante etapa da seleção de ativos. Montaram-se, ainda, carteiras teóricas pautadas na eficiência e alfas identificando-se performance superior das carteiras baseada na eficiência, sendo que nenhuma delas superou a carteira de mercado.

Abstract This study evaluates the performance of Brazilian investment funds in stocks, comparing real returns and performance indicators, both parametric and non-parametric. The estimation of performance and classification of funds were realized with a basis in observation of real returns and the alphas obtained from Carhart’s parametric linear regression model. The indicators were compared with data envelopment analysis’ relative efficiency scores, the Banker, Charnes and Cooper non parametric model. The alphas were estimated considering the impacts of market factors, size, value, and momentum on the actual returns of each fund and the scores based on systemic risk, available resources, costs and total risk and, as a product of analysis, the return. As pointed out in the literature, a fall in fund performance was identified, as well as a high alpha correlation with actual returns, low correlation of scores with returns, and even lower correlation between alphas and scores. This indicates that the choice of the evaluation measure to be used is an important step in the selection of assets. Theoretical portfolios based on efficiency and alphas were also identified, identifying superior performance of the portfolios based on efficiency, none of which surpassed the market portfolio.

Resumo A teoria dos germes, decorrente, em especial, dos trabalhos de Louis Pasteur e Robert Koch, fez estremecer as bases do saber médico a partir da segunda metade do período oitocentista e promoveu uma revolução na “arte de curar”. A busca por micróbios específicos para as doenças norteou as investigações de pesquisadores convertidos aos dogmas pasteurianos. Este trabalho procura mostrar, em linhas gerais, o papel desempenhado pela Gazeta Médica da Bahia no processo de divulgação da bacteriologia junto às comunidades médicas baiana e nacional. O artigo apresenta alguns trabalhos e reflexões de colaboradores do periódico e destaca algumas controvérsias que ajudaram a traçar um panorama da difusão da teoria dos germes pelo Brasil ao longo do século XIX.

Abstract Germ theory, derived particularly from the work of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch, shook the foundations of medical knowledge in the second half of the nineteenth century and triggered a revolution in the “art of healing.” The search for specific microbes for diseases guided the investigations of the researchers converted to the Pasteurian tenets. This paper aims to show what role the Gazeta Médica da Bahia journal played in spreading knowledge about bacteriology to the medical communities in Bahia and throughout Brazil. Some works and reflections by the newspaper’s authors at the time are presented, as are some of the controversies that help depict the way germ theory was divulged in Brazil throughout the nineteenth century.

RESUMO A crescente pressão pelo aumento da qualidade dos serviços de saúde, bem como a redução dos custos, tem feito com que as organizações de saúde adotem cada vez mais o uso de Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) através do desenvolvimento e adoção de Sistemas de Informação em Saúde (SIS). Entretanto, a necessidade da troca de informações entre SIS e organizações também aumentou, evidenciando a carência gerada pela falta de interoperabilidade. Esse problema é considerado complexo, porém a utilização de Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) apresenta-se como uma boa saída para essa questão. Esse trabalho apresenta uma revisão sistemática, elaborada com o intuito de descobrir de que forma e em quais contextos SOA está sendo utilizada para garantir a interoperabilidade de SIS.

ABSTRACT The growing pressure to increase the quality of health services, as well as reducing costs, has caused healthcare organizations to increase the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) through the development and adoption of Healthcare Information Systems (HIS). However, the need for exchange of information between HIS and between organizations has also increased, resulting in the problem of interoperability. This problem is considered complex, but the use of Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) appears as a good way to address this issue. This paper presents a systematic review, performed in order to find out how and in which contexts SOA is being used to ensure the interoperability of HIS.

摘要 问题 在 2003 年之前，约旦漏报了大量死亡人数。 死亡通知表单不符合世界卫生组织 (WHO) 的标准，死亡原因信息经常缺失、不完整或不准确。 方法 一个能判定死亡原因的新型死亡率监测系统在 2003 年得以应用，卫生部还成立了一个给死亡原因编码的单位。 当地状况 约旦是一个有着 640 万人口的中等收入国家。 在 2005 年至 2011 年间，每年登记死亡人数大约有 2 万人。 相关变化 在 2001 年，卫生部组织了关于约旦死亡率监测系统的第一次会议，会议提出了五点计划来提升死亡统计质量。 根据会议提出的建议， 2003 年卫生部与国际伙伴合作发起了提升死亡率统计质量的项目。 约旦不断改进他们的死亡率报告系统，自 2004 年起每年提交一份报告。报告的内容基于超过 70% 的汇报死亡人数。 死亡原因信息的质量已经得到提高，大约只有 6% 的死亡症状情况不明--与 2001 年之前的百分比 (40%) 相比大大减少。 现在，死亡率信息已按照国际标准提交给世界卫生组织。 经验教训 约旦经过了 10 年的死亡率监测，报告质量得到提升，信息已被全国各种医疗项目使用。

