Resumen Antecedentes: Los periodos de sequía en el Desierto Sonorense aumentan el interés por cultivos con baja huella hídrica. Stenocereus thurberi es una alternativa, incluyendo beneficios económicos para los pobladores. Hipótesis: La propagación vegetativa de tallos con areolas diferenciadas de Stenocereus thurberi con fines productivos, mostrará una alta supervivencia tomando en cuenta los patrones estacionales, actividad metabólica y asimilación de CO2, reflejando así la adaptabilidad, resistencia y productividad de la especie. Especie de estudio: Stenocereus thurberi. Sitio de estudio y fechas: Hermosillo, Sonora, México; 2014. Métodos: Se evaluó supervivencia de tallos propagados vegetativamente, producción de calor metabólico (CM) de areolas reproductivas, intercepción de luz diaria integrada (LDI) y asimilación instantánea de CO2. Resultados: Los tallos mostraron una supervivencia del 100 %, crecimiento vegetativo anual de 9.3 ± 0.6 cm y producción de 2.0 ± 0.8 frutos por tallo. La mayor cantidad de LDI se registró en mayo (27.2 mol m-2 d-1) y el lado oeste (23.4 mol m-2 d-1). Las areolas reproductivas mostraron mayor producción de CM en mayo con 2 µW mg-1 peso seco (ps) y el mayor gasto energético con 1,759.6 kJ mol-1. La menor tasa respiratoria en areolas fue en junio con 0.003 nmol mg-1s-1 mg-1 ps. Las tasas de mayor asimilación de CO2 se presentaron en marzo, septiembre y octubre con 6.3, 3.8 y 6.5 µmol CO2 m-2s-1, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Es posible reproducir vegetativamente pitayas a partir de tallos con areolas reproductivas diferenciadas con fines productivos, promoviendo un cultivo eficiente con bajo consumo de agua y potencial económico.

Abstract Background: Periods of drought in the Sonoran Desert increase interest in crops with a smaller water footprint. Stenocereus thurberi is an alternative, including economic benefits for the residents. Hypothesis: Vegetative propagation of Stenocereus thurberi stems with differentiated floral areoles for productive purposes will demonstrate high survival, considering seasonal patterns, metabolic activity, and CO2 assimilation, reflecting the adaptability, resistance, and productivity of the species. Study species: Stenocereus thurberi. Study site and dates: Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico; 2014. Methods: Survival of vegetative propagated stems, metabolic heat production (CM) of reproductive areoles, integrated daily light interception (LDI), and instantaneous CO2 assimilation were evaluated. Results: The vegetatively transplanted stems showed a survival of 100 %, an annual vegetative growth of 9.3 ± 0.6 cm, and a production of 2.0 ± 0.8 fruits per stem. The highest LDI amount was recorded in May (27.2 mol m-2 d-1) and the west side (23.4 mol m-2 d-1). The reproductive areoles showed the highest CM production in May with 2 µW mg-1 dry weight (ps) and the highest energy expenditure with 1,759.6 kJ mol-1. The lowest respiratory rate of the areolas occurred in June with 0.003 nmol s-1 mg-1 dw. The rates of greatest CO2 assimilation occurred in March, September, and October with 6.3, 3.8, and 6.5 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1, respectively. Conclusions: It is possible to reproduce pitayas vegetatively from stems with differentiated reproductive areoles for productive purposes, promoting an efficient cultivation with low water consumption and economic potential.

Abstract (Introduction): The variability of geographic space, in terms of the horizontal structure of landscapes, influences ecology and suggests an association between landscape heterogeneity indices (LHI) and ecosystem services (ES). This relationship is crucial for conservation and sustainable development in Latin America, given the diversity of landscapes, from tropical forests to snow-capped mountains and deserts, which harbor a unique wealth of biodiversity and ecological functions. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between LHI and ES. (Methodology): Fourteen landscape heterogeneity indices and seven ecosystem services were calculated in Santa María Huatulco, Oaxaca, and related to the estimated ecosystem services for the same area. (Results): The models showed a statistically significant relationship between LHI and ES, suggesting that certain LHI can influence the provision and distribution of ES. (Conclusions): Therefore, understanding how LHI affect ES is essential to promote sustainable development in Latin America.

Resumen (Introducción): La variabilidad del espacio geográfico, en términos de la estructura horizontal de los paisajes, influye en la ecología y sugiere una asociación entre los índices de heterogeneidad paisajística (IHP) y los servicios ecosistémicos (SE). Esta relación es crucial para la conservación y el desarrollo sostenible en América Latina, dada la diversidad de paisajes, desde selvas tropicales hasta montañas nevadas y desiertos, que albergan una riqueza única de biodiversidad y funciones ecológicas. (Objetivo): Se buscó determinar la relación entre los IHP y los SE. (Metodología): Se calcularon catorce índices de heterogeneidad paisajística y siete servicios ecosistémicos en el municipio de Santa María Huatulco, Oaxaca, y se relacionaron con los servicios ecosistémicos estimados para la misma área de estudio. (Resultados): Los modelos demostraron una relación estadísticamente significativa entre los IHP y los SE. (Conclusiones): Investigar y comprender como los IHP afectan la oferta y distribución de los SE es esencial para promover un desarrollo sostenible en América Latina.

Abstract (Introduction): The variability of geographic space, in terms of the horizontal structure of landscapes, influences ecology and suggests an association between landscape heterogeneity indices (LHI) and ecosystem services (ES). This relationship is crucial for conservation and sustainable development in Latin America, given the diversity of landscapes, from tropical forests to snow-capped mountains and deserts, which harbor a unique wealth of biodiversity and ecological functions. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between LHI and ES. (Methodology): Fourteen landscape heterogeneity indices and seven ecosystem services were calculated in Santa María Huatulco, Oaxaca, and related to the estimated ecosystem services for the same area. (Results): The models showed a statistically significