Resumen: Los metales pesados en los suelos agrícolas son absorbidos y pueden ser acumulados por los cultivos, representando un riesgo potencial a la salud humana. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo estudiar la concentración y transferencia de Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb y Zn en lechugas irrigadas con aguas tratadas cultivadas bajo diferentes prácticas agrícolas. Cuatro tratamientos fueron evaluados: 1.- riego rodado sin acolchar sin composta, 2.- riego con cintilla sin acolchar con composta, 3.- riego con cintilla con acolchado sin composta, 4.- riego con cintilla con acolchado con composta. Las concentraciones detectadas de Cd, Cr, Pb y Zn en parte comestible de lechugas rebasaron los niveles máximos permisibles en vegetales que establece la referencia de la Unión Europea. En el caso de Cd, mostró una alta capacidad de transferirse del suelo a la planta, lo que representa un riesgo a la salud aún mayor. Las prácticas agronómicas de riego con cintilla, utilizando agua proveniente de una planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales, acolchado plástico y abonado orgánico reducen discretamente la concentración e índice de transferencia de Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb y Zn en parte comestible de lechuga debido a que promueven un incremento en la producción de biomasa, lo que a su vez afecta la dilución de los metales pesados en los tejidos de las plantas.

Summary: Heavy metals can be found in agricultural soils, absorbed and accumulated by crops, representing a public health risk. This research aimed to study the influence of agricultural practices on the concentration of heavy metals cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in lettuce irrigated with treated water and determined the level of risk to human health. Four treatments were evaluated: (1) Flood irrigation without mulch and compost; (2) Drip irrigation without mulching with compost; (3) Drip irrigation with mulch without compost; (4) Drip irrigation with mulch and compost. The detected concentrations of Cd, Cr, Pb and Zn in the edible part of lettuce exceeded the maximum permissible levels in vegetables established by the European Union reference. In the case of Cd, it showed a high capacity to be transferred from the soil to the plant, which represents an even greater health risk. The agronomic practices of drip irrigation, using water from a wastewater treatment plant, plastic mulch and organic fertilizer slightly reduce the concentration and transfer rate of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in the edible part of lettuce, promoting an increase in biomass production, which in turn affects the dilution of heavy metals in plant tissues.

Abstract: Every year, new Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures appear to deal with different problems in the activity of image and video recognition. These architectures usually work along the ImageNet dataset for looking for the best performance of the CNNs without taking into account the video task where they are used. This can represent a problem if the task is Human Action Recognition (HAR) in video, since the CNN architectures are pre-trained with an image dataset that can practically contain any object, while HAR problem requires consecutive frames of people doing actions. To prove the idea that using CNNs pre-trained on an image dataset does not always achieve the best performance on a video dataset and that, therefore, it is worth comparing the performance of different CNNs under similar circumstances for the HAR problem, this work proposes an analysis between eight different CNN architectures. Each one of the CNN was exclusively trained with RGB images, which were extracted from the frames of the different classes of videos of HMDB51 dataset. To make the classification of an activity in video, we average the predictions taking into account the successes. We also made some ensembles with the best performance CNNs to measure the improvement in accuracy. Our results suggest that Xception is a strong baseline model that could be used by the community to make their comparisons of their proposals more robust.

Abstract: For the last decades the work on audio recognition has been directed to speech and music, however, an increasing interest for the classification and recognition of acoustic events is observed for the last years. This poses the challenge to determine the identity of sounds, their sources, and the importance of analysing the context of the scenario where they act. The aim of this paper is focused on evaluating the robustness to retain the characteristic information of an acoustic event against the background noise using audio features in the task of identifying acoustic events from a mixture of sounds that are produced in a kitchen environment. A new database of kitchen sounds was built by us, since in the reviewed literature there is no similar benchmark that allows us to evaluate this issue in conditions of 3 decibels for the signal to noise ratio. In our study, we compared two methods of audio features, Multiband Spectral Entropy Signature (MSES) and Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC). To evaluate the performance of both MSES and MFCC, we used different classifiers such as Similarity Distance, k-Nearest Neighbors, Support Vector Machines and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The results showed that MSES supported with an ANN outperforms any other combination of classifiers with MSES or MFCC for getting a better score.

