Resumen Introducción. El psílido asiático (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama) es el principal vector de la bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus que causa la enfermedad de Huanglongbing (HLB) en los cítricos en Panamá. Objetivo. Determinar la distribución geográfica y las plantas hospederas del psílido asiático dentro de las zonas citrícolas de Panamá. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se desarrolló de junio a octubre de 2021, a través de un muestreo sistemático dentro de 46 localidades asociadas a cítricos comerciales y huertos familiares en siete provincias de Panamá. En cada planta se procedió a embolsar con una bolsa plástica de cierre mágico dos brotes nuevos de ≈10 cm de largo para capturar los especímenes e introducirlos dentro de viales plásticos de 2 mm con alcohol al 95 % para su posterior identificación. La variable de estudio incluyó el conteo del número total de especímenes y los datos fueron analizados de manera porcentual. Resultados. Del total de 73 muestras colectadas, la presencia del psílido asiático se confirmó en un 21,92 % (dieciséis muestras), resultó positiva su presencia en las provincias de Chiriquí, Coclé, Herrera, Panamá y Panamá Oeste, en alturas desde los 17 hasta 1080 m s. n. m. No hubo presencia del psílido en las provincias de Los Santos y Veraguas. De las dieciséis muestras que resultaron positivas, el 50 % pertenecieron a la planta de mirto, seguida por la naranja (18,75 %) y el limón criollo (12,50 %). Conclusiones. La distribución del psílido asiático vector del HLB en parcelas de cítricos comerciales y de huertos familiares en las principales zonas citrícolas en Panamá, se presentó diferentes alturas sobre el nivel del mar, asociado a la presencia de plantas hospederas como mirto, naranja y limón criollo.

Abstract Introduction. The asian psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama) is the main vector of the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus that causes Huanglongbing (HLB) disease in citrus in Panama. Objective. To determine the geographic distribution and host plants of the asian psyllid within the citrus growing areas in Panama. Materials and methods. The study was carried out from June to October 2021 through systematic sampling within 46 localities associated with commercial citrus and home gardens in seven provinces of Panama. In each plant, two new shoots of 10 cm long were bagged with a magic-seal plastic bag to capture the specimens and introduce them into 2 mm plastic vials with 95 % alcohol for later identification. The study variable included the count of the total number of specimens, and the data was analyzed as a percentage. Results. Of the total of 73 collected samples, the presence of the Asian psyllid was confirmed in 21.92 % (16 samples). Its presence was positive in the provinces of Chiriquí, Coclé, Herrera, Panama, and West Panama, at altitudes of 17 to 1080 m.a.s.l. There was no presence of the psyllid in the provinces of Los Santos and Veraguas. Of the 16 samples that were positive, 50 % belonged to the myrtle plant, followed by orange (18.75%), and creole lemon (12.50 %). Conclusion. The distribution of the asian psyllid vector of HLB in commercial citrus and home gardens in the main citrus growing areas in Panama was presented at different heights above sea level, mainly associated with the presence of the host plants such as myrtle, orange, and creole lemon.

Abstract Introduction: The identification of Armillaria and Desarmillaria species associated with Armillaria root disease is important to determine management strategies, due to their variation in pathogenicity and virulence. Objective: To identify Desarmillaria/Armillaria species associated with lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.), avocado (Persea americana Mill.), and pine (Pinus sp.) trees with symptoms and signs of Armillaria root disease. Materials and methods: Root samples were collected from trees with signs and symptoms of Armillaria root disease from lychee trees in Veracruz, three avocado orchards in Michoacán, and a forest area in Michoacán. Eight fungal isolates were identified based on DNA sequences of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) gene. Results: Based on tef1 sequences, three isolates obtained from lychee trees in Veracruz were identified as Desarmillaria caespitosa; four isolates obtained from avocado trees and one from a pine tree in Michoacán were identified as Armillaria mexicana. Fungal isolates are deposited in the fungal culture collection of USDA Forest Service, RMRS, Moscow, Idaho, USA, and tef1 sequences are deposited in GenBank. Conclusion: This study represents the first reports of D. caespitosa on lychee in Veracruz and A. mexicana on avocado and pine trees in Michoacán, Mexico.

Resumen Introducción: La identificación de las especies de Armillaria y Desarmillaria asociadas con la pudrición de raíces por Armillaria es importante para determinar estrategias de manejo, debido a su variación en patogenicidad y virulencia. Objetivo: Identificar las especies de Desarmillaria/Armillaria asociadas con árboles de litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.), aguacate (Persea americana Mill.) y pino (Pinus sp.) con síntomas y signos de la pudrición de raíces por Armillaria. Materiales y métodos: Se colectaron muestras con signos y síntomas de la pudrición de raíces por Armillaria en árboles de litchi en Veracruz, en tres huertos de aguacate y en una zona forestal en Michoacán. Ocho aislamientos fúngicos se identificaron mediante la secuenciación del gen factor de elongación 1-alpha (tef1). Resultados: Con base en las secuencias de tef1, tres aislamientos de árboles de litchi en Veracruz se identificaron como Desarmillaria caespitosa; cuatro aislamientos de árboles de aguacate y uno de pino en Michoacán se identificaron como Armillaria mexicana. Los aislamientos fúngicos están depositados en la colección de hongos del Servicio Forestal del USDA, RMRS, Moscow, Idaho, EUA y las secuencias del tef1 están depositadas en el GenBank. Conclusión: Este trabajo constituye los primeros reportes de D. caespitosa en litchi en Veracruz y A. mexicana en aguacate y pino en Michoacán, México.