Résumé Problème Avant 2003, le nombre de décès était considérablement sous-déclaré en Jordanie. Le formulaire de déclaration de décès n'était pas conforme aux directives de l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS) et les informations relatives aux causes des décès étaient généralement manquantes, incomplètes ou imprécises. Approche Un nouveau système de surveillance de la mortalité pour déterminer les causes de décès a été mis en place en 2003 et une unité chargée de codifier les causes de décès a été créée au sein du ministère de la Santé. Environnement local La Jordanie est un pays à revenu intermédiaire qui compte 6,4 millions d'habitants. Environ 20 000 décès par an ont été enregistrés entre 2005 et 2011. Changements significatifs En 2001, le ministère de la Santé a organisé une première réunion sur le système de surveillance de la mortalité de Jordanie, qui a conduit à l'élaboration d'un plan en cinq points visant à améliorer les statistiques de mortalité. À partir des recommandations formulées au cours de cette réunion, le ministère de la Santé a amorcé en 2003 un projet d'amélioration des statistiques de mortalité en collaboration avec des partenaires internationaux. La Jordanie a poursuivi l'amélioration de son système d'établissement de rapports sur la mortalité avec l'élaboration depuis 2004 de rapports annuels. Ces rapports s'appuient sur plus de 70% des décès signalés. La qualité des informations relatives aux causes des décès s'est améliorée, seulement 6% environ des décès étant attribués à des symptômes et à des troubles mal définis, ce qui représente une baisse importante par rapport au pourcentage antérieur à 2001 (40%). Les données de mortalité sont désormais soumises à l'OMS conformément aux normes internationales. Leçons tirées Après 10 ans de surveillance de la mortalité en Jordanie, la diffusion de données s'est améliorée et les informations ont été utilisées dans le cadre de différents programmes de santé dans l'ensemble du pays.

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Abstract Problem Before 2003 there was substantial underreporting of deaths in Jordan. The death notification form did not comply with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines and information on the cause of death was often missing, incomplete or inaccurate. Approach A new mortality surveillance system to determine the causes of death was implemented in 2003 and a unit for coding causes of death was established at the ministry of health. Local setting Jordan is a middle-income country with a population of 6.4 million people. Approximately 20 000 deaths were registered per year between 2005 and 2011. Relevant changes In 2001, the ministry of health organized the first meeting on Jordan's mortality system, which yielded a five-point plan to improve mortality statistics. Using the recommendations produced from this meeting, in 2003 the ministry of health initiated a mortality statistics improvement project in collaboration with international partners. Jordan has continued to improve its mortality reporting system, with annual reporting since 2004. Reports are based on more than 70% of reported deaths. The quality of cause-of-death information has improved, with only about 6% of deaths allocated to symptoms and ill-defined conditions - a substantial decrease from the percentage before 2001 (40%). Mortality information is now submitted to WHO following international standards. Lessons learnt After 10 years of mortality surveillance in Jordan, the reporting has improved and the information has been used by various health programmes throughout Jordan.

