ABSTRACT Introduction: The main cause of anemia in preschoolers is dietary iron deficiency, nonetheless there are other associated and unevaluated conditions. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency in children aged 6 to 59 months and the association with inflammation, overall overweight, food intake and maternal educational level. Methods: A national cross-sectional study was carried out, with determinations of hemoglobin, ferritin, transferrin receptors, C-reactive protein and alpha-1 acid glycoprotein. The nutritional status, diet and educational level of the mother were evaluated. Results: One thousand four hundred and seventeen children were studied. The prevalence of anemia was 22.5%, 35.6% of iron deficiency, and 13.3% of erythropoietic dysfunction. 37.6% of cases presented inflammation and 7.5% presented global overweight prevalence. Anemia was associated with iron deficiency OR = 2.07(1.45-2.97) and inflammation OR = 2.01(1.45-2.78). No associations were found between anemia and iron deficiency with overall overweight. Low consumption of eggs OR = 1.84 (95% CI 1.39-2.43), fruits OR = 1.73 (95% CI 1.29-2.34) and legumes OR = 1.68 (CI 95% 1.25-2.25) were found to be a risk factor for anemia. The logistic regression analysis showed that anemia was associated with the group under two years of age. Conclusions: Anemia and iron deficiency classify as moderate public health problems associated with inflammation. The group under two years of age and low fruit consumption turned out to be a risk factor and overall overweight turned out to be a protective factor for anemia.

RESUMEN Introducción: La principal causa de anemia en los preescolares es la deficiencia dietética de hierro, pero existen otras condiciones asociadas y no evaluadas. Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de anemia y deficiencia de hierro en niños de 6 a 59 meses y su asociación con inflamación, sobrepeso global, ingestión de alimentos y nivel de instrucción materno. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal nacional, con determinaciones de hemoglobina, ferritina, receptores de transferrina, proteína C reactiva y alfa-1 glicoproteína ácida. Se evaluó el estado nutricional, dieta y nivel de instrucción de la madre. Resultados: Se estudiaron 1417 niños. La prevalencia de anemia fue de un 22,5 %, la de deficiencia de hierro, de un 35,6 % y la de disfunción eritropoyética, de un 13,3 %; con inflamación 37,6 % y prevalencia de sobrepeso global 7,5 %. La anemia estuvo asociada al déficit de hierro OR = 2,07(1,45-2,97) y la inflamación OR = 2,01(1,45-2,78). No se encontraron asociaciones entre la anemia y el déficit de hierro con el sobrepeso global. El bajo consumo de huevos OR = 1,84 (IC95 %1,39-2,43), frutas OR = 1,73 (IC95 %1,29-2,34) y leguminosas OR = 1,68 (IC95 %1,25-2,25) resultaron ser un factor de riesgo de anemia. El análisis de regresión logística mostró que la anemia estaba asociada al grupo menor de 2 años, deficiencia de hierro, inflamación y bajo consumo de frutas; y el sobrepeso global fue un factor de protección. Conclusiones: La anemia y deficiencia de hierro clasifican como problemas de salud pública moderados asociados a la inflamación. El grupo menor de dos años y el bajo consumo de frutas resultó ser un factor de riesgo y el sobrepeso global resultó un factor de protección para la anemia.