RESUMO Objetivo. Descrever os efeitos adversos da pandemia de COVID-19 nos serviços de saúde mental do Chile. Métodos. Este estudo é parte de uma pesquisa em andamento em vários países, denominada Mental Health Care - Adverse Sequelae of COVID-19 (Atenção à saúde mental: sequelas adversas da COVID-19, também conhecido como estudo MASC), que inclui sete países. O Chile é o único país da América Latina incluído. O estudo utilizou um delineamento convergente de métodos mistos. O componente quantitativo analisou dados da atenção pública à saúde mental coletados entre janeiro de 2019 e dezembro de 2021 do banco de dados de acesso livre do Ministério da Saúde. O componente qualitativo analisou dados coletados de grupos focais de especialistas que incluíam profissionais responsáveis por serviços de saúde mental, formuladores de políticas, usuários de serviços e cuidadores. Por último, os dados foram sintetizados por triangulação dos dois componentes. Resultados. Até abril de 2020, havia ocorrido uma redução de 88% na prestação de serviços de saúde mental na atenção primária; além disso, os níveis secundários e terciários também haviam reduzido suas atividades de saúde mental em 66,3% e 71,3% dos níveis pré-COVID, respectivamente. Sequelas negativas foram descritas no nível dos sistemas de saúde, e a recuperação total não havia sido alcançada até o final de 2021. A pandemia afetou as características essenciais dos serviços de saúde mental de base comunitária, com impactos adversos na continuidade e na qualidade do atendimento, redução do apoio psicossocial e comunitário e efeitos negativos na saúde mental dos profissionais de saúde. Soluções digitais foram amplamente implementadas para permitir o atendimento remoto, mas os desafios incluíam a disponibilidade de equipamentos, sua qualidade e a exclusão digital. Conclusões. A pandemia de COVID-19 tem tido efeitos adversos significativos e duradouros na atenção à saúde mental. As lições aprendidas podem contribuir para recomendações de boas práticas em pandemias e crises de saúde atuais e futuras. Além disso, destacam a importância de priorizar o fortalecimento dos serviços de saúde mental em resposta a emergências.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Este estudio pretende describir los efectos adversos de la pandemia de COVID-19 en los servicios de salud mental en Chile. Métodos. El estudio forma parte de una investigación multinacional en curso denominada estudio Mental Health Care – Adverse Sequelae of COVID-19 (atención de salud mental: secuelas adversas de la COVID-19), o estudio MASC, en el que participan siete países. Chile es el único de América Latina. En este estudio se utilizó un diseño de métodos mixtos convergentes. En el componente cuantitativo se analizaron los datos de atención en salud mental del sector público obtenidos entre enero del 2019 y diciembre del 2021, provenientes de la base de datos de acceso libre del Ministerio de Salud. En el componente cualitativo se analizaron los datos obtenidos a partir de grupos focales de expertos entre los que había profesionales a cargo de servicios de salud mental, responsables de la formulación de políticas, personas usuarias de los servicios y personas prestadoras de cuidados. Por último, la síntesis de los datos se realizó mediante la triangulación de ambos componentes. Resultados. En abril del 2020, la prestación de servicios de salud mental en atención primaria había disminuido en un 88%; además, los niveles secundario y terciario también habían reducido sus intervenciones en salud mental en un 66,3% y un 71,3%, respectivamente, respecto a los niveles previos a la COVID-19. Se describieron secuelas negativas a nivel de los sistemas de salud, que a fines del 2021 aún no habían logrado su plena recuperación. La pandemia afectó las características esenciales de los servicios de salud mental prestados en la comunidad, con consecuencias adversas en la continuidad y la calidad de la atención, una reducción del apoyo psicosocial y comunitario, y efectos negativos en la salud mental del personal de salud. Se generalizó la adopción de soluciones digitales para posibilitar la atención a distancia, pero algunos de los principales problemas fueron la disponibilidad de equipos, su calidad y la brecha digital. Conclusiones. La pandemia de COVID-19 ha tenido efectos adversos importantes y duraderos en la atención de salud mental. Las enseñanzas extraídas pueden servir de base para formular recomendaciones de buenas prácticas para las pandemias y crisis sanitarias presentes y futuras, a la vez que resaltan la importancia de dar prioridad al fortalecimiento de los servicios de salud mental en las situaciones de respuesta a emergencias.