ملخص المشكلة شهدت الأردن نقصًا كبيرًا في الإبلاغ عن حالات الوفاة فيما قبل عام 2003. فلم يتوافق نموذج الإخطار بالوفاة مع المبادئ التوجيهية لمنظمة الصحة العالمية (WHO)، كما كانت المعلومات المتعلقة بسبب الوفاة غير موجودة أو غير مكتملة أو غير دقيقة في أغلب الأحيان. الأسلوب تم تطبيق نظام جديد في عام 2003 لمراقبة الوفيات بغرض تحديد أسباب الوفاة، كما تم إنشاء وحدة في وزارة الصحة لترميز أسباب الوفاة. المواقع المحلية تمثل الأردن دولة متوسطة الدخل يبلغ عدد سكانها 6.4 مليون شخص. وقد تم تسجيل ما يقرب من 20000 حالة وفاة في العام في الفترة ما بين عامي 2005 و2011. التغيرات ذات الصلة نظمت وزارة الصحة في عام 2001 أول اجتماع بشأن نظام تسجيل الوفيات في الأردن، وقد تمخض عن خطة مكونة من خمس نقاط لتحسين الإحصائيات المتعلقة بالوفيات. وبناء على التوصيات التي أثمر عنها الاجتماع، بدأت وزارة الصحة في عام 2003 مشروعًا لتحسين الإحصائيات المتعلقة بالوفيات بالتعاون مع شركاء دوليين. واستمرت الأردن في تحسين نظام الإبلاغ عن الوفيات باستخدام الإبلاغ السنوي منذ عام 2004. واستندت التقارير إلى ما يزيد عن 70% من حالات الوفاة المبلغ عنها. وتحسن مستوى جودة المعلومات المتعلقة بأسباب الوفاة، مع وجود حوالي 6% فقط من حالات الوفاة المصنفة ضمن حالات المعاناة من بعض الأعراض المرضية والحالات التي تفتقر إلى دقة التحديد، مما أدى إلى حدوث انخفاض ملموس في النسبة المئوية المسجلة قبل عام 2001 (40%). وتُقدَّم المعلومات المتعلقة بالوفيات حاليًا لمنظمة الصحة العالمية باتباع المعايير الدولية. الدروس المستفادة بعد مرور 10 سنوات على تطبيق نظام مراقبة الوفيات في الأردن، تحسّن الإبلاغ عن الوفيات، ويتم استخدام المعلومات المتعلقة بالوفيات بواسطة العديد من البرامج الصحية في مختلف أنحاء الأردن .

Resumen Situación Antes de 2003, existía una infradeclaración sustancial de las muertes en Jordania. El formulario de notificación de defunciones no cumplía con las directrices de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), ya que en repetidas ocasiones la información referente a la causa del fallecimiento no se proveía, o bien estaba incompleta o era incorrecta. Enfoque En 2003, se implementó un nuevo sistema de vigilancia de la mortalidad para determinar las causas de mortalidad. También se estableció una unidad para clasificar las causas de mortalidad en el Ministerio de Salud. Marco regional Jordania es un país de ingresos medios y tiene una población de 6,4 millones de personas. Entre 2005 y 2011, se registraron unas 20.000 defunciones por año. Cambios importantes En 2001, el Ministerio de Salud organizó la primera reunión sobre el sistema de mortalidad de Jordania, cuyo resultado fue un plan de cinco puntos para mejorar las estadísticas de mortalidad. Haciendo uso de las recomendaciones que salieron de esa reunión, en 2003, el Ministerio de Salud inició un proyecto de mejora de las estadísticas de mortalidad en colaboración con socios internacionales. Jordania ha seguido mejorando su sistema de presentación de informes sobre mortalidad, con informes anuales desde 2004. Dichos informes se basan en más del 70% de las defunciones notificadas. La calidad de la información referente a la causa de mortalidad ha mejorado, con solo un 6% de las defunciones atribuidas a síntomas y estados no definidos, la cual cosa significa una caída sustancial del porcentaje existente antes de 2001 (40%). Actualmente, la información sobre mortalidad se presenta ante la OMS y cumple con las normas internacionales. Lecciones aprendidas Después de 10 años de vigilancia de la mortalidad en Jordania, los informes han mejorado y la información se ha usado para diferentes programas sanitarios por toda Jordania.

