Abstract The current study aimed to assess broccoli's phytochemical profile and determine its antioxidant activity. Fresh broccoli was procured from a local farm and divided into two major treatment groups (cooked and dried). There were five sub-treatments in the cooking group (conventional, microwave, boiling, blanching, and steaming) and three treatments in the drying group (sun drying, freeze drying, and hot air drying). Ascorbic acid content, total carotenoids, TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity were evaluated for every sub-treatment. The results depicted that the antioxidant constituent of cooked broccoli was complementary to dried broccoli samples. The maximum amount of ascorbic acid content (10.80 mg/100 g), total carotenoids (3.976 mg/g), total phenolic contents (225.80 mg/g), and the total flavonoid contents (42.92 mg/g) were found in freeze-dried broccoli. Freeze-dried broccoli also showed the highest antioxidant activity for DPPH free radical scavenging assay (62.45%), hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assay (53.67%), and ABTS radical scavenging assay (65.84%). broccolis s dried. . dried) subtreatments sub conventional, conventional (conventional microwave boiling blanching steaming sun drying. drying) TPC TFC subtreatment. subtreatment treatment. sub-treatment samples 10.80 1080 10 80 (10.8 mg100 mg 100 mg/10 g, g , g) 3.976 3976 3 976 (3.97 mg/g, mgg mg/g 225.80 22580 225 (225.8 42.92 4292 42 92 (42.9 freezedried Freezedried Freeze 62.45%, 6245 62.45% 62 45 (62.45%) 53.67%, 5367 53.67% 53 67 (53.67%) 65.84%. 6584 65.84% 65 84 (65.84%) 10.8 108 1 8 (10. mg10 mg/1 3.97 397 97 (3.9 225.8 2258 22 (225. 42.9 429 4 9 (42. 624 62.45 6 (62.45% 536 53.67 5 (53.67% 658 65.84 (65.84% 10. (10 mg1 mg/ 3.9 39 (3. 225. 2 (225 42. (42 62.4 (62.45 53.6 (53.67 65.8 (65.84 (1 3. (3 (22 (4 62. (62.4 53. (53.6 65. (65.8 ( (2 (62. (53. (65. (62 (53 (65 (6 (5

Abstract Nanoemulsions are nanoscale self-assembled entities which are manufactured for improving the delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Nanoemulsion technology is one of the best ways to encapsulate the functional components as it enhances the stability and bioavailability of the compound. In the present study, nanoemulsions were prepared by ultrasonic homogenization of dispersed phase (10-22%) and surfactants (3-9%) with vitamin A (0.25-2.5%). Nanoemulsions were characterized through various optical techniques and stability was assessed using thermal shock and freeze-thaw cycle. The results revealed that nanoemulsions with high percentage of surfactants were more stable and retained smaller particle size as compared to nanoemulsions with low surfactants percentage and high dispersed phase, contributed to phase separation and colour change. These emulsions can be further tested for any toxic/allergic effect on the biological model and may be incorporated into food products. selfassembled self assembled ingredients compound study 1022% 1022 10 22% 22 (10-22% 39% 39 3 9% 9 (3-9% 0.252.5%. 02525 0.25 2.5% . 0 25 2 5 (0.25-2.5%) freezethaw freeze thaw cycle change toxicallergic toxic allergic products 102 1 (10-22 (3-9 252 0.252.5% 0252 025 0.2 2.5 (0.25-2.5% (10-2 (3- 0.252.5 02 0. 2. (0.25-2.5 (10- (3 0.252. (0.25-2. (10 ( 0.252 (0.25-2 (1 (0.25- (0.25 (0.2 (0. (0