ABSTRACT Pulmonary embolism takes place as a consequence of the migration of a thrombus towards the pulmonary vascular tree. Patients frequently report chest pain that can mimic an acute coronary syndrome. We present the case of a 57-year-old patient who came to the emergency department with acute chest pain and dyspnea. He was diagnosed as a non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome, due to the electrocardiographic changes that he presented at admission, but the echocardiographic findings showed increased pulmonary pressures, and the invasive coronary angiography, normal coronary arteries; therefore, a pulmonary angiography with multislice tomography was performed, which confirmed the diagnosis of bilateral pulmonary embolism.

RESUMEN El tromboembolismo pulmonar se produce como consecuencia de la migración de un trombo hacia el árbol vascular pulmonar. Frecuentemente los pacientes refieren dolor torácico que puede simular un síndrome coronario agudo. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 57 años de edad que acudió al servicio de urgencias con dolor torácico agudo y disnea. Fue diagnosticado como un síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST, debido a los cambios electrocardiográficos que presentaba al ingreso, pero los hallazgos ecocardiográficos demostraron aumento de las presiones pulmonares y la coronariografía, arterias coronarias normales; por lo que se realizó angiografía pulmonar con tomografía multicorte, la cual confirmó el diagnóstico de tromboembolismo pulmonar bilateral.

ABSTRACT Aim: To develop a procedure for the calculation of a new online reputation index, associated with TripAdvisor user ratings, which helps create a hotel ranking, and improve strategic marketing guidelines. Methods and techniques: Analysis and synthesis, induction-deduction, and historical-logic. The second group of methods included expert opinion, survey, Spearman correlation coefficient, and Kendall Tau-b coefficient. SPSS, 22 was used for statistical data processing. Main results: The new procedure proposal is based on calculation of the online reputation index during the period studied, which overcomes previously existing limitations, and assigns a value to every hotel scoring received, according to hotel size. The methodological proposal makes the establishment of a hotel ranking possible, according to hotel typology, and also permits to enhance strategic marketing guidelines. Conclusions: The procedure meets the objectives set, implementing the integrated phases properly, which shows the capacity of responding to the characteristics needed in this scenario. The new ranking is regarded as valid, based on the analysis of statistical data. The findings of this study will permit to make decisions in order to improve strategic processes, and implement policies to optimize critical processes in the hotel sector.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Desarrollar un procedimiento para el cálculo de un nuevo índice de reputación online asociado a las puntuaciones de los usuarios en TripAdvisor, que permita la confección del ranking de hoteles así como la mejora de las directrices estratégicas de la comercialización. Métodos y técnicas: Análisis-síntesis, inducción-deducción y el histórico lógico; además del criterio de expertos, la encuesta, el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman y el coeficiente Tau-b de Kendall. Para el procesamiento de los datos se utilizó el software estadístico SPSS vs- 22. Principales resultados: El procedimiento propone calcular un nuevo Índice de reputación online del período, que supera las limitaciones existentes y asigna valor a cada puntuación recibida por un hotel, tomando en consideración su tamaño. La propuesta metodológica permite comprobar que es posible la confección del ranking de hoteles según su tipología y perfeccionar las directrices estratégicas de la comercialización. Conclusiones: El procedimiento cumple con los objetivos propuestos, implementa de forma adecuada las fases que lo componen y tiene la capacidad de responder a las características necesarias para el contexto. El nuevo ranking es considerado válido según los datos estadísticos alcanzados. Los resultados obtenidos permitirán tomar decisiones en función de mejorar los procesos estratégicos y desarrollar políticas para perfeccionar procesos claves de la empresa hotelera.