Abstract INTRODUCTION Anemia is a public health problem worldwide and is most prevalent in preschool children, for whom it is the most frequent cause of nutritional deficits. In turn, iron deficiency is the main cause of anemia, affecting 43% of children globally. Previous studies in Cuba show rates of iron deficiency in preschool children between 38.6% and 57.6%, higher in infants (71.2% to 81.1%). WHO recommends using serum ferritin as an indicator of iron deficiency accompanied by acute (C-reactive protein) and chronic (α1-acid glycoprotein) inflammation biomarkers. OBJECTIVE Assess how inflammation affects measuring and reporting of iron-deficiency anemia rates in Cuban preschool children. METHODS Data were obtained from serum samples contained in the National Anemia and Iron Deficiency Survey, and included presumably healthy preschool Cuban children (aged 6–59 months). Serum samples were collected from 1375 children from randomly selected provinces in 4 regions of the country from 2014 through 2018. We examined the association between ferritin and two inflammatory biomarkers: C-reactive protein and α1-acid glycoprotein. Individual inflammation-adjusted ferritin concentrations were calculated using four approaches: 1) a higher ferritin cut-off point (<30 g/L); 2) exclusion of subjects showing inflammation (C-reactive protein >5 mg/L or α1-acid glycoprotein >1 g/L); 3) mathematical correction factor based on C-reactive protein or α1-acid glycoprotein; and 4) correction by regression with the method proposed by the Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia Group. We estimated confidence intervals of differences between unadjusted prevalence and prevalence adjusted for inflammation by each method. RESULTS The proportion of children with inflammation according to C-reactive protein concentrations >5 mg/L was lower (11.1%, 153/1375) than the proportion measured according to the concentrations of α1-acid glycoprotein, at >1 g/L (30.8%, 424/1375). The percentage of children with high concentrations of at least one of the aforementioned biomarkers was 32.7% (450/1375). Thus, each correction method increased the observed prevalence of iron deficiency compared to unadjusted estimates (23%, 316/1375). This increase was more pronounced when using the internal regression correction method (based only on C-reactive protein) or the method based on a higher cut-off point. Adjustment using all four methods changed estimated iron deficiency prevalence, increasing it from 0.1% to 8.8%, compared to unadjusted values. CONCLUSION One-third of preschool children had biomarkers indicating elevated inflammation levels. Without adjusting for inflammation, iron deficiency prevalence was underestimated. The significant disparity between unadjusted and inflammation-adjusted ferritin when using some approaches highlights the importance of selecting the right approach for accurate, corrected measurement. The internal regression correction approach is appropriate for epidemiological studies because it takes into account inflammation severity. However, other models should be explored that account for inflammation and also provide better adjusted ferritin concentrations.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The study of mortality is a fundamental tool for decision-marking in health. Gastric cancer is the fourth most common malignant tumor in the world. Objective: To characterize gastric cancer mortality and determine changes in the mortality trends in Cuba between 2007 and 2017. Material and Methods: Cross-sectorial descriptive observational study conducted in Cuba in the period 2007-2017. Universe: total number of deaths in the country whose basic cause of death included in the death certificate was gastric cancer. The data were taken from the mortality database digitized by the Directorate of Medical Records and Statistics of the Ministry of Public Health. Joinpoint Regression Program version 4.7 was used for the analysis of temporary trends. Results: A total of 9 370 deaths were registered within the period; 79,6 % of them were adults over 60 years old, the male sex with 61,0 %. Specific mortality rates by age groups increased after the sixth decade of life. Mortality showed a tendency to increase in both sexes. Conclusions: Gastric cancer trends increased during the 16 years of study. They may be influenced by aging and other associated factors that are not considered in this study.

RESUMEN Introducción: El estudio de la mortalidad es una herramienta fundamental para la toma de decisiones en salud. El cáncer gástrico es el cuarto tumor maligno más frecuente en el mundo. Objetivo: Caracterizar la mortalidad por cáncer gástrico y determinar cambios en la tendencia de la mortalidad en Cuba entre 2007 y 2017. Material y Métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo transversal en Cuba en el período 2007-2017. Universo: total de fallecidos en el país cuya causa básica de muerte recogida en el certificado de defunción fue el cáncer gástrico. Los datos procedieron de la base de datos de mortalidad, digitalizadas por la Dirección de Registros Médicos y Estadísticas del Ministerio de Salud Pública. Para el estudio de la tendencia se utilizó la técnica estadística de regresión segmentada (jointpoint regression versión 4.7). Resultados: En el período se registraron 9 370 defunciones, 79,6 % eran adultos mayores de 60 años, el sexo masculino con 61,0 %. Las tasas específicas de mortalidad por grupos de edad aumentan después de la sexta década de la vida. Conclusiones: Se incrementa las tendencia del cáncer gástrico en los 16 años de estudio, lo que puede estar influenciado por el envejecimiento, y otros factores asociados no investigados en este estudio.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Epidemiological risk stratification is an integrated process of diagnosis, intervention and evaluation, used for decision-making. The risk of dying by suicide in those who make attempts is a hundred times higher than in the general population. Objective: To stratify suicide attempt epidemiologically, according to province of residence. Methods: A mixed ecological study was carried out. The universe was made up of the records of suicide attempts, accessed through the files of reportable diseases from the Medical Registries and Statistics of the Ministry of Public Health from 1990 to 2014. The variables were sex, age and provinces of residence. Cumulative gross, adjusted and specific morbidity rates per 100 000 inhabitants were calculated. The stratification was carried out taking the percentiles as cut-off point, leaving very high risk above the 75th percentile, high risk between the 50th and the 74th percentiles, moderate risk between the 25th and the 49th percentiles, and low risk below the 25th percentile. The relative change percentage of the series and the percentages were calculated, according to variables. Results: From 1990 to 2014, there were 291 524 suicide attempts (20 823 attempts per year), of which 71.5% corresponded to women. The provinces with very high risk in the period 1990-2014 were Cienfuegos, Holguín, Santiago de Cuba and Granma, accounting, respectively, for rates of 151.9, 135.2, 126.9 and 125.2 per 100 000 inhabitants; and during 2011-2014, Matanzas, Las Tunas, Cienfuegos and Holguín, accounting, respectively, for rates of 154.4, 154.3, 148.3 and 147.3 per 100 000 inhabitants. Conclusions: Risk stratification at the provincial level varied in the periods studied. The female sex and adolescents were the most at risk of suicide attempt.