ABSTRACT Objective. This study seeks to describe the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health services in Chile. Methods. This study is part of ongoing multicountry research known as the Mental Health Care – Adverse Sequelae of COVID-19 study (or the MASC study) that includes seven countries. Chile is the only one in Latin America. This study used a convergent mixed methods design. The quantitative component analyzed data about public mental health care collected between January 2019 and December 2021 from the open-access database at the Ministry of Health. The qualitative component analyzed data collected from focus groups of experts that included professionals in charge of mental health services, policy-makers, service users and caregivers. Finally, the data synthesis was performed by triangulation of both components. Results. By April 2020, mental health service provision had been reduced by 88% in primary care; moreover, secondary and tertiary levels had also reduced their mental health activities by, respectively, 66.3% and 71.3% of pre-COVID levels. Negative sequelae were described at the health systems level, and full recovery had not been achieved by the end of 2021. The pandemic affected the essential characteristics of community-based mental health services, with adverse impacts on the continuity and quality of care, reduced psychosocial and community support, and negative effects on health workers’ mental health. Digital solutions were widely implemented to enable remote care, but challenges included the availability of equipment, its quality and the digital divide. Conclusions. The COVID-19 pandemic has had significant and enduring adverse effects on mental health care. Lessons learned can inform recommendations for good practices for the ongoing and future pandemics and health crises, and highlight the importance of prioritizing the strengthening of mental health services in response to emergencies.

Resumen El árbol del ébano (Ebenopsis ebano (Berl.) Britton et Rose) tiene como fruto una vaina conocida, las semillas dentro de la vaina tienen un alto contenido proteico. Pese a su amplia distribución y cantidad en el noreste de México, no se ha registrado algún uso para la vaina, convirtiéndose en un residuo. Por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar las propiedades físicas, químicas y funcionales de la vaina de ébano y generar información útil a las comunidades para el aprovechamiento integral de árbol como suplemento en alimentación animal, fermentaciones industriales o fuente de antioxidantes. Se encontró que la vaina tuvo longitud promedio de 10.16 cm, diámetro de 14.85 cm, ancho de 0.54 cm y peso de 5.19 g En cuanto a las características físicas y proximales, la absorción de agua fue de 50%, absorción de aceite 1.89%, densidad 0.53 g/cm3. Los parámetros de color fueron L* 56.6, a* 8.07, b* 26.78, mientras que el contenido proximal fue 2.40% humedad, 30.9% cenizas, 0.56% grasa, 47.7% fibra, 45.2 carbohidratos y 1% proteína. Se encontró también que la máxima concentración de xilosa (33.8 g) se obtuvo con 6% de H2SO4. Los resultados indican que este residuo puede utilizarse como fuente de fibra para suplementación animal, o bien aprovechar la xilosa para medios de cultivo económicos a escala industrial o, incluso, la obtención de polifenoles a partir de extractos orgánicos.

Abstract The ebony tree (Ebenopsis ebano (Berl.) Britton et Rose) has a known pod as fruit, the seeds inside the pod have a high protein content; despite its wide distribution and quantity in northeastern Mexico, no use has been reported for the pod, making it a waste product. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the physical, chemical, and functional properties of ebony pods and to generate useful information for the communities for the integral use of the ebony tree as a supplement in animal feed, industrial fermentations or as a source of antioxidants. It was found that the pod had an average length of 10.16 cm, diameter 14.85 cm, width 0.54 cm, and weight 5.19 g; in terms of physical and proximal characteristics, water absorption was 50%, oil absorption 1.89%, density 0.53 g/cm3; color parameters were L* 56.6, a* 8.07, b* 26.78, while the proximal content was 2.40% moisture, 30.9% ash, 0.56% fat, 47.7% fiber, 45.2 carbohydrates and 1% protein. It was also found that the maximum xylose concentration (33.8 g) was obtained with 6% H2SO4. The results indicate that this residue can be used as a source of fiber for animal supplementation or take advantage of xylose for economic culture media at industrial level or even obtaining polyphenols from organic extracts.

Resumo Para compreender um campo, é preciso conhecer como cresce a literatura por ele produzida. Objetiva-se realizar análise estatística inferencial do crescimento da literatura publicada por pesquisadores brasileiros sobre Organização e Representação do Conhecimento de 1972 até 2021. Apresenta-se uma revisão sobre os estudos de crescimento da literatura, e exploram-se os modelos propostos para medir esse crescimento. Foi realizada a coleta de artigos publicados em periódicos acadêmicos, capítulos de livros e trabalhos apresentados em congressos que tratassem alguns aspectos da ORC em lista abrangente de bases de dados e sítios da web, sendo criada uma base de dados em EndNote X8. A literatura coletada foi analisada à luz do Modelo de Crescimento Exponencial e do Modelo Epidêmico. O estudo resultou em 3.630 artigos, produzidos por 2.535 pesquisadores diferentes, sendo a maior parte em trabalhos de evento (53,3%), seguido por artigos em periódicos (35,2%) e por capítulos de livros (5%). O português foi o idioma de 89,5% dos textos, encontrando-se publicações em inglês, espanhol e francês. Quanto aos autores, 20 são os mais produtivos e representam 5% do total de autores pesquisando e publicando no campo. Conclui-se que é partir do ano 2000 que a publicação começa a crescer de forma exponencial, sendo que 10,3% dela foi publicada nos primeiros 30 anos e 67,2% dela foi publicada nos últimos 10 anos. Essa literatura está crescendo de forma exponencial com uma taxa de 12,2% ao ano, duplicando seu volume a cada seis anos, e não alcançou ainda seu ponto de saturação. campo produzida Objetivase Objetiva se 197 2021 Apresentase Apresenta exploramse exploram acadêmicos web X8 X Epidêmico 3630 3 630 3.63 2535 2 535 2.53 diferentes 53,3%, 533 53,3% , 53 (53,3%) 35,2% 352 35 (35,2% 5%. 5 . (5%) 895 89 89,5 textos encontrandose encontrando inglês francês Concluise Conclui 200 103 10,3 672 67 67,2 1 122 12 12,2 saturação 19 202 363 63 3.6 253 2.5 53,3 (53,3% 35,2 (35,2 (5% 8 89, 10, 6 67, 12, 36 3. 25 2. 53, (53,3 35, (35, (5 (53, (35 ( (53 (3

