Superar a cultura de imobilização física no trabalho de parto e no parto ainda é um desafio no Brasil. Este trabalho identificou facilitadores e obstáculos para a implementação de maior liberdade de posição, em projeto-piloto da Iniciativa Hospital Amigo da Mulher e da Criança numa maternidade do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) de São Paulo, Brasil, usando metodologia orientada pelo Laboratório de Mudança (LM). A percepção de gestores e profissionais de saúde mostrou-se discrepante das opiniões das usuárias e do que foi observado. A liberdade de movimentação pareceu mais respeitada durante o trabalho de parto do que no parto. Frequentemente, as parturientes eram “posicionadas” em litotomia, considerada pelos profissionais “instintiva” ou “preferência” feminina, enquanto as mulheres relatavam não tomar iniciativas por temerem repreensões. Adequações simples da ambiência e treinamento dos profissionais para atender partos em posições não supinas podem contribuir para promover mudanças.

Overcoming the culture of physical immobilization during labor and birth remains a challenge in Brazil. This study identified facilitators and barriers to implementing freedom of movement throughout labor and birth in a pilot project of the Mother-Baby Friendly Birthing Facilities Initiative in a public maternity facility in São Paulo, Brazil using the Change Laboratory methodology. There was a divergence between health managers’ and professionals’ perceptions of maternal care practice and those of the service users and the observations made in the facility. Freedom of movement seemed to be more respected during labor than at birth. Birthing mothers were regularly “positioned” in the lithotomy position, considered by health professionals to be an “instinctive” or “preferred” position. Women reported that they failed to take the initiative to move for fear of being reprimanded by health professionals. Simple changes to the ambience and professional training for health professionals in care provision in nonsupine positions could help foster change.

Superar la cultura de inmovilización física en el trabajo de parto y en el parto todavía constituye un desafío en Brasil. Este trabajo identificó facilitadores y obstáculos para la implementación de mayor libertad de posición, en proyecto piloto de la Iniciativa Hospital Amigo de la Mujer y del Niño en una maternidad del Sistema Brasileño de Salud (SUS) en São Paulo (Estado de São Paulo, Brasil) utilizando la metodología orientada por el Laboratorio de Cambio (LM, por sus siglas en portugués). La percepción de gestores y profesionales de salud se mostró discrepante de las opiniones de las usuarias y de lo observado. La libertad de movimiento pareció ser más respetada durante el trabajo de parto que en el parto. Frecuentemente, las parturientas eran “colocadas” en litotomía, considerada por los profesionales “instintiva” o “preferencia” femenina, mientras que las mujeres relataban que no tomaban iniciativas por miedo de reprensiones. Adecuaciones simples del ambiente y de la capacitación de los profesionales para atender partos en posiciones no supinas pueden contribuir para promover cambios.

Superar a cultura de imobilização física no trabalho de parto e no parto ainda é um desafio no Brasil. Este trabalho identificou facilitadores e obstáculos para a implementação de maior liberdade de posição, em projeto-piloto da Iniciativa Hospital Amigo da Mulher e da Criança numa maternidade do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) de São Paulo, Brasil, usando metodologia orientada pelo Laboratório de Mudança (LM). A percepção de gestores e profissionais de saúde mostrou-se discrepante das opiniões das usuárias e do que foi observado. A liberdade de movimentação pareceu mais respeitada durante o trabalho de parto do que no parto. Frequentemente, as parturientes eram “posicionadas” em litotomia, considerada pelos profissionais “instintiva” ou “preferência” feminina, enquanto as mulheres relatavam não tomar iniciativas por temerem repreensões. Adequações simples da ambiência e treinamento dos profissionais para atender partos em posições não supinas podem contribuir para promover mudanças.