Abstract In modern agriculture the use of biostimulants not only reduces the cost of production but also increase yield and quality of crops without harming environment. The response of fodder oat to biostimulants was evaluated in a pot experiment using four biostimulants at different concentrations i.e Moringa leaf extract at ratio of 1:10, 1:20, 1:30, 1:40, 1:50, Sea weed extract at 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, Thiourea at 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm, 400 ppm, 500 ppm and Chitosan at 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 125 ppm, 150 ppm. Oat crop was treated with biostimulants using foliar application, at two growth stages i.e tillering and booting. Data on various agronomic and quality parameters were recorded and analyzed. Results showed that biostimulants significantly affected phenology and quality of oat. The highest green fodder yield (872.32 g) was observed in the pots treated with 2%Solution of seaweed extract similarly highest dry matter yield was also highest at 170.85 g Interestingly crude protein was highest for thiourea at 400 ppm. In each biostimulant following doses stood out both in terms of yield and quality. In case of moringa leaf extract the ratio of 1:40with 900 g per pot yield and 9.43 % protein, for sea weed extract 2% was better than other doses with 981 g yield and 9.17% protein, for thiourea the 400 ppm was better than other concentrations as it shows highest yield (872.32 g) and crude protein (9.52%) and for chitosan 100 ppm was comparatively better in performance with 964.98 g yield per pot and 9.35% CP. It is concluded from our study that biostimulants improve fodder oat yield and quality.

Abstract The response of two local maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes designated as Sahwal-2002 (salt-tolerant) and Sadaf (salt-sensitive) to salt stress was investigated under controlled growth conditions. The role of phenylalanine and seed priming under salt stress in maize with different morphological parameters were studied. The genotype Sadaf, being salt-tolerant, experienced more oxidative damage than the Sahiwall-2002 genotype under salt stress. The salinity affected both growth and physiological attributes of the maize species whereas the phenylalanine successfully increased the salinity tolerance in maize species at the seedling stage.

ABSTRACT Fadogia agrestis Schweinf. ex Hiern (Vangueria agrestis (Schweinf. ex Hiern) Lantz), Rubiaceae, is an African traditional medicinal plant also used as a dietary supplement in the US. The present paper is the first report of the pharmacognostic study of the leaf, stem and root of F. agrestis by microscopy, HPTLC and total phenolic/flavonoid content analyses. Noteworthy microscopic features that can help in identification and quality control are septate and lignified non-glandular trichomes on leaf and stem epidermises, paracytic stomata on leaf abaxial epidermis, numerous cells containing yellow substances of presumably phenolic compounds in leaf and stem, calcium oxalate druses and prismatic crystals in leaf and styloids in stem, primary phloem fibers in stem, brachysclereids in stem and root, spherical starch grains in root, and vessels with vestured pits and simple perforated end walls. In addition to microscopy, a total phenolic/flavonoid content determination and an HPTLC method were also developed for rapid chemical fingerprint analyses of Fadogia samples and dietary supplements.

Purpose - This study aims to investigate the market timing strategy in different market conditions (Le, up, down, normal and in-financial-crisis situation) in the ernerging market of Pakistan over the period 1995 to 2015, Furthermore, this study tests the validity of the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) and Fama and French model. Design/methodology/approach - This study considers monthly stock returns of 167 firms and constructs six different portfolios on the basis of different size and book to market ratio, The Treynor and Mazuy model is used to capture the market timing strategy. Findings - The results indicate evidence of the market timing in normal market conditions, However, there is less supportive evidence of market timing in up-market, down-market and in-financial-crisis situations, This study also confirms the validity of the capital asset pricing model and Fama and French three-factor model with strong support of value premium and size premium in the stock market. Practical implications - The findings of this study are helpful to companies in estimating the cost of issuing equity more accurately, The investors can use market timing to make their investment in a more better and profitable manner. Originality/value - Unlike other previous studies, this study considers an extended period to test the validity of the capital asset pricing model and Fama and French modeL In addition, this study is novel in testing the marketing timing of the firms in the context of emerging economy of Pakistan.