Abstract The objective of this paper is to carry out an inferential statistical analysis of the growth of literature published by Brazilian researchers on Knowledge Organization and Representation (KOR) from 1972 to 2021. It presents a review of studies on growth of literature and explores proposed models to measure this growth. Articles published in academic journals, book chapters, and papers presented at conferences that dealt with some aspects of Knowledge Organization and Representation were collected in a comprehensive list of databases and websites, and a database was created in EndNote X8. The collected literature was analyzed considering the exponential growth model and the epidemic model. It was found 3,630 articles produced by 2,535 different researchers, most of which were congresses papers (53.3%), followed by journal papers (35.2%), and book chapters (5%). Portuguese was the language of 89.5% of the texts, with publications in English, Spanish, and French. Considering only authors, 20 are the most productive and account for 5% of the total number of authors researching and publishing in the field. It is since the year 2000 that the publication begins to grow exponentially, 10.3% of this literature was published in the first 30 years and 67.2% was published in the last 10 years. This literature is growing exponentially at a rate of 12.2% per year, doubling its volume every six years, and has not reached yet its saturation point. KOR (KOR 197 2021 journals websites X8 X 3630 3 630 3,63 2535 2 535 2,53 53.3%, 533 53.3% , 53 (53.3%) 35.2%, 352 35.2% 35 (35.2%) 5%. 5 . (5%) 895 89 89.5 texts English Spanish French field 200 103 10.3 672 67 67.2 1 122 12 12.2 point 19 202 363 63 3,6 253 2,5 53.3 (53.3% 35.2 (35.2% (5% 8 89. 10. 6 67. 12. 36 3, 25 2, 53. (53.3 35. (35.2 (5 (53. (35. ( (53 (35 (3

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the factors associated with the interference of gynecological cancer screening in women aged 25-69 years, according to the Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES) for the years 2019 and 2020. Methods: Quantitative, observational, analytical cross- sectional study. It was a secondary database analysis obtained by ENDE for the years 2019 and 2020. Generalized linear Poisson family crude and adjusted models were used to estimate the association. The measure of association. The measure of association used was the adjusted prevalence ratio (Rpa) with 95% condence interval (95% CI). Results: We worked with a total of 18,113 women aged 25-69 who were interviewed at the ENDES 2019-2020. In the descriptive analysis, it is observed that 19.3% did not take a PAP smear (PAP) and 53.6% did not perform “screening for breast cancer”. Women with a primary education level have 19% and 58% more opportunities to present interference for taking PAP and screening for breast cancer respectively (RPa: 1,19, 95% CI 1.08-1,31 and RPa:1.58, 95% CI 1:51 - 1:64). Living in the jungle increases 56%and 20%more chance of presenting interference for taking PAP and screening for breast cancer respectively (RPa: 1.46, 95% CI 1.42-1.71 and RPa: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.15- 1.25). The level of knowledge increases the interference for taking PAP and screening for breast cancer by 43% and 3% respectively (RPa: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.34- 1.54 and RPa: 1.03, 95% CI:1.00 -1.06) Conclusions: Sociodemographic, sociocultural and economic factors have a marked inuence on the performance of gynecological cancers such as cervical cancer and breast cancer, so it is necessary to implement strategies to promote the prevention of these pathologies.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar los factores asociados con la interferencia de los cribados para cánceres ginecológicos en mujeres peruanas de 25 - 69 años de edad, según la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar (ENDES) de los años 2019 y 2020. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, observacional, analítico de corte transversal. Fue un análisis de base de datos secundaria obtenido por ENDES de los años 2019 y 2020. Se usó modelos lineales generalizados de familia Poisson crudas y ajustadas para poder estimar la asociación. La medida de asociación utilizada fue la razón de prevalencia ajustada (RPa) con un intervalo de confianza al 95% (Ic95%). Resultados: Se trabajó con un total de 18113 mujeres peruanas de 25-69 años entrevistadas en la ENDES 2019-2020. En el análisis descriptivo se observa que un 19,3% no se realizó la toma de Papanicolaou (PAP) y 53,6 no se realizó “cribado para cáncer de mama”. Las mujeres con nivel educativo primario tienen 20% y 58% más oportunidades de presentar interferencia para la toma de PAP y cribado para cáncer de mama respectivamente (RPa: 1.20, IC95%: 1.09-1.32 y RPa: 1.58, IC95%: 1.52-1.65). Vivir en la selva aumenta en 57% y 20% más oportunidades de presentar interferencia para la toma de PAP y cribado para cáncer de mama respectivamente (RPa: 1.57, IC95%: 1.43-1.71 y RPa: 1.20, IC95%: 1.15-1.25). El nivel de conocimiento aumenta en un 44% y 4% la interferencia para la toma de PAP y cribado para cáncer de mama respectivamente (RPa: 1.44, IC95%: 1.34-1.54 y RPa: 1.04, IC95%: 1.01-1.07). Conclusión: Los factores sociodemográficos, socioculturales y económicos influyen de manera marcada en la realización de los cribados de cánceres ginecológicos como el cáncer de cuello uterino y el cáncer de mama, por lo que es necesario implementar estrategias para promover la prevención de estas patologías.