RESUMEN Introducción: La estratificación epidemiológica de riesgo es un proceso integrado de diagnóstico-intervención-evaluación, que sirve para la toma de decisiones. El riesgo de morir por suicidio, en quienes hacen intentos es 100 veces superior a la población general. Objetivo: Estratificar epidemiológicamente el intento suicida según provincias de residencia. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio ecológico mixto. El universo fueron los registros de intento suicida, a través de las tarjetas de enfermedad de declaración obligatoria de los Registros Médicos y Estadísticas del Ministerio de Salud Pública desde 1990 hasta 2014. Las variables fueron: sexo, edad y provincias de residencia. Se calcularon las tasas de morbilidad acumuladas, brutas, ajustadas y específicas por 100 000 habitantes. La estratificación se realizó tomando como punto de corte los percentiles, quedando Muy alto riesgo por encima del 75 percentil, Alto riesgo entre 50-74; Moderado riesgo entre 25-49 y Bajo riesgo por debajo del 25 percentil. Se calculó el porcentaje de cambio relativo de la serie y los porcentajes, según variables. Resultados: Desde 1990-2014 se produjeron 291 524 intentos suicidas (20 823 intentos por año), de los cuales el 71,5 % fueron mujeres, Las provincias de Muy Alto Riesgo en el periodo 1990-2014 fueron: Cienfuegos (tasa 151,9), Holguín (135,2), Santiago de Cuba (126,9) y Granma (125,2) tasas por 100 000 habitantes; y durante 2011-2014: Matanzas (tasas de 154,4), Las Tunas (154,3), Cienfuegos (148,3) y Holguín (147,3) por 100 000 hab. Conclusiones: La estratificación de riesgo a nivel provincial varió en los periodos estudiados. El sexo femenino y los adolescentes fueron los de mayor riesgo en el intento suicida.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Cirrhosis of the liver is a chronic disease that is widespread and irreversible. It represents the final stage of numerous diseases that affect the liver. By the end of 2017, it was the 11th most common cause of death, with a loss of 41.4 million years of disability-adjusted life years, which represent 2.1% of the total years of life lost in the global mortality burden. In Cuba, cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases have been among the top 10 causes of death for several decades, their rates consistently increasing, from 576 deaths in 1970 (6.7 per 100,000 population) to 1738 in 2017 (15.5 per 100,000 population), with a risk of death that is 4.6 times higher in men. OBJECTIVE Characterize deaths from cirrhosis of the liver in Cuba from 1987 to 2017. METHODS An ecological time-series study was conducted for 1987 to 2017 using information obtained from the mortality database of the Medical Records and Health Statistics Bureau of Cuba’s Ministry of Public Health. The study universe consisted of all deceased persons in the country whose underlying cause of death was cirrhosis of the liver. Both general mortality rates and specific mortality were calculated by age group, sex and etiological classification using adjusted and crude rates. Rates were age-adjusted using the direct method, and the population from the 2002 Census of Population and Housing was considered as the standard population. Percentages and means were also calculated according to selected variables and the relative risk of death due to the disease according to sex, age group and etiological classification. The trend and forecast for mortality rates were estimated for this disease. RESULTS The crude mortality rate from cirrhosis of the liver was 9.0 per 100,000 population for the period. Those aged ≥75 years had the highest risk of death (48.3 per 100,000 population). The crude and adjusted mortality rates were almost double for men (12.4 vs. 5.6 and 11.7 vs. 5.6 per 100,000 population, respectively), as was the total relative risk of death, which was 2.2 times higher. Nonalcoholic cirrhosis accounted for 71.6% of deaths. By the end of 2017, risk of death from cirrhosis had climbed to 14.8 per 100,000 population (adjusted rate: 10.6 per 100,000 population), a signal that mortality had progressively increased over the 31 years analyzed. In addition, forecasts