Abstract This study dealt with the fabrication and analysis of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) mediated chitosan nanocomposite. Such a novel nanobiocomposite may get future applications in drug delivery, and nanofinising of textile and polymer surfaces. Herein, this nanocomposite has been considered as an antibacterial finishing agent for a hydrophobic textile fabric like polyester. The prepared nanocomposite was characterized for zeta size and morphology, and subsequently applied on a woven polyester fabric though a coross linker. The treated polyester fabric was analyzed for textile functional characteristics as well asantibacterial activity. The spectral and optical properties demonstrated that the nanocomposite developed exhibited spherical morphologies with a mean nano particle size of ca. 88 nm. The treated fabric projected satisfactory antibacterial and fair fabric attributes. Hence, the nanofinished polyester fabric is a potential biocompatible candidate as medical and antibacterial textiles in addition to be used in antibacterial water filtration and materials packing.

In present study synthesis of 99mTc-triamcinolone acetonide (99mTc-TA) complex and its stability using set of quality control parameters such as ligand concentration, reducing agent concentration, pH, temperature and reaction time was assessed. 99mTc-TA complex was characterized in terms of percent (%) yield, stability in saline and serum using chromatographic procedures. Radiochemically the 99mTc-TA complex was found quite stable in saline and serum. After 30 min of reaction the complex showed maximum radiochemical yield of 96.32% which decreased to 96.25 % after 4 h incubation period. In serum, the % yield of radiochemical was remained same up to 2 h which decreased to 93.5% at 24 h time point. Normal biodistribution pattern in Sprague-Dawley rats revealed liver, stomach and kidneys as areas of high 99mTc-TA complex uptake (8.44 ± 1.32, 8.75 ± 1.03 and 12.67 ± 1.21%, respectively) at 1 h post injection time point. Scintigraphy of 99mTc-TA in rabbits showed similar eco as observed in biodistribution study. Based on the promising results obtained in context of in vitro and in vivo stability and biodistribution, 99mTc-TA complex could be further studied to identify the inflammation based diseases.

Alternaric acid is characterized as 1,4-diene, possessing (E)-1,2-disubstituted alkene known for nanomolar phytotoxic and antifungal activities. This article highlights the major synthetic approaches attempted towards the total synthesis of alternaric acid reported by three groups (Ichihara & coworkers, Trost & coworkers and Johnson and Slade) which involved novel pathways for the rapid construction of this functionalized natural molecule.

Traditional drugs have become a subject of world importance, with both medicinal and economical implications. A regular and widespread use of herbs throughout the world has increased serious concerns over their quality, safety and efficacy. Thus, a proper scientific evidence or assessment has become the criteria for acceptance of traditional health claims. Plants of the genus Crataegus, Rosaceae, are widely distributed and have long been used in folk medicine for the treatment of various ailments such as heart (cardiovascular disorders), central nervous system, immune system, eyes, reproductive system, liver, kidney etc. It also exhibits wide range of cytotoxic, gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV and antimicrobial activities. Phytochemicals like oligomeric procyanidins, flavonoids, triterpenes, polysaccharides, catecholamines have been identified in the genus and many of these have been evaluated for biological activities. This review presents comprehensive information on the chemistry and pharmacology of the genus together with the traditional uses of many of its plants. In addition, this review discusses the clinical trials and regulatory status of various Crataegus plants along with the scope for future research in this aspect.

In the present investigation aqueous suspensions of nano- and colloidal range particles are stabilised by changing the ambient pH. Rheology is used to establish the stability of the suspensions and it is found that the rheology of the suspensions is strongly dependent on the pH values. The viscosity is highest close to the iso-electric point of the powders. At the iso-electric point the net surface charge on the powder particles is zero and is the cause of the high viscosity. Away from the iso-electric point, the particles are charged, giving rise to a double layer phenomenon and causing the reduction in viscosity. It is also found that increasing the solid contents of the suspensions reduces the pH region of low viscosity.