Introduction: In Chile, colorectal cancer covers 11.5% of all malignant neoplasms. Surgery is the cor- nerstone of colon cancer treatment and in stage III patients adjuvant chemotherapy is part of standard treatment. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study, single center, of patients with pathological stage III colon cancer. Main objective of this study is to know if in patients with stage III colon cancer adjuvant chemotherapy is delivered in a timely manner. Results: Between April 2016 and April 2021, 35 patients with pathological stage III colon cancer were operated on. Adjuvant chemotherapy was performed in 80%, and in seven patient during the first eight weeks after surgery. Anastomotic dehiscence occurred in 11.4%, the median hospitalization increased by 2.2 times. Discussion: In this study, adjuvant stage III colon cancer was administered to a high percentage of patients (80%), but we observed a significant delay, since only 25% began treatment during the first 8 weeks post-surgery, which can be explained by multiple factors, with anastomotic dehiscence being an important point to consider. Conclusion: In stage III CC, adjuvant treatment can be delayed by multiple factors, which may affect patient survival; therefore, knowing the causes of this delay could help to establish new strategies, such as neoadjuvant therapy, to improve oncological results.

Resumen Introducción: En Chile, el Cáncer colorrectal (CC) abarca el 11,5% de todas las neoplasias malignas. La cirugía es la piedra angular del tratamiento del cáncer de colon, y en pacientes en etapa III, la quimioterapia adyuvante forma parte del tratamiento estándar. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo transversal, de centro único, de pacientes con cáncer de colon en estadio III patológico. Objetivo principal de este estudio es conocer si, en pacientes con cáncer de colon etapa III, la quimioterapia adyuvante se entrega de manera oportuna. Resultados: En el período comprendido entre abril de 2016 y abril de 2021 se operaron 35 pacientes con cáncer de colon en estadio III patológico. Se realizó quimioterapia adyuvante en un 80%, y en siete pacientes durante las primeras ocho semanas poscirugía. La dehiscencia de anastomosis ocurrió en un 11,4%, aumentando la mediana de hospitalización en 2,2 veces. Discusión: En nuestro estudio, la adyuvancia en cáncer de colon etapa III se administró a un alto porcentaje de los pacientes (80%), pero observamos un retraso importante, ya que sólo en un 25% se inició el tratamiento durante las primeras 8 semanas poscirugía, lo cual puede ser explicado por múltiples factores, siendo la dehiscencia de anastomosis un punto importante a considerar. Conclusión: En estadio III de CC la adyuvancia puede verse retrasada por múltiples factores, lo que puede repercutir en la sobrevida de los pacientes, por lo tanto, conocer las causas de este retraso podría ayudar a instaurar nuevas estrategias, como la neoadyuvancia, para mejorar los resultados oncológicos.

ABSTRACT Between 2001 and 2006, demostrative plantations of bolaina blanca (Gauzuma crinita Mart.) were evaluated in three sectors of the Aguaytı́a river basin that had as previous use cassava crop, 3‑year purma and corn crop in sectors 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Using predictive models of volume and biomass in function of the plantation age, we determined the technical‑economic viability of plantations in a six‑years‑old scenario of sale of slats, tucos and cantoneras (goods) and capture of CO2eq (services) updated to the year 2022 with an annual effective rate of return of 22%.They had a net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and benefit/cost ratio (B/C) of S/. 8 408,67; 60,9% and 1,58 for sector 3; S/. 967,23; 26,5% and 1,07 for sector 2; and S/. ‑7 945,28; 0,0% and 0,14 for sector 1, which were mainly influenced by income generated by the sale of wood chips and the sale of positive flows of carbon sequestration services resulting from the establishment of plantations in soils where the previous use was an annual crop. Thus, the plantation in sectors 3 and 2 were technically and economically viable, while the plantations in sector 1 were not.