predict that death rates will continue their gradual increase, reaching 19.2 per 100,000 population in 2025. CONCLUSIONS Deaths from cirrhosis of the liver constitute a substantial health burden in Cuba. The upward trend and forecast, in addition to increased risk of mortality in men and older adults, are similar to those reported internationally. The finding that most of these deaths result from nonalcoholic cirrhosis should be further studied, as formulation of effective public health strategies depends largely on attaining a better understanding of the etiology, progression and social determinants of the disease.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Epidemiological risk stratification is a process that categorizes geo-ecological areas and population groups according to risks factors in a particular health problem. Suicide in Cuba is the tenth cause of death and the third one in the age group of 10 - 19 years. Objective: To present the epidemiological stratification of mortality by suicide in Cuba during the period between 2011 and 2016. Material and Methods: A descriptive retrospective study was carried out. The universe consisted of the records of death by suicide from the Dirección de Registros Médicos y Estadísticas de Cuba from 2011 to 2016. The variables studied were: sex, age, place of death, skin color, and provinces of residence. Cumulative, gross, adjusted and specific rates per 100,000 inhabitants were calculated. The percentage was calculated according to variables and the relative change of the series. Mortality was stratified by provinces of residence, in adolescents and for all age groups, using percentiles as a cut-off point. Results: It was identified that 79.9 % of the deceased were men. The ( 60 year- old-group had the highest average rate (26.8 per 100,000 inhabitants). Regarding place of death, residence predominated (57.1%). Provincial stratification in adolescents showed Very High Risk in Mayabeque (rate: 4.9), Cienfuegos (4.0), Granma (3.8) and Las Tunas (3.0) per 100,000 inhabitants; whereas in all ages, Very High Risk was present in: Villa Clara (rate: 17.9), Las Tunas (17.6), Holguín (17.1) and Mayabeque (16.7) per 100,000 inhabitants. Conclusions: Suicide rates are lower among women. There are differences in the provincial risk stratification. The results contribute to the epidemiological update of suicide in Cuba.

RESUMEN Introducción: La estratificación epidemiológica de riesgo es un proceso que categoriza áreas geoecológicas y grupos poblacionales, de acuerdo con factores de riesgo de un determinado problema de salud. El suicidio en Cuba es la décima causa de muerte y la tercera en el grupo de 10 a 19 años. Objetivo: Estratificar epidemiológicamente la mortalidad por suicidio en Cuba, en el periodo comprendido entre 2011- 2016. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo. El universo fueron los registros de fallecimiento por suicidio de la Dirección de Registros Médicos y Estadísticas de Cuba, desde 2011- 2016. Las variables estudiadas: sexo, edad, lugar de fallecimiento, color de la piel, y provincias de residencia. Se calcularon las tasas acumuladas, brutas, ajustadas y específicas por 100,000 habitantes. Se calculó el porcentaje según variables y el cambio relativo de la serie. Se estratificó la mortalidad por provincias de residencia, en adolescentes y para todos los grupos de edades, utilizando como punto de cortes los percentiles. Resultados: El 79,9% de los fallecidos fueron hombres. El grupo de ( 60 años tuvo la más alta tasa promedio (26,8 por 100,000 habitantes). Predominó según lugar de fallecimiento, el domicilio (57,1%). La estratificación provincial en adolescentes mostró; Muy Alto Riesgo: Mayabeque (tasa 4,9); Cienfuegos (4,0); Granma (3,8); Las Tunas (3,0) por 100,000 habitantes. En todas las edades; Muy Alto riesgo: Villa Clara (tasa 17,9); Las Tunas (17,6); Holguín (17,1); Mayabeque (16,7) por 100,000 habitantes. Conclusiones: Las tasas de suicidio son más bajas entre las mujeres. Existen diferencias en la estratificación de riesgo provincial. Los resultados contribuyen a la actualización epidemiológica del suicidio en Cuba.