Granada es muy dependiente de los arrecifes coralinos como fuente de alimento y apoyo al turismo. Factores estresantes locales y globales amenazan con estos arrecifes. La legislación fue creada para esta área protegida en el 2001, boyas de amarre fueron colocadas en 2009 y las restricciones a la pesca comenzaron a implementarse a partir del 2010. Iniciativas para reducir el estrés por contaminación terrestre, de fuentes puntuales y no-puntuales, en la zona comenzaron recientemente. Este estudio documenta la cobertura bentónica y poblaciones de peces asociados a los arrecifes del área marina Protegida (MPA) a lo larfo de la costa suroeste de Granada del 2008 al 2012. Se utilizaron los métodos de Punto Línea Intercepción (PLI) y Cuadrantes Fotográficos (PQ) para evaluar anualmente la cobertura bentónica a lo largo de transectos permanentes de 30m (ocho dentro y 12 fuera del MPA). La abundancia relativa de peces y del erizo negro Diadema antillarum a través de censos visuales de 2m de ancho a lo largo de los mismos transectos lineales. La cobertura de sustrato estuvo dominada por algas con 41% en 2009 y 74.2% en 2011. Se notó una tendencia general de aumento en la cobertura algal. La combinación de los resultados antes de las encuestas (2008-2010) y después de la implementación de los controles del MPA (2011-2012) mostró un aumento significativo en la cobertura algal. La forma algal predominante fue macroalgas que consta el 65.4% y el 90.8% del total de algas. El porcentaje de cobertura de coral durovarió entre un 8.7% y un 21.1%. Se observó una pequeña variación anual en el porcentaje de cobertura de coral vivo. Los corales ramificados (34.1%-52.3% del total de corales duros) fueron la forma de coral más común encontrada durante el estudio. De las 19 especies de corales duros identificados, Porites porites (21% - 23%) y Porites astreoides (20%) dominaron el porcentaje de composición. Madracis mirabilis contribuyó en un 21% del total de corales duros fuera del MPA pero solo un 8.7% en el MPA. De las 63 especies de peces identificadas en el área de estudio Chromis spp. (71.5% - 46%) fue el grupo dominante. Los lábridos (Labridae) mostraron un aumento significativo de su abundancia de un 6.9% en 2008 a un 21.5% en 2010 dentro del MPA con un pico de incremento similar en el 2011 fuera de la MPA. Hubo un aumento notable (aunque no significativo estadísticamente) en los peces piscívoros dentro del MPA en 2012. Esto es una indicación prometedora de que las restricciones de pesca en la MPA pueden estar dando efecto. La densidad de Diadema antillarum fue baja, osciló entre 4.58 y 0.21 erizos/100m² fuera del MPA y entre 0.28 y 0.10 erizos/100m² dentro del MPA a pesar de la existencia de un programa de repoblación de la especie llevado a cabo en el 2011.

Grenada is highly dependent on coral reefs as a source of food and to support tourism. Local and global environmental stressors threaten these reefs. Legislation was created for this MPA in 2001, permanent mooring buoys were deployed in 2009 and enforcement of fishing restrictions began in 2010. Initiatives to address point and nonpoint source pollution from the land have recently begun, aimed at reducing stress on reef area. This study documents benthic cover and fish populations associated with reefs in a Marine Protected Area (MPA) along Grenada’s southwest coast from 2008 through 2012. Both Point Line Intercept and Photo Quadrat methods were used to assess benthic cover along permanent 30m transects (8 in and 12 outside the area) annually. Fish and Diadema antillarum urchin relative abundance were determined based on 2m wide belt surveys along the same transects. The predominant substrate cover was algae, ranging from 41% in 2009 to 74.2% in 2011. A general trend of increasing algal cover was noted. Combined annual survey results prior (2008-2010) and after controls were implemented (2011-2012) showed a significant increase in algal cover. The predominant algal form was macroalgae comprising 65.4% - 90.8% of total algae. Live hard coral percent cover ranged from 8.7% to 21.1%. Little annual variation was observed in percent live coral cover. Branching corals (34.1% - 52.3% of total living hard coral) were the most common. Of the 19 living hard coral species identified, Porites porites (21%-23%) and Porites astreoides (20%) dominated percentage composition. Madracis mirabilis contributed 21% of total live hard coral outside the MPA but only 8.7% in the MPA. Of the 63 species of fish identified in the study areas Chromis spp. (71.5% - 46%) was the dominant group. Wrasse had a significant increase from 6.9% in 2008 to 21.5% in 2010 inside the MPA with a similar increase peaking in 2011 outside the MPA. There was a noticeable (though not statistically significant) increase in piscivorous fishes in the MPA in 2012. This is a promising indication that fishing restrictions in the MPA may be having an effect. Diadema antillarum density was low, ranging from 4.58 to 0.21 urchins/100m² outside and 0.28 to 0.10 urchins/100m² inside despite a stocking attempt in the area in 2011.

The aim of the present study was to determine the role of GDF-9 and/or FSH on the growth and mRNA expression for FSH-R, GDF-9, and BMPs in goat secondary follicles after culture in vitro. Goat secondary follicles (~200µm) were isolated and cultured for six days in minimum essential medium (MEM) supplemented with GDF-9 (200 ng/mL), FSH (50 ng/mL) or both. At the beginning and end of culture, the follicular diameter was evaluated and compared. The levels of mRNA for GDF-9, FSH-R and BMPs -2, -4, -6, -7 and -15 in cultured follicles were quantified by real time PCR. The results showed that a significant increase of follicle diameter after six days when compared to day 0, but the presence of GDF-9 and FSH did not influence the follicular growth in comparison with those cultured in MEM. Real time PCR showed that GDF-9 down-regulated the levels of mRNA for BMPs -2 and -15, while FSH either alone or in combination with GDF-9 did not affect the expression of GDF-9, FSH-R and BMPs. In conclusion, GDF-9 reduced the expression of BMP-2 and -15 in caprine preantral follicles after their culture, but FSH either alone or in association with GDF-9 did not control the expression of GDF-9, FSH-R and BMPs.