RESUMEN Entre los años 2001 al 2006, se evaluaron plantaciones demostrativas de bolaina blanca (Guazuma crinita Mart.) en tres sectores de la cuenca del río Aguaytía que tenían como uso anterior un cultivo de yuca, purma de 3 años y cultivo de maíz en los sectores 1, 2 y 3 respectivamente. Utilizando modelos de predicción de volumen y biomasa en función a la edad de la plantación se determinó la viabilidad técnica‑económica de plantaciones a los seis años de edad en un escenario de venta de tablillas, tucos y cantoneras (bienes) y captura de CO2eq (servicios) actualizados al año 2022 con una TEA del 22%. Tuvieron un valor actual neto (VAN), tasa interna de retorno (TIR) y relación beneficio/costo (B/C), de S/. 8408,67; 60,9% y 1,58 para el sector 3; S/.967,23; 26,5% y 1,07 para el sector 2 y S/. ‑7 945,28; 0,0% y 0,14 para el sector 1, los mismos que estuvieron influenciado principalmente por ingresos generados por la venta de tablillas de madera y la venta de flujos positivos de servicios de captura de carbono, los mismos que resultaron del establecimiento de plantaciones en suelos donde el uso anterior fue un cultivo anual. Por lo que las plantaciones del sector 3 y 2 fueron técnica‑económicamente viables, mientras que las plantaciones del sector 1 no lo fueron.

Resumen Objetivo: Múltiples modelos han intentado predecir la morbilidad y mortalidad de las resecciones hepáticas (RH). Este estudio tiene por objetivo determinar la eficacia y validez de la calculadora de riesgo quirúrgico del American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) en una cohorte de pacientes sometidos a RH en Veracruz, México. Material y métodos: Análisis retrospectivo de pacientes sometidos a RH entre 2005 y 2019. Se compararon los resultados observados con la media del riesgo previsto por la calculadora, mediante Curva ROC, score de Brier y prueba Z. Resultados: Se evaluaron 67 pacientes, con 51.9 años de edad media, un 50.7% de sexo femenino. La mayoría de las resecciones (56.7%) fueron por patología maligna y el 62.1% fueron hepatectomías parciales. La morbilidad fue del 25.4% y la mortalidad del 4.5%. Hubo una predicción buena en las complicaciones (complicación seria, estadística: C: 0.725, score Brier: 0.26, p = 0.006 y cualquier complicación, estadística: C: 0.731, score Brier: 0.33, p = 0.005) y la mortalidad (estadística C: 0.922, score Brier: 0.005, p = 0.014). Conclusiones: La aplicación de la calculadora ACS-NSQIP en pacientes sometidos a RH tiene buen poder de discriminación y buena habilidad predictiva. Predecir riesgos postoperatorios logra una adecuada planeación preoperatoria del procedimiento.

Abstract Objective: Multiple models have tried to predict the morbidity and mortality of liver resections (HR). This study aims to determine the efficacy and validity of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) surgical risk calculator in a cohort of patients undergoing HR in Veracruz, Mexico. Material and methods: Retrospective analysis of patients undergoing HR between 2005 and 2019. To estimate the performance of the calculator, the observed results were compared with the average risk predicted by the calculator, using ROC curve, Brier score and Z test. Results: 67 patients were evaluated, mean age 51.9 years of age, 50.7% female. The majority of resections (56.7%) were for malignancy and 62.1% were partial hepatectomies (up to 3 liver segments). The morbidity was 25.4% and the mortality 4.5%. There was a good prediction in the complications (serious complication: C = 0.725 statistic, Brier score 0.26, p = 0.006 and any statistical complication C = 0.731, Brier score 0.33, p = 0.005) and mortality (C = 0.922 statistic, Brier score 0.005, p = 0.014). Conclusions: The application of the ACS-NSQIP calculator in patients undergoing HR has good discrimination power and good predictive ability. Prediction of postoperative risks achieves a preoperative planning of the appropriate procedure.

Resumen Antecedentes: A la enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19) se le han atribuido diversas coinfecciones bacterianas y fúngicas, especialmente en sujetos con enfermedades preexistentes (diabetes mellitus) o en quienes han recibido altas dosis de corticosteroides. Reporte de caso: Paciente masculino de 52 años, con antecedente de diabetes mellitus, quien recibió altas dosis de dexametasona y antibióticos mientras recibía atención ambulatoria por neumonía secundaria a COVID-19. La rinoscopia anterior reveló una costra necrótica, y una muestra de exudado confirmó la coexistencia de Mucor spp. Debido a la complicación del cuadro clínico, ptosis palpebral y parálisis ocular derecha, se le administró anfotericina B y fue intervenido quirúrgicamente. La evolución del paciente fue satisfactoria. Conclusiones: La diabetes mellitus preexistente, el consumo de corticosteroides y antimicrobianos, además de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 son factores de riesgo asociados con la infección por Mucor spp. Es importante la detección oportuna de mucormicosis en el tratamiento de estos pacientes.

Abstract Background: A variety of bacterial and fungal co-infections may be attributed to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), particularly in people who already have a medical condition such diabetes mellitus or those who received large dosages of steroids. Case report: We described a 52-year-old diabetic man who was receiving high doses of dexamethasone and antibiotics while receiving ambulatory care for COVID-19 pneumonia. His anterior rhinoscopy revealed a necrotic scab, and a sample confirmed Mucor spp. He underwent surgery and was given amphotericin as a result of the severity of the condition, palpebral ptosis, and right ocular palsy he was experiencing. The patien´s progression was satisfactory. Conclusions: pre-existing diabetes mellitus, previous steroid and antimicrobial use, as well as SARS-CoV-2 infection are some of the risk factors associated with Mucor spp. infection. Prompt detection of mucormycosis is important in the management of these affected patients.