ABSTRACT Traditional methods lack the necessary means for the expression of most of the requirements obtained during the conceptual modeling stage, which leads to the late detection of errors and not so faithful implementations. Therefore, it is necessary to express such requirements in a natural and formal way in order to close the gap between business analysts and domain experts, and to support the automatic transformation to other languages and models. Therefore, to develop a method for expressing the integrity constraints derived from business rules by means of a controlled natural language based on the SBVR specification, given an Entity-Relationship schema that represents the structure of the information. The proposal was analyzed through a case study in order to show its viability. A set of templates was obtained to help modelers and domain experts in the process of specifying integrity constraints not represented by an Entity-Relationship scheme, and the correspondence of the concepts of this model with those of SBVR was determined, to express in a consistent manner the requirements with both models. The case study showed that the proposal is viable and that the SBVR based controlled natural language increases expressiveness in database conceptual modeling, without abandoning a traditional and popular approach like that of the Entity-Relationship model.

RESUMEN Los métodos tradicionales carecen de los medios necesarios para la expresión de la mayoría de los requisitos obtenidos durante la fase de modelación conceptual, lo cual conduce a la detección tardía de errores que por naturaleza son conceptuales y, en consecuencia, a implementaciones poco auténticas. Por tanto, es necesario expresar tales requisitos de una manera natural pero con una base formal, y así cerrar la brecha que existe entre analistas del negocio y expertos del dominio, y también que ayude en la transformación automática hacia otros lenguajes y modelos. En consecuencia, se propuso elaborar un método para expresar las restricciones de integridad derivadas de reglas de negocio mediante un lenguaje natural controlado basado en la especificación de SBVR, dado un esquema Entidad-Relación que represente la estructura de la información. La propuesta se analizó a través de un caso de estudio para mostrar su viabilidad. Como resultado, se obtuvo un conjunto de plantillas para ayudar a modeladores y expertos del dominio en el proceso de especificar las restricciones de integridad no representadas mediante un esquema Entidad-Relación, y se determinó la correspondencia de los conceptos de este con los de SBVR con el propósito de lograr la expresión coherente de los requisitos con ambos modelos. El caso de estudio demostró que la propuesta es viable y que el lenguaje natural controlado basado en SBVR, aumenta la expresividad en la modelación conceptual de bases de datos sin abandonar un enfoque tradicional y popular como el del modelo Entidad-Relación.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the results of surgical procedures in cardiac surgery depend, to a great extent, on the quality of post-operative care. The complexity of the evolution of these patients requires attention from specialized personnel and a differentiated support structure. Objectives: to characterize patients in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery and to describe the main postoperative complications. Methods: we conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study of cases operated and received in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery at the Hospital Provincial Universitario Cardiocentro “Ernesto Guevara” during 2018. Results: 161 cardiac surgery patients were received in the postoperative period; 70.8% were male and most of them were between 45 and 54 years old (32.3%); valve surgery was performed on 49.1%; 16.1% of the total patients were ventilated for more than 48 hours and many were complicated by nosocomial pneumonia (11.8%) and there was a very low frequency of post-operative strokes. Conclusions: the behavior of most of the variables studied in the postoperative period was adequate and patients with invasive mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours, as well as nosocomial pneumonia, presented high levels in the postoperative period for this type of surgery.