Un estudio sobre poblaciones bentónicas y de peces fue realizado en cinco localidades en la zona costera en el suroeste de Grenada entre 2008 y 2010. Dos sitios se ubicaron en una Área Marina Portegida (AMP) recientemente creada. Para determinar la cobertura se utilizaron foto-cuadrantes (FQ) y transectos de intersección de puntos (TIP). Las algas fueron el principal componente del bentos, aumentando significativamente de 45,9% en 2008 a 52,7% en 2010 (TIP). Las algas también fueron predominantes (61,9%-59,3) en los FQ, aunque las diferencias anuales no fueron significativas. La cobertura de corales pétreos tenía un ámbito de 16,5% a 15,4% (TIP) y de 11,4% a 12,0% (FQ), sin diferencias significativas entre años. Los corales ramificados e incrustantes fueron más frecuentes que los corales masivos. En los tres años no hubo diferencias significativas entre las AMPs y las áreas no protegidas. La abundancia relativa de peces a lo largo de un transecto de 30x2m no varió significativamente entre los años, sin embargo, la densidad de peces decreció significativamente a través de los años, para los grupos principales. Chromis spp. predominó con 65,2% en 2008 y 49,8% en 2012, seguido por damiselas territoriales, 11,1% y 15,5%, y los lábridos aumentaron de 7,3% a 15,5%. Tanto la coberura del sustrato como los datos de peces indican una comunidad estable pero degradada. Sondeos anuales están planeados para el futuro. Los datos existentes y futuros de este proyecto serán muy útiles para determinar la eficacia de la gestión de las AMPs y el estado de salud de los sistemas arrecifales de Grenada.

Annual benthic and fish population surveys were completed at five locations in the nearshore waters along Grenada´s southwest coast during 2008-2010. Two survey sites are located in a newly launched Marine Protected Area (MPA). Photo Quadrat (PQ) and Point Line Intercept (PLI) surveys were used to determine substrate cover. Algae was the primary live cover increasing significantly from 45.9% in 2008 to 52.7% in 2010 (PLI). Algae was also predominant (61.0%-59.3%) in the PQ surveys although annual variation was not significant. Hard coral cover ranged from 16.5% to 15.4% (PLI) and 11.4% to12.0% (PQ) with no significant differences between years. Branching and encrusting corals occurred more frequently than massive corals. In the three annual surveys neither algal cover nor hard coral varied significantly between MPA and non-protected areas (PLI). Relative abundance of fishes along 30x2m belt transects did not vary significantly among years however density of fishes decreased significantly across years for most major groups. Chromis spp. dominated the survey sites at 65.2% in 2008 and 49.8% in 2010, followed by territorial damselfish,11.1% and 15.5%, wrasse increased from 7.3% to 15.5%. Both the substrate cover and fish survey data analyses indicated a stable but degraded community. Annual surveys are planned at these sites for the foreseeable future. Existing and future data from this project will be valuable in determining the efficacy of MPA management, guiding resource management decisions and monitoring the health status of Grenada’s valuable reef systems

Avaliaram-se a relação entre densidade populacional inicial de Meloidogyne mayaguensis em mudas de goiabeiras 'Paluma', seu desenvolvimento vegetativo e a primeira colheita, em condições de microparcelas na área experimental do Departamento de Fitossanidade da UNESP/ FCAV, Jaboticabal-SP. Os tratamentos consistiram em cinco níveis crescentes de inóculo (0; 10; 100; 1.000 e 10.000 ovos+juvenis de segundo estádio - J2) aplicados por planta. Periodicamente, foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: diâmetro do tronco, comprimento dos ramos, massa fresca e seca da parteaérea retirada nas podas e área foliar. Verificou-se que todas variáveis quantitativas foram afetadas na relação direta com os níveis de inóculo do nematoide. Todas as plantas inoculadas com 1.000 ovos e J2 morreram 10 meses após a inoculação. Houve produção de frutos somente nas plantas dos níveis 0 (zero) e 10 ovos + J2 de M. mayaguensis/planta. Não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos quanto à massa dos frutos, porém o comprimento, a largura e o número de frutos por planta foram superiores nas plantas não inoculadas.