OBJECTIVE: To inform policy-makers about introduction of preventive interventions against typhoid, including vaccination. METHODS: A population-based prospective surveillance design was used. Study sites where typhoid was considered a problem by local authorities were established in China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan and Viet Nam. Standardized clinical, laboratory, and surveillance methods were used to investigate cases of fever of > 3 days' duration for a one-year period. A total of 441 435 persons were under surveillance, 159 856 of whom were aged 5-15 years. FINDINGS: A total of 21 874 episodes of fever were detected. Salmonella typhi was isolated from 475 (2%) blood cultures, 57% (273/475) of which were from 5-15 year-olds. The annual typhoid incidence (per 100 000 person years) among this age group varied from 24.2 and 29.3 in sites in Viet Nam and China, respectively, to 180.3 in the site in Indonesia; and to 412.9 and 493.5 in sites in Pakistan and India, respectively. Altogether, 23% (96/413) of isolates were multidrug resistant (chloramphenicol, ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole). CONCLUSION: The incidence of typhoid varied substantially between sites, being high in India and Pakistan, intermediate in Indonesia, and low in China and Viet Nam. These findings highlight the considerable, but geographically heterogeneous, burden of typhoid fever in endemic areas of Asia, and underscore the importance of evidence on disease burden in making policy decisions about interventions to control this disease.

OBJETIVO: Informar a los planificadores de políticas sobre la introducción de intervenciones preventivas contra la fiebre tifoidea, entre ellas la vacunación. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio de vigilancia prospectiva poblacional en sitios donde las autoridades locales de China, la India, Indonesia, el Pakistán y Viet Nam consideraron que la fiebre tifoidea constituía un problema. Se utilizaron métodos clínicos, de laboratorio y de vigilancia normalizados para investigar durante un año los casos de fiebre de duración > 3 días. En total, se sometió a vigilancia a 441 435 personas, de las cuales 159 856 tenían entre 5 y 15 años. RESULTADOS: Se detectaron 21 874 episodios febriles. Se aisló Salmonella typhi en 475 (2%) hemocultivos, un 57% (273/475) de los cuales correspondían a pacientes de 5 a 15 años. En este grupo de edad, la incidencia anual de fiebre tifoidea (por 100 000 personas-año) fue de 24,2 en el sitio de Viet Nam, 29,3 en China, 180,3 en Indonesia, 412,9 en el Pakistán, y 493,5 en la India. El 23% (96/413) de los aislados fueron multirresistentes (cloranfenicol, ampicilina y trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol). CONCLUSIÓN: La incidencia de fiebre tifoidea varió considerablemente de un sitio a otro, siendo más elevada en la India y el Pakistán, intermedia en Indonesia, y baja en China y Viet Nam. Estos resultados revelan que la carga de morbilidad por fiebre tifoidea es considerable, pero geográficamente heterogénea, en zonas endémicas de Asia, y subrayan lo importante que es disponer de datos científicos sobre la carga de morbilidad a la hora de tomar decisiones políticas sobre las intervenciones de control de esta enfermedad.