RESUMEN Introducción: los resultados de los procedimientos quirúrgicos en Cirugía cardíaca dependen, en gran medida, de la calidad de los cuidados postoperatorios. La complejidad de la evolución de estos pacientes requiere atención de personal especializado y una estructura de apoyo diferenciada. Objetivos: caracterizar a los pacientes en el postoperatorio de intervención quirúrgica cardíaca y describir las principales complicaciones postoperatorias. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal de los casos operados y recibidos en el postoperatorio de Cirugía cardíaca del Hospital Provincial Universitario Cardiocentro “Ernesto Guevara” durante el año 2018. Se incluyeron todos los casos operados de cirugía cardíaca electiva o urgente, de ambos sexos y mayores de 18 años. Resultados: fueron recibidos en el postoperatorio 161 pacientes de intervención quirúrgica cardíaca; el 70,8% eran del sexo masculino y la mayoría de 45 a 54 años (32,3%); las cirugías valvulares fueron realizadas al 49,1%; el 16,1% del total de pacientes se ventiló más de 48 horas y numerosos se complicaron con neumonía nosocomial (11,8%) y hubo una frecuencia muy baja de accidentes cerebrovasculares en el postoperatorio. Conclusiones: el comportamiento de la mayoría de las variables estudiadas en el postoperatorio fue adecuado y los pacientes con ventilación mecánica invasiva por más de 48 horas, así como la neumonía nosocomial, se presentaron de forma elevada en el postoperatorio para este tipo de intervención quirúrgica.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases account for the largest number of deaths worldwide each year; reason why they are considered a real scourge for humanity. Ischemic cardiomyopathy ranks high among them as it exhibits the highest global mortality rates. Objective: To characterize deceased patients diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out with 158 patients who died from acute myocardial infarction in the Hospital Provincial Universitario Arnaldo Milián Castro of Santa Clara, Villa Clara (Cuba), from 2013 to 2018. Results: Males (83; 52.5%) between 70 and 79 years of age (66; 41.8%) predominated. A total of 104 deceased (65.8%) presented at least four risk factors with individual predominance of high blood pressure (122; 77.2%), diabetes mellitus (108; 68.4%) and dyslipidemia (99; 62.7%). The clinical presentation was typical in both sexes (male 39 and female 55), large anterior wall myocardial infarction prevailed, and thrombolysis was performed in 51 cases (32.3%) before the first 12 hours of onset of symptoms. Left ventricular dysfunction was the most frequent complication (42.4%). No necropsy was performed on 40 cases, which did not allow for the assessment of diagnostic coincidence; however, there was a total coincidence in 86 deaths (54,4%) and a partial coincidence in 25 (15,8%). About 2774 years were not lived and a descending time line was attained. Conclusions: Mortality from acute myocardial infarction showed a slight downward trend in the number of deaths reported by death certificate, with an average of 25.2 years of life potentially lost.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares aportan el mayor número de defunciones anuales en todo el planeta, por lo que son consideradas un verdadero azote para la humanidad; dentro de estas, cobra relevancia especial la cardiopatía isquémica por exhibir las mayores tasas de mortalidad universal. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los pacientes fallecidos con diagnóstico de infarto agudo de miocardio. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal con 158 pacientes fallecidos por infarto agudo de miocardio en el Hospital Provincial Universitario Arnaldo Milián Castro de Santa Clara, Villa Clara (Cuba), de 2013 a 2018. Resultados: Predominaron los fallecidos del sexo masculino (83; 52,5%) con edades entre 70 y 79 años (66; 41,8%); 104 fallecidos (65,8%) presentaron al menos cuatro factores de riesgo, con predominio individual de la hipertensión arterial (122; 77,2%), la diabetes mellitus (108; 68,4%) y la dislipidemia (99; 62,7%). La presentación fue típica en ambos sexos (masculino 39 y femenino 55) con localización mayormente anterior extenso y se realizó trombólisis en 51 casos (32,3%), antes de las primeras 12 horas de iniciados los síntomas. La complicación más frecuente fue la disfunción ventricular izquierda (42,4%). No se pudo evaluar la coincidencia diagnóstica en 40 casos, porque no se les practicó necropsia; pero se coincidió totalmente en 86 fallecidos (54,4%) y de forma parcial en 25 (15,8%). Se dejaron de vivir 2774 años y se obtuvo una línea del tiempo descendente. Conclusiones: La mortalidad por infarto agudo de miocardio mostró una ligera tendencia a la disminución de los fallecidos informados por certificado de defunción, con un promedio de 25,2 años de vida potencialmente perdidos.