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION Recent decades have seen an uptick in suicide attempts and completed suicides among adolescents and young adults worldwide. In the Americas, including Cuba, suicide is the third leading cause of death in adolescents (ages 10–19 years). OBJECTIVE Characterize the epidemiology of attempted and completed suicide in Cuban adolescents from 2011 through 2014. METHODS A descriptive epidemiological study was carried out. The information was gathered from morbidity records for suicide attempts and mortality records for suicide deaths in adolescents, taken from the Cuban Ministry of Public Health’s Medical Records and Health Statistics Division database for January 1, 2011 through December 31, 2014. Variables were sex, age, occupation or employment status, and suicide method. Suicide attempt incidence rates and suicide mortality rates by age group per 100,000 population (crude, adjusted and age/sex specific), mortality sex ratio and attempt/suicide ratio were calculated. Relative change was calculated as a percentage, as were frequencies by variable for attempted suicide and suicide, and by age and sex for method used. RESULTS A total of 19,541 suicide attempts and 149 suicides were reported. Average annual numbers were 4,885.2 suicide attempts and 37.2 suicides (131:1 ratio). There were 3,966 suicide attempts among boys, for a sex ratio of 0.25:1. Age-adjusted suicide attempt rates decreased from 391.8 per 100,000 population to 304.5 (22.3% reduction over the study period). Boys accounted for 107 of 149 suicide deaths, for a sex ratio of 2.5:1. Age-adjusted suicide mortality rates decreased from 2.8 to 2.3 per 100,000 population (17.9% reduction). The group aged 15–19 years had the highest age-adjusted suicide rate (3.9 per 100,000 population) and contributed the most deaths (114/149, 76.5%), although it did experience a 31.8% reduction over the study period. The group aged 10–14 years recorded a relative increase of 60% over the study period. Hanging was the most common suicide method (116/149, 77.9%). The suicide rate in Cuban adolescents (2.6 per 100,000 population, 3.7 in boys and 1.5 in girls) is less than that reported by the Region of the Americas between 2005 and 2009, 3.7 per 100,000 population (5/100,000 in boys and 2.3/100,000 in girls). CONCLUSIONS Suicide rates in Cuban adolescents are lower than reported elsewhere in the Americas. Suicide attempts and suicide rates decreased modestly between 2011 and 2014. Hanging is the most commonly used method. The highest rates occur in the group aged 15–19 years, but those aged 10–14 years showed a relative increase over the study period. These results update the epidemiology of suicide in Cuban adolescents and demonstrate the extent of the problem. Suicides and suicide attempts show opposite patterns in boys and girls; suicides are more frequent among boys while suicide attempts are more frequent among girls. CONTRIBUTION OF THIS RESEARCH These results update the epidemiology of suicide in Cuban adolescents and reveal the extent of the problem for one of the main preventable causes of death in this age group.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Systematic measurement of population physical activity levels is an important component of public health surveillance. OBJECTIVES Describe patterns of physical activity in the Cuban population aged 15–69 years and identify factors associated with regular physical activity. METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using a complex sampling design, representative of urban and rural areas, sex and age groups, including 7915 individuals. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (short format) was applied. The population was classified as active, irregularly active and sedentary, according to sex, age, marital status, education, skin color, employment and perception of health risk related to physical inactivity or overweight. Percentages, odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated and a multinomial regression model was fitted with active persons as the reference category. RESULTS Approximately 71% of the population self-classified as active, 23% as sedentary and 5.9% as irregularly active. Women had a higher probability of being sedentary (OR 2.51, CI 2.12–2.98) and irregularly active (OR 2.56, CI 95% 1.87–3.49). The probability of being sedentary increased with age (OR 1.19, CI 1.12–1.26), and also with the condition of being a homemaker, retired, or unemployed. Perceiving overweight as a high risk to health reduced likelihood of inactivity (OR 0.49, CI 0.29–0.83). CONCLUSIONS Some 7 of 10 Cubans are physically active. The groups with the highest probability of inactivity and irregular activity and associated factors have been identified through national application (for the first time) of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. The results should be taken into account for implementation of specialized strategies to promote systematic physical activity.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Suicide is a health problem influenced by biological, genetic, psychological, social and economic factors. It is responsible for 50% of violent deaths in the male population, worldwide, and 71% in the female. In the Americas, 65,000 deaths by suicide occur every year. It is the ninth most frequent cause of death in Cuba, and third among people aged 10–19. OBJECTIVE Characterize the epidemiology of suicide in Cuba from 1987 to 2014. METHODS A retrospective descriptive study was conducted. The information comprised all records of death by suicide from January 1, 1987 to December 31, 2014, in the Cuban Ministry of Public Health’s National Statistics Division database. The variables were sex, age, skin color, employment status/occupation, marital status, and method of suicide. Crude and age-standardized mortality rates and age–sex specific mortality rates were calculated, all per 100,000 population, as well as the sex ratio. Relative change over the series was calculated as a percentage. Distribution of suicides by variable was calculated and proportions expressed as percentages. RESULTS A total of 51,113 deaths by suicide were reported (annual average 1825), of which 34,671 (67.8%) were among men. The sex ratio was 2.1:1 for the entire study period, and 3.9:1 for 2011–2014. Over the course of the period studied, age-standardized suicide rates decreased from 23.9 to 10.8 per 100,000 population (54.8% reduction). The group aged ≥60 years had the highest average age-standardized rate, 44.6 per 100,000 population. The highest suicide burden by age was in the group aged 20–59 years (60.5%). By skin color, the highest burden was in those recorded as white, 68.9%. By marital status, the highest burden was in persons with a stable partner (46.7%), and by employment status/occupation, in retired (25.9%). The most commonly used method was hanging (59.4%). CONCLUSIONS Over the course of about three decades, suicide mortality rates have declined by almost half and they are still slightly higher than overall rates in the Americas. The most commonly used method is hanging. The sex ratio is greater than two and has increased over time. The highest rates occur in the group aged ≥60 years, but finer stratification is needed to identify an age-related risk trend. In view of Cuba’s aging population, these results are of interest for epidemiology and public health.