Overcoming the culture of physical immobilization during labor and birth remains a challenge in Brazil. This study identified facilitators and barriers to implementing freedom of movement throughout labor and birth in a pilot project of the Mother-Baby Friendly Birthing Facilities Initiative in a public maternity facility in São Paulo, Brazil using the Change Laboratory methodology. There was a divergence between health managers’ and professionals’ perceptions of maternal care practice and those of the service users and the observations made in the facility. Freedom of movement seemed to be more respected during labor than at birth. Birthing mothers were regularly “positioned” in the lithotomy position, considered by health professionals to be an “instinctive” or “preferred” position. Women reported that they failed to take the initiative to move for fear of being reprimanded by health professionals. Simple changes to the ambience and professional training for health professionals in care provision in nonsupine positions could help foster change.

Superar la cultura de inmovilización física en el trabajo de parto y en el parto todavía constituye un desafío en Brasil. Este trabajo identificó facilitadores y obstáculos para la implementación de mayor libertad de posición, en proyecto piloto de la Iniciativa Hospital Amigo de la Mujer y del Niño en una maternidad del Sistema Brasileño de Salud (SUS) en São Paulo (Estado de São Paulo, Brasil) utilizando la metodología orientada por el Laboratorio de Cambio (LM, por sus siglas en portugués). La percepción de gestores y profesionales de salud se mostró discrepante de las opiniones de las usuarias y de lo observado. La libertad de movimiento pareció ser más respetada durante el trabajo de parto que en el parto. Frecuentemente, las parturientas eran “colocadas” en litotomía, considerada por los profesionales “instintiva” o “preferencia” femenina, mientras que las mujeres relataban que no tomaban iniciativas por miedo de reprensiones. Adecuaciones simples del ambiente y de la capacitación de los profesionales para atender partos en posiciones no supinas pueden contribuir para promover cambios.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To examine maternal and obstetric factors influencing births by cesarean section according to health care funding. METHODS A cross-sectional study with data from Southeastern Brazil. Caesarean section births from February 2011 to July 2012 were included. Data were obtained from interviews with women whose care was publicly or privately funded, and from their obstetric and neonatal records. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to generate crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) for caesarean section births. RESULTS The overall caesarean section rate was 53% among 9,828 women for whom data were available, with the highest rates among women whose maternity care was privately funded. Reasons for performing a c-section were infrequently documented in women’s maternity records. The variables that increased the likelihood of c-section regardless of health care funding were the following: paid employment, previous c-section, primiparity, antenatal and labor complications. Older maternal age, university education, and higher socioeconomic status were only associated with c-section in the public system. CONCLUSIONS Higher maternal socioeconomic status was associated with greater likelihood of a caesarean section birth in publicly funded settings, but not in the private sector, where funding source alone determined the mode of birth rather than maternal or obstetric characteristics. Maternal socioeconomic status and private healthcare funding continue to drive high rates of caesarean section births in Brazil, with women who have a higher socioeconomic status more likely to have a caesarean section birth in all birth settings.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To examine maternal and obstetric factors influencing births by cesarean section according to health care funding. METHODS A cross-sectional study with data from Southeastern Brazil. Caesarean section births from February 2011 to July 2012 were included. Data were obtained from interviews with women whose care was publicly or privately funded, and from their obstetric and neonatal records. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to generate crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) for caesarean section births. RESULTS The overall caesarean section rate was 53% among 9,828 women for whom data were available, with the highest rates among women whose maternity care was privately funded. Reasons for performing a c-section were infrequently documented in women’s maternity records. The variables that increased the likelihood of c-section regardless of health care funding were the following: paid employment, previous c-section, primiparity, antenatal and labor complications. Older maternal age, university education, and higher socioeconomic status were only associated with c-section in the public system. CONCLUSIONS Higher maternal socioeconomic status was associated with greater likelihood of a caesarean section birth in publicly funded settings, but not in the private sector, where funding source alone determined the mode of birth rather than maternal or obstetric characteristics. Maternal socioeconomic status and private healthcare funding continue to drive high rates of caesarean section births in Brazil, with women who have a higher socioeconomic status more likely to have a caesarean section birth in all birth settings.