Abstract Traditional methods lack the necessary or appropriate means for expressing the integrity constraints during the database conceptual modeling stage. At most, integrity constraints are informally documented and then, coded in the application. This leads to late error detection and database inconsistencies due to the incapacity of the domain expert to validate the program code. Thus, it is necessary to express such constraints in a natural and formal way in order to close the gap between modelers and domain experts, and to support the transformation to other languages and models. As a result, we propose a controlled natural language based on Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules (SBVR) to help modelers and domain experts in the process of writing and validating the constraints that cannot be represented in an Entity-Relationship schema; and the Alloy language to allow a formal specification. In addition, all the correspondences between the models and languages are described in order to consistently express the constraints and to lay the foundations of the automatic transformation. Finally, a case study and a usability survey show that the proposal is feasible, without abandoning a traditional and popular approach such as the Entity-Relationship model.

ABSTRACT Foundation: the high incidence and prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases make their attention become imminent in the projections of the health system to strengthen the management and control of the different risk factors accompanying them. Objective: to determine the behavior of the main chronic non communicable diseases and risk factors in the supposedly healthy population in Cienfuegos. Methods: a correlational descriptive study was conducted in the trimester from July 1 to September 30, 2018, in blood donors of the Provincial Bank of Cienfuegos. The universe consisted of 1,200 donors who attended a donation in the study period and it shows 66 donors who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The variables studied were: age, sex, skin color, chronic diseases, smoking and obesity. The data were processed and analyzed with statistical methods according to the study carried out (prevalence rate, frequency, percentage and Pearson's X2). Results: men predominated as carriers of chronic diseases (21,31 %), individuals of the white race (53,03 %). The most prevalent chronic disease was arterial hypertension (21,21 %). As well as risk factors such as obesity (43,93 %) and smoking (33,33 %). Conclusions: men between 25-44 years old predominated. The chronic diseases studied and risk factors are present mostly in men. The risk factors studied are present in both carriers and non-carriers of chronic diseases.

RESUMEN Fundamento: la elevada incidencia y prevalencia de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles hacen que su atención adquiera carácter inminente en las proyecciones del sistema de salud para fortalecer el manejo y control de los diferentes factores de riesgo que las acompañan. Objetivo: determinar el comportamiento de las principales enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles y factores de riesgo en población supuestamente sana en Cienfuegos. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo correlacional en el trimestre comprendido entre el 1ro de julio hasta el 30 de septiembre del 2018, en donantes de sangre del Banco Provincial de Cienfuegos. El universo estuvo constituido por 1200 donantes que asistieron a realizar una donación en el periodo de estudio y la muestra fue de 66 donantes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Las variables analizadas fueron: edad, sexo, color de la piel, enfermedades crónicas, tabaquismo y obesidad. Los datos fueron procesados y analizados con métodos estadísticos acordes al estudio realizado (tasa de prevalencia, frecuencia, porcentaje y X2 de Pearson). Resultados: predominaron los hombres como portadores de enfermedades crónicas (21,31 %), los individuos del color de piel blanca (53,03 %). La enfermedad crónica más prevalente fue la hipertensión arterial (21,21 %), y entre los factores de riesgo, la obesidad (43,93 %) y el tabaquismo (33,33 %). Conclusiones: predominaron los hombres en las edades comprendidas entre 25-44 años. Las enfermedades crónicas y factores de riesgo están presentes mayoritariamente en los hombres. Los factores de riesgo estudiados están presentes tanto en los portadores como en los no portadores de padecimientos crónicos.