A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted during 2010, in 5 936 people aged 15 years and over as a representative sample of the country, with several stage cluster sampling, in order to determine the quality of life related to health in the urban population from Cuba. The sociodemographic variables used were age, sex and skin color, and those of the generic questionnaire EuroQol: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Most of people had mobility, self-care and usual activities preserved. It is concluded that male mestizos younger than 45 years showed a higher quality of life related to health and the questionnaire can be valid to describe this indicator in that population.

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal durante el 2010, de 5 936 personas de 15 años y más como muestra representativa del país, con muestreo por conglomerado en varias etapas, con vistas a determinar la calidad de vida relativa a salud en la población urbana de Cuba. Las variables sociodemográficas utilizadas resultaron ser: edad, sexo y color de la piel; las del cuestionario genérico EuroQol: movilidad, cuidado personal, actividades cotidianas, dolor/malestar y ansiedad/depresión. La mayoría de las personas presentaron movilidad, cuidado personal y actividades cotidianas conservadas. Se concluye que los mestizos del sexo masculino menores de 45 años, mostraron mayor calidad de vida relativa a salud y que dicho cuestionario puede ser válido para describir este indicador en la citada población.

INTRODUCTION: Theory and experience gained show that community interventions in non-communicable diseases must to be planned, carried out and to assessed according to clear standards and principles and that there must to exist a cooperation with all community sectors. METHODS: An assessment methodology was designed to identify the advances and to improve the performance of community interventions in three municipalities of our country (Cienfuegos, Yaguajay and Centro Habana) for intervention and control of non-communicable diseases. Assessment was carried out in terms of reinvestments, process and products. RESULTS:During 2003-2005 in three municipalities there was a reorientation of health services to prevention of non-communicable diseases and its risk factors by equipping of 16 medical consulting rooms, the creation of 11 clinics for quit smoking and the carrying out of 352 prevention activities of health promoters and with a proper use of funds to prevention aims. CONCLUSIONS: The community intervention processes for prevention and control of risk factors and non-communicable diseases in the three municipalities has been different, however, the three community intervention coincides at to promote and to supply the organized, arranged and compromised social participation of the citizenship to strengthen a health culture regarding its cultural, generation and of genre diversity and the achievement of practices aimed to a healthy life and environment.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La teoría y la experiencia acumulada muestran que las intervenciones comunitarias en las enfermedades no transmisibles se deben planificar, ejecutar y evaluar de acuerdo con principios y normas nítidos, y que se debe colaborar con todos los sectores de la comunidad. MÉTODOS: Se diseñó una metodología de evaluación para identificar los progresos y mejorar el desempeño de intervenciones comunitarias en tres municipios del país (Cienfuegos, Yaguajay y Centro Habana) para la prevención y el control de las enfermedades no transmisibles. La evaluación se realizó en términos de insumos, proceso y productos. RESULTADOS: En el período 2003-2005 en los tres municipios se apreció una reorientación de los servicios de salud hacia la prevención de las enfermedades no transmisibles y sus factores de riesgo mediante el equipamiento de 16 consultorios médicos, la creación de 11 clínicas de deshabituación tabáquica y la realización de 352 actividades preventivas con la implicación de los promotores de salud y con el uso de los fondos adecuadamente para los fines previstos. CONCLUSIONES: Los procesos de intervenciones comunitarias para la prevención y control de los factores de riesgo y enfermedades no transmisibles en los tres municipios han sido diferentes. No obstante, las tres intervenciones comunitarias coinciden en promover y posicionar la participación social organizada, concertada y comprometida de la ciudadanía para empoderar una cultura de la salud, con el respeto a su diversidad cultural, generacional y de género, y el logro de prácticas que conduzcan a estilos de vida y ambientes saludables.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the frequency and distribution of the carrying out of preventive activities related to oral cancer and other periodontal diseases according to age, sex, educational level, and residence place. METHODS: a cross-sectional study with a complex sampling design, stratified by polystage groups, was conducted. The universe included the urban Cuban population aged 15 and over. A representative sample was taken by province for a total of 22 851 subjects. Home interviews were made to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics and on some behaviors and preventive actions. RESULTS: 96.6 % of the surveyed referred that they brushed their teeth daily; 34.7 % said that the health staff tougth them how to perform the oral self-examination, whereas 33.9 % carried out this procedure. 38.7 % underwent oral examination. The percentage of these activities was greater in females and at young ages. CONCLUSIONS: these results showed the need to increase the preventive activities in the National Health System by means of training, implementation and control for the early prevention of oral cancer and other periodontal disorders.