It was evaluated the relationship between initial population density of Meloidogyne mayaguensis in guava 'Paluma' seedling, their growth, and the first harvest in a microplot at the Department of Plant Sanity UNESP/ FCAV, Campus of Jaboticabal, State of São Paulo. The treatments consisted of five levels of inoculums (0; 10; 100; 1,000 and 10,000 eggs and juveniles of the second stage - J2) per root system of guava. Periodically, were evaluated the follows parameters: diameter of the trunk, length of the branches, fresh and dry matter of shoots removed in pruning and aerial part of the plant. All plants inoculated with 1,000 eggs and J2 died 10 months after inoculation. There were fruit production only in the levels 0 (zero) and 10 eggs and J2 of the nematode. There was no significant difference between treatments on the weight of fruit, but the length, width and the fruit number per plant were higher in the non inoculated plants.

Um protocolo para análise do mercúrio (Hg) em amostras líquidas de solo e tecidos vegetais enriquecidos com Hg foi desenvolvido com base na técnica de geração de hidretos. O limite de detecção para este método foi de 11.4 ng/mL. A reproducibilidade do método (calculado com base no desvio padrão relativo) foi de 4.6%. A precisão do método foi verificada pela análise de amostras de água deionizada contendo HgCl2 and HgNO3. Os valores de mercúrio total recuperados variaram de 88.5 a 94.3% para ambas as espécies testadas. O método analítico foi validado por um laboratório externo certificado com discrepância máxima de 15 %. O desempenho analítico do equipamento para análise do mercúrio em tecidos vegetais foi considerado ótimo para volumes de amostra de até 0.25 mL.

A hydride-generation atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) method was developed for the analysis of total Hg in liquid matrices of mercury-rich plants and mine tailings samples. The detection limit for this method was as low as 11.4 ng/mL. The reproducibility of the mercury signals (in terms of relative standard deviation) was 4.6%. Accuracy of the method was verified by analyses of deionised water samples spiked with HgCl2 and HgNO3. Recovery values for total mercury ranged from 88.5 to 94.3% for both mercury species added. An external certified laboratory validated the analytical method with a maximum discrepancy of 15 %. Optimal analytical response of the equipment for Hg analysis of plant samples was achieved when the sample volume added to the reaction vessel was 0.25 mL.

RESUMO O custeio baseado em atividades (ABC) tem sido criticado por sua incapacidade de dar suporte às decisões de produção baseadas no curto prazo, sendo, por isso, considerado uma sistemática de alocação de custos para o longo prazo. Robert Kee, no artigo “Evaluating the economics of short-and long-run production decisions”, desenvolve um modelo de ABC, denominado operacional, que incorpora custos flexíveis de recursos de atividades e restrição de capacidade para decisões de mix ótimo de produção no curto prazo. Ao apresentar um exemplo numérico hipoté- tico, Kee mostra que seu modelo de ABC operacional apresenta, no curto prazo, resultados superiores ao modelo de ABC tradicional e a outro modelo de ABC que leva em conta tão-somente a restrição de capacidade. O presente artigo analisa o modelo proposto por Kee (2001) mediante sua aplicação em uma odontoclínica da administração pública federal, comparando os resultados obtidos pela referida sistemática com os encontrados pelo ABC tradicional e pela teoria das restrições (TOC), aplicados à mesma organização, concluindo pela superioridade do modelo de Kee.

ABSTRACT The activity based costing (ABC) has been criticized for its incapacity to give has supported to the based decisions of production in the short-stated period, being, therefore, considered as a systematic of allocation of costs for the long-stated period. Robert Kee, in the article, “Evaluating The Economics of Shorts Long-Run Production Decisions” develops an ABC model, called operational, that incorporates flexible costs of resources of activities and restriction of capacity for decisions of mix excellent of production in the short-stated period. When presenting a hypothetical numerical example, Kee sample that its operational ABC model presents in the short-stated period, superior results to the model of traditional ABC and another ABC model that so only takes in account the capacity restriction. The present article analyzes the model considered for Kee (2001), through its application in a clinic of tooth treatment of the federal public administration, comparing the results gotten for the systematic related one with the found ones for the traditional ABC and the theory of constraints (TOC), applied to the same organization, concluding for the superiority of the model of Kee.