Pleural effusion is a common condition in critically ill patients (both clinical and surgical). Its diagnosis and classification are important for followup of patients with cardiorespiratory difficulty. Lung ultrasound is used for this purpose, but no reports have been published on its use in Cuba with critically ill patients in intensive care units. We performed lung ultrasound on 144 such patients with cardiorespiratory illnesses, average age 54 years, predominantly men (66%; 95/144), with average APACHE II score 13.6, and 22.1% mortality risk. Patients were divided into two groups: clinical (bronchopneumonia and cardiac insufficiency) and surgical (postoperative liver and kidney transplant or vascular and cardiovascular surgery) to diagnose and classify pleural effusion according to locus (right, left and bilateral) and structural pattern (I, II A, II B, III and IV). Pleural effusions were diagnosed in 81.2% (117/144) of patients (clinical 44.4%, 52/117; surgical 55.6%, 65/117). Bilateral location was the most common (68.4%, 80/117), followed by right (23.9%, 28/117) and then left (7.7%, 9/117). Structural pattern I (anechoic appearance) was observed in 61.5% of cases (72/117); 21.4% (25/117) were II A, 12.8% (15/117) II B, 3.4% (4/117) III, and 0.9% (1/117) were IV. We found no association between pleural effusion localization and ultrasound structural pattern in clinical patients (Fisher exact test 4.2 p = 0.9). In surgical patients, however, complex ultrasound patterns (II A, II B and III) were significantly more common in bilateral forms (Fisher exact test 14.1; p = 0.009). Further studies of this type in Cuba will help provide useful data for prompt treatment and followup of these patients.

Ovarian cancer is one of the most lethal neoplasms in gynecological cancers having high levels of resistance to the usual treatments.Identifying tumor targets for biological therapies responds to the need to develop new therapeutic strategies against this type of tumor. Different studies have shown that there is an association between EGF ligand expression, as well as receptors and prognosis of patients with ovarian cancer. High levels of EGFr are associated with proliferation, invasion, metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy. High levels of EGFr are associated with proliferation, invasion, metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy.The use of anti-EGF products, such as the CIMAvax-EGF vaccine, could be beneficial in the treatment of ovarian cancer, which constitutes a therapeutic option for these patients.

El cáncer de ovario es una de las neoplasias más letales dentro de los cánceres ginecológicos con altos niveles de resistencia a los tratamientos habituales. La identificación de blancos tumorales para terapias biológicas responde a la necesidad de desarrollar nuevas estrategias terapéuticas contra este tipo de tumor. Diferentes estudios han demostrado que existe asociación entre la expresión del ligando de EGF, así como sus receptores y el pronóstico de las pacientes con cáncer de ovario. Altos niveles de EGFr se asocian a proliferación, invasión, metástasis y resistencia a la quimioterapia. El uso de productos anti-EGF, como la vacuna CIMAvax-EGF, podría resultar beneficioso en el tratamiento del cáncer de ovario, lo que constituye una opción terapéutica para estas pacientes.

Dengue virus infection has noticeably increased in recent decades. Vaccines development constitutes an essential strategy in the disease control. The immune system, however, plays an essential role in the appearance of severe forms, reason which provides a great importance to understanding the disease immuno-pathogenesis; this review contributes to this purpose. It is explained how the virus enters host cells mediated by receptors related to the immune system. The presence of non-neutralizing heterologous antibodies amplifies the viral infection. During the immune response, inflammatory cytokines are produced, which, together with the action of heterologous antibodies, the complement system and the action of cell populations, induce endothelial damage and the characteristic coagulation disorders of this disease. Finally, based on the warning signs associated with severe forms, the WHO issued a new classification which guides towards an opportune diagnosis.

La infección por virus del dengue se ha incrementado enormemente en las últimas décadas. El desarrollo de vacunas constituye una estrategia fundamental en el control de la enfermedad. Sin embargo, el sistema inmune juega un papel fundamental en la aparición de formas graves, de ahí que sea importante comprender la inmunopatogenia de la enfermedad, propósito al que coadyuva esta revisión. Se explica como el virus entra a las células huésped mediado por receptores relacionados con el sistema inmune. La presencia de anticuerpos heterólogos no neutralizantes amplifica la infección viral. Durante la respuesta inmune se producen citocinas proinflamatorias, lo que unido a la acción de los anticuerpos heterólogos, el sistema de complemento y la acción de poblaciones celulares inducen el daño endotelial y los trastornos de la coagulación característicos de esta enfermedad. Finalmente basado en los signos de alarma que han sido asociados con las formas graves, la OMS emitió una nueva clasificación que orienta hacia un diagnóstico oportuno.