OBJETIVO: describir la frecuencia y distribución de la realización de actividades preventivas relacionadas con el cáncer bucal y otras periodontopatías según edad, sexo, nivel educacional y lugar de residencia. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio transversal con diseño muestral complejo, estratificado y por conglomerados polietápicos. El universo estuvo constituido por la población cubana urbana de 15 años y más, tomándose una muestra representativa por provincias que abarcó a 22 851 personas. Se practicó una entrevista en el hogar donde se recogieron datos sobre características sociodemográficas, así como la realización de algunas conductas y acciones preventivas. RESULTADOS: 96,6 % de los encuestados refiere realizar el cepillado dental diario, 34,7 % alude que el personal de salud le enseñó cómo efectuar el autoexamen bucal, mientras que 33,9 % efectúa ese procedimiento. Al 38,7 % se les practicó el examen bucal, siendo el porcentaje de estas actividades mayor en las mujeres y en edades jóvenes. CONCLUSIONES: estos resultados demuestran la necesidad de aumentar las actividades preventivas en el sistema nacional de salud con una capacitación, implementación y control, para prever tempranamente el cáncer bucal y otros trastornos periodontales.

Background: Chronic non-communicable diseases are one of the first causes of death in Cuba. Objectives: To submit the most important experience in the implementation of “Dragones” project after 5 years of intervention for the prevention and control of risk factors and chronic non-communicable diseases. Methods: A community-wide intervention was performed on two fundamental pillars: the strengthening of primary healthcare and the active participation of the population in preventive management of chronic non-communicable diseases and their risk factors. Results: It was observed that the quality of healthcare to chronic non-communicable diseases and their risk factors from 2000 to 2003 had remarkably increased. The aspects that improved more were counseling on chronic non-communicable diseases that the patients suffered and the dietary habits, with an increase of 60,03 % and 50,9 % respectively. Also, preventive practices increased in number in 2003, being blood pressure measurement and breast screening test the ones that reached higher percentages. Conclusions: A good community diagnosis, combination of well-thought messages, carrying out of health promotion activities, implementation of cost-effective forms of intervention and a reliable system of evaluation and surveillance are the key aspects that should be taken into consideration when implementing a community-based intervention program for the prevention and control of chronic non-communicable diseases and their risk factors

Antecedentes: las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles constituyen una las primeras causas de muerte en Cuba. Objetivos: exponer las experiencias más importantes en la ejecución del proyecto “Dragones” llevado a cabo desde el año 1998 hasta el año 2003, para la prevención y control de los factores de riesgo y enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Métodos: se realizó una intervención comunitaria basada en dos pilares fundamentales: el fortalecimiento de la atención primaria de salud y la participación activa de la población en el manejo preventivo de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles y sus factores de riesgo. Resultados: se apreció una gran recuperación en la calidad de la atención por enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles y sus factores de riesgo entre los años 2000 y 2003. Los aspectos donde se apreció una mayor mejoría fueron la orientación sobre las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles que padecen los pacientes y los hábitos dietéticos con un aumento de 60,03 % y 50,9 %, respectivamente. Aumentó, también, la realización de prácticas preventivas en el año 2003 y fueron la toma de la tensión arterial y la realización del examen de mama las que alcanzaron mayores porcentajes. Conclusiones: un buen diagnóstico comunitario, la combinación de mensajes bien planificados, la realización de actividades de promoción de salud, la implementación de formas costo-eficaces de intervención y un sistema de vigilancia y evaluación fiables, son los aspectos fundamentales que deben tenerse en cuenta en la ejecución de un programa de intervención comunitaria para la prevención y control de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles y sus factores de riesgo