OBJECTIF: Informer les décideurs à propos de l'introduction de mesures préventives contre la typhoïde, notamment la vaccination. MÉTHODES: Une étude de surveillance en population de type prospective a été menée. Des sites d'étude ont été mis en place en Chine, Inde et Indonésie, ainsi qu'au Pakistan et au Viet Nam dans les endroits où les autorités locales considéraient que la typhoïde posait problème. Des méthodes standardisées d'étude clinique, d'analyse biologique et de surveillance ont été appliquées pour investiguer sur une période de un an les cas de fièvre durant 3 jours et plus. Au total, 441 435 personnes ont été placées sous surveillance, parmi lesquelles 159 856 étaient âgées de 5 à 15 ans. RÉSULTATS: 21 874 épisodes fébriles ont été détectés au total. La bactérie Salmonella typhi a été isolée sur 475 (2 %) cultures sanguines, parmi lesquelles 57 % (273/475) provenaient d'enfants de 5 à 15 ans. L'incidence annuelle de la typhoïde (pour 100 000 personnes et par an) variait dans cette tranche d'âge entre 24,2 et 29,3 pour les sites vietnamiens et chinois, atteignait jusqu'à 180,3 pour le site indonésien et se situait entre 412,9 et 493,5 pour les sites pakistanais et indiens. Dans leur ensemble, 23 % (96/413) des isolements étaient multirésistants (chloramphénicol, ampicilline et triméthoprime- sulfaméthoxazole). CONCLUSION: L'incidence de la fièvre typhoïde variait fortement d'un site à l'autre, avec des valeurs élevées en Inde et au Pakistan, intermédiaires en Indonésie et faibles en Chine et au Viet Nam. Ces résultats font ressortir l'ampleur de la charge de morbidité liée à la typhoïde, mais aussi son hétérogénéité géographique, dans les pays d'endémie asiatiques et soulignent l'importance des données de morbidité sur la prise de décisions politiques concernant les interventions pour lutter contre cette maladie.

INTRODUCTION: In research projects such as vaccine trials, accurate and complete surveillance of all outcomes of interest is critical. In less developed countries where the private sector is the major health-care provider, the private sector must be included in surveillance systems in order to capture all disease of interest. This, however, poses enormous challenges in practice. The process and outcome of recruiting private practice clinics for surveillance in a vaccine trial are described. METHODS: The project started in January 2002 in two urban squatter settlements of Karachi, Pakistan. At the suggestion of private practitioners, a phlebotomy team was formed to provide support for disease surveillance. Children who had a reported history of fever for more than three days were enrolled for a diagnosis. RESULTS: Between May 2003 and April 2004, 5540 children younger than 16 years with fever for three days or more were enrolled in the study. Of the children, 1312 (24%) were seen first by private practitioners; the remainder presented directly to study centres. In total, 5329 blood samples were obtained for microbiology. The annual incidence of Salmonella typhi diagnosed by blood culture was 407 (95% confidence interval (95% CI), 368-448) per 100 000/year and for Salmonella paratyphi A was 198 (95% CI, 171-227) per 100 000/year. Without the contribution of private practitioners, the rates would have been 240 per 100 000/year (95% CI, 211-271) for S. typhi and 114 (95% CI, 94-136) per 100 000/year for S. paratyphi A. CONCLUSION: The private sector plays a major health-care role in Pakistan. Our experience from a surveillance and burden estimation study in Pakistan indicates that this objective is possible to achieve but requires considerable effort and confidence building. Nonetheless, it is essential to include private health care providers when attempting to accurately estimate the burden of disease in such settings.

INTRODUCCIÓN: En proyectos de investigación como los ensayos de vacunas, es fundamental aplicar una vigilancia exhaustiva de todos los resultados de interés. En los países poco desarrollados donde el sector privado constituye el principal proveedor de atención sanitaria, dicho sector debe formar parte de los sistemas de vigilancia si se desea detectar todas las enfermedades pertinentes. Sin embargo, en la práctica esto plantea grandes retos. Se describen aquí los procedimientos y los resultados de la contratación de consultorios privados con fines de vigilancia en el ensayo de una vacuna. MÉTODOS: El proyecto comenzó en enero de 2002 en dos asentamientos ilegales urbanos de Karachi, Pakistán. Por sugerencia de algunos médicos privados, se formó a un equipo de flebotomía para que apoyara las actividades de vigilancia de la morbilidad. Se reclutó para diagnóstico a los niños que presentaban una historia de fiebre de más de tres días. RESULTADOS: Entre mayo de 2003 y abril de 2004 se reclutó para el estudio a 5540 niños menores de 16 años con una historia de fiebre de al menos tres días de duración. De ellos, 1312 (24%) fueron examinados por primera vez por médicos privados; los otros acudieron directamente a los centros de estudio. En total se obtuvieron 5329 muestras de sangre para análisis microbiológico. La incidencia anual de Salmonella typhi diagnosticada mediante hemocultivo fue de 407 (intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC95%): 368 - 448) por 100 000/año, y la de Salmonella paratyphi A, de 198 (IC95%: 171 - 227) por 100 000/año. Sin la ayuda de los médicos privados, las tasas habrían sido de 240 (IC95%: 211 - 271) por 100 000/año para S. typhi y de 114 (IC95%: 94 - 136) por 100 000 /año para S. paratyphi A. CONCLUSIÓN: El sector privado cumple una importante función de atención sanitaria en el Pakistán. La experiencia de nuestro estudio de vigilancia y estimación de la morbilidad en el pais indica que el objetivo planteado se puede lograr pero requiere un considerable esfuerzo y medidas que estimulen la confianza. No obstante, si se desea estimar con precisión la carga de morbilidad en esas circunstancias, la participación de proveedores de salud privados es fundamental.