ABSTRACT Background: In microbiology laboratories, the identification and counting of microorganisms is a common procedure; and although there is a variety of equipment on the market that possibility to carry out these processes automatically or semi-automatically, it is usually expensive to many laboratories. These are some of the reasons why this arduous and difficult task is still performed in many laboratories by experts in the traditional way, through the observation of samples in microscope, consuming a great time and having variations in the results between experts. Objective: The present work aims to propose a new method for counting bacteria and yeasts in digital images, taken under different magnifications, of microbial bioproducts obtained by fermentation. Methods: The sensor used to take images of the samples was a digital camera model HDCE-X, with a ½" CMOS sensor, with a resolution of 2592 pixels by 1944 pixels (5 Mp). Two types of magnifications were used: 40x magnification (PL40, 0.65 numerical aperture and 0.17 working distance) and 100x magnification (HI plan 100/1.25 with oil immersion). The proposed method is based on digital image processing technics, using tools as contour detection, morphological operations and statistical analysis, and was developed in Python language using the OpenCV library. The work also presents a comparison with the results obtained using ImageJ software for the same purpose. Results: the detection and count of bacteria was achieved with an acceptable accuracy and precision, in both cases above 0.95; not in the case of yeasts whose accuracy and precision was lower, around 0.78 for accuracy and 0.86 for precision. Workflows based on digital image processing techniques are proposed, using tools as contour detection, morphological operations and statistical analysis. Conclusions: the method has an acceptable effectiveness for the context and depends on the characteristics presented by the images.

RESUMEN Fundamento: en los laboratorios de microbiología, la identificación y conteo de microorganismos es un procedimiento habitual. Aunque existen en el mercado equipos que posibilitan su realización de manera automática o semiautomática, son muy costosos, por lo cual esta tarea, difícil e irritante para los ojos, la siguen realizando los expertos de manera tradicional mediante la observación de las muestras en los microscopios, con la consiguiente variabilidad entre ellos. Objetivo: proponer un nuevo método para el conteo de bacterias y levaduras en imágenes digitales, bajo diferentes magnificaciones, tomadas a bioproductos de origen microbiano obtenidos por fermentación. Métodos: el sensor empleado para la toma de imágenes de las muestras fue una cámara digital modelo HDCE-X, con un sensor CMOS de ½", con una resolución de 2592 píxeles por 1944 píxeles (5 Mp). Se emplearon dos tipos de magnificaciones: magnificación 40x (PL40, 0.65 apertura numérica and 0.17 de distancia de trabajo) y magnificación 100x (HI plan 100/1.25 con inmersión de aceite). El método propuesto se basa en técnicas de procesamiento digital de imágenes, utilizando herramientas como la detección de contornos, operaciones morfológicas y análisis estadístico, y fue desarrollado en lenguaje Python con empleo de la biblioteca OpenCV. Resultados: la detección y conteo de bacterias se logró con una exactitud y precisión aceptable, en ambos casos por encima de 0,95; no en el caso de las levaduras cuya exactitud y precisión fueron menores, alrededor de 0,78 y 0,86 respectivamente. Se proponen flujos de trabajo basados en técnicas de procesamiento digital de imágenes, fundamentalmente en detección de contornos, operaciones morfológicas y análisis estadístico. Conclusiones: el método posee una efectividad aceptable para el contexto y depende de las características que presenten las imágenes.

RESUMO Objetivos. Avaliar a prevalência basal de condições de saúde mental e exposições associadas em uma coorte de trabalhadores da saúde (TS) na Guatemala. Métodos. Analisamos as informações da linha de base do estudo on-line sobre trabalhadores da saúde e a COVID-19 (HEROES), realizado em 2020 na Guatemala. Os desfechos incluíram angústia debilitante e sintomas de depressão. As exposições incluíram experiências com a COVID-19, características sociodemográficas e características do trabalho. Usamos em nossas análises modelos de regressão bruta e ajustada de Poisson. Resultados. Dos 1801 TS que concordaram em participar, 1522 (84,5%) preencheram o questionário, sendo que 1014 (66,8%) eram mulheres. Dentre esses participantes, 59,1% (intervalo de confiança [IC] de 95%=56,6; 61,5) apresentaram resultado positivo na triagem de angústia debilitante e 23% (IC 95%=20,9, 25,2) apresentaram resultado positivo para sintomas de depressão moderados a graves. Experiências com COVID-19, e características sociodemográficas e de trabalho apresentaram associação com os resultados do estudo. Os participantes que estavam preocupados com infecção por COVID-19 apresentaram maior risco de angústia debilitante (risco relativo [RR]=1,47; IC95%=1,30; 1,66) e sintomas de depressão (RR=1,51; IC 95% =1,17; 1,96). Da mesma maneira, os participantes mais jovens apresentaram alto risco de apresentarem angústia debilitante (RR=1,80; IC 95%=1,24; 2,63) e sintomas de depressão (OR=4,58; IC 95%=1,51; 13,87). Conclusões. Condições de saúde mental são altamente prevalentes entre os guatemaltecos.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To assess the baseline prevalence of mental health conditions and associated exposures in a cohort of health care workers (HCWs) in Guatemala. Methods. We analyzed baseline information from the 2020 Web-based COVID-19 Health Care Workers Study (HEROES)–Guatemala. Outcomes included mental distress and depressive symptoms. Exposures included COVID-19 experiences, sociodemographic characteristics, and job characteristics. We used crude and adjusted Poisson regression models in our analyses. Results. Of the 1801 HCWs who accepted to participate, 1522 (84.5%) completed the questionnaire; 1014 (66.8%) were women. Among the participants, 59.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 56.6, 61.5) screened positive for mental distress and 23% (95% CI = 20.9, 25.2) for moderate to severe depressive symptoms. COVID-19 experiences, sociodemographic characteristics, and job characteristics were associated with the study outcomes. Participants who were worried about COVID-19 infection were at higher risk of mental distress (relative risk [RR] = 1.47; 95% CI = 1.30, 1.66) and depressive symptoms (RR = 1.51; 95% CI = 1.17, 1.96). Similarly, the youngest participants were at elevated risk of mental distress (RR = 1.80; 95% CI = 1.24, 2.63) and depressive symptoms (OR = 4.58; 95% CI = 1.51, 13.87). Conclusions. Mental health conditions are highly prevalent among Guatemalan.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Evaluar la prevalencia de base de los trastornos de salud mental y exposiciones conexas en una cohorte de trabajadores de salud de Guatemala. Métodos Se analizó la información de base del estudio HÉROES (por COVID-19 HEalth caRe wOrkeRs Study, sobre los trabajadores de salud durante la pandemia) en Guatemala, realizado en línea en el 2020. Las variables de resultado fueron malestar psicológico y síntomas depresivos. Las exposiciones incluyeron experiencias con la COVID-19, características sociodemográficas y características del trabajo. En los análisis se utilizaron modelos de regresión de Poisson brutos y ajustados. Resultados. De los 1801 trabajadores de salud que aceptaron participar, 1522 (84,5%) completaron el cuestionario; 1014 (66,8%) eran mujeres. De los participantes, 59,1% (intervalo de confianza de 95% [IC 95%] = 56,6-61,5) tuvo un tamizaje positivo para malestar psicológico y 23% (IC 95% = 20,9-25,2) para síntomas depresivos de moderados a graves. Las experiencias con la pandemia de COVID-19, las características sociodemográficas y las características del trabajo se correlacionaron con las variables de resultado del estudio. Los participantes que estaban preocupados por el contagio de la COVID-19 tuvieron un mayor riesgo de malestar psicológico (riesgo relativo [RR] = 1,47; IC 95% = 1,30-1,66) y síntomas depresivos (RR = 1,51; IC 95% = 1,17-1,96). Asimismo, los participantes más jóvenes presentaban un riesgo alto de malestar psicológico (RR = 1,80; IC 95% = 1,24-2,63) y síntomas depresivos (razón de posibilidades [OR] = 4,58; IC 95% = 1,51-13,87). Conclusiones. Las afecciones de salud mental tienen una prevalencia sumamente alta en los trabajadores de salud de Guatemala.

Abstract Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is a fruit of tropical and subtropical zones of the world, is an important source of phytochemicals (phenolic acids, flavonoids and tannins). Several studies have associated phytochemicals with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The objective of this work was to analyze the polyphenolic content, the antioxidant and antifungal properties of jackfruit extracts on phytopathogenic fungi. Two phenolic extracts of jackfruit of different maturity level (J1-J2) were used. The total polyphenol content (TPC) was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method and total flavonoids (TFC) by the aluminum chloride method, the free radical trapping potential was measured using FRAP and ORAC methods. The results showed a TPC of 844 and 1,178 mgEAG/100 g and TFC of 37 and 68 mgQE/100 g, of dry jackfruit, the antioxidant potential analysis by FRAP was 7,575 and 8,691, by ORAC was 13.369 and 14.728 µmol Trolox/100 g, of dry jackfruit for J1 and J2 respectively. Additionally, it was observed that the phenolic extracts of jackfruit reduced the mycelial growth of: Penicillium digitatum (20-14%), Geotrichum candidum (56-55%), Aspergillus niger (72-67%) and Botrytis cinerea (100%-100%) for J1 and J2 respectively. We conclude that regardless of the degree of maturity, jackfruit has antioxidant and antifungal properties on phytopathogens important in agriculture.

Abstract Biofilms arise as an alternative to replace synthetic polymers, which have generated environmental pollution. The aim of this work was to extract starch from Hass avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill) to produce biofilms. Starch was extracted using the wet method and characterized by infrared spectroscopy. Moisture, ash content, gelatinization temperature, and color were determined. Two types of biofilms were produced: T1 (starch) and T2 (starch and glycerol). The colour was measured, and the films were characterized by mechanical tests. A yield of 11.38% was obtained for the isolated starch. Glycerol addition significantly influenced the tensile strength being T1 higher than T2. In elongation percentage, T1 was lower than T2. The results indicate that it is possible to use Hass avocado seed waste for starch extraction and produce biofilms to give it added value. This biofilm can be used in low moisture food coatings.