OBJECTIVES: To look at the individual features of three different methods used to estimate simple parameters-means, totals, and percentages, as well as their standard errors-and of logistic regression models, and to describe how such methods can be used for analyzing data obtained from complex samples. METHODS: Data from Cuba’s Second National Survey of Risk Factors and Non-Communicable Chronic Ailments [Segunda Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo y Afecciones Crónicas No Transmisibles], which was conducted in 2001, were studied. A complex, stratified multi-stage cluster sampling design was used. Cuba’s 14 provinces and the municipality of Isla de la Juventud served as the strata, while the clusters consisted of sampled geographic areas (SGA), blocks, and sectors. Samples were weighted in inverse proportion to their probability of being selected, and estimates were performed by sex and age group (15-34, 35-54, 55-74, and 75 or more years). Taylor approximations were used to estimate variances. Three statistical methods were compared: conventional analysis, which assumes all data were obtained through simple random sampling; weighted analysis, which only takes into account the weight of the samples when performing estimates; and adjusted analysis, which looks at all aspects of the sampling design (namely, the disparity in the probability of being included in the sample and the effect of clustering on the data). RESULTS: The point estimates obtained with the three different types of analytic methods were similar. Standard error (SE) estimates for the prevalence of overweight and of arterial hypertension that were obtained by conventional analysis were underestimated by 19.3% and by more than 11.5%, respectively, when such estimates were compared to those obtained with the other two analytic methods. On the other hand, weighted analysis generated SE values that were much smaller than those obtained with the other two types of analyses. The same pattern was noted when odds ratios were calculated using the different methods. CONCLUSIONS: Analytic methods that take into account the way the data are structured as well as the study design give a more realistic picture of the problem under study and provide more exact estimates of the study parameters and their SE than conventional analytic methods. Because data from epidemiologic and public health research are often obtained through complex sampling designs, the methods described in this paper and the statistical packages that utilize them should be used more widely.

OBJETIVOS: En el presente trabajo se discuten las particularidades de tres métodos de estimación de parámetros simples -medias, totales y porcentajes, y sus respectivos errores estándar-, así como de los modelos de regresión logística, en el análisis de los datos de muestras complejas. MÉTODOS: Se tomaron los datos de la Segunda Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo y Afecciones Crónicas No Transmisibles, realizada en Cuba en el año 2001. Se usó un diseño muestral complejo estratificado y por conglomerados polietápicos. Los estratos estuvieron conformados por las 14 provincias de Cuba y el municipio especial Isla de la Juventud, mientras que los conglomerados fueron las áreas geográficas muestrales (AGEM), manzanas y secciones. Las muestras se ponderaron en proporción inversa a las probabilidades de selección y para la estimación se realizó una estratificación por sexo y grupo de edad (15-34, 35-54, 55-74 y 75 años o más). Las varianzas se estimaron mediante las aproximaciones de Taylor. Se compararon tres métodos estadísticos: el análisis convencional, que da por sentado que los datos provienen de un muestreo simple aleatorio; el análisis ponderado, que solo toma en consideración los pesos muestrales para obtener las estimaciones; y el análisis con ajustes, que toma en cuenta la desigualdad en las probabilidades de selección y el efecto de la conglomeración en los datos. RESULTADOS: Las estimaciones puntuales obtenidas mediante las tres estrategias de análisis fueron similares. Los errores estándar estimados para la prevalencia de sobrepeso obtenidos por el análisis convencional se subestimaron en 19,3% y para la prevalencia de hipertensión en más de 11,5% en relación con los otros métodos. El análisis ponderado generó valores de los errores estándar mucho menores que los calculados por otros métodos. Resultados similares se encontraron al estimar los valores de la razón de posibilidades. CONCLUSIONES: Los métodos de análisis que toman en cuenta la estructura de los datos y las características del diseño ofrecen una visión más realista del problema estudiado. Con ellos se obtienen estimaciones más precisas de los parámetros y de sus errores estándar. La frecuencia con que se encuentran datos procedentes de diseños muestrales complejos en estudios epidemiológicos y de salud pública exige una mayor utilización de estos métodos y de los paquetes estadísticos que los contemplan.