INTRODUCTION: Pour les projets de recherche tels que les essais vaccinaux, une surveillance précise et exhaustive de l'ensemble des résultats intéressants revêt une importance critique. Dans les pays moins développés, où le secteur privé est le principal prestataire de soins de santé, il faut faire collaborer ce secteur à l'activité des systèmes de surveillance afin de bien prendre en compte toutes les maladies à suivre. Dans la pratique cependant, la mise en place de cette collaboration pose d'énormes difficultés. L'article décrit le processus de recrutement des établissements privés en vue de leur participation à la surveillance dans le cadre d'un essai vaccinal et les résultats de ce processus. MÉTHODES: Le projet a débuté en janvier 2002 dans deux lotissements urbains spontanés de Karachi (Pakistan). A l'initiative de praticiens privés, une équipe spécialisée dans les prélèvements veineux a été constituée pour apporter un appui à la surveillance des maladies. Les enfants ayant des antécédents signalés de fièvre pendant plus de trois jours ont été recrutés dans l'étude pour faire l'objet d'un diagnostic. RÉSULTATS: Entre mai 2003 et avril 2004, 5540 enfants de moins de 16 ans ayant présenté de la fièvre pendant trois jours ou plus ont été recrutés dans l'étude. Parmi ces enfants, 1312 (24 %) ont été vus d'abord par des praticiens privés, les autres ayant été présentés directement aux centres d'étude. Au total, 5329 échantillons de sang ont été prélevés pour examen microbiologique. L'hémoculture a permis d'évaluer l'incidence annuelle de Salmonella typhi à 407 cas [intervalle de confiance (IC) à 95 % : 368-448 ] pour 100 000 enfants appartenant à la tranche d'âges considérée et celle de Salmonella paratyphi A à 198 (CI à 95 % : 171-227) pour 100 000 enfants appartenant à la tranche d'âges considérée par an. Sans la contribution des praticiens privés, ces taux auraient été évalués à 240 pour 100 000 enfants de l'âge considéré et par an (CI à 95 % : 211 - 271) pour S. typhi et à 114 (CI à 95 % : 94-136) pour 100 000 enfants appartenant à la tranche d'âges considérée et par an pour S. paratyphi A. CONCLUSION: Le secteur privé joue un rôle majeur dans la dispensation de soins de santé au Pakistan. L'expérience tirée de cette étude de surveillance et d'estimation de la charge de morbidité au Pakistan indique qu'il serait possible d'atteindre l'objectif d'amélioration de la surveillance grâce à la collaboration du secteur privé, mais que cela nécessiterait des efforts considérables et un renforcement de la confiance. Quoi qu'il en soit, il est essentiel de prendre en compte les dispensateurs de soins privés lorsqu'on tente d'estimer avec précision la charge de morbidité dans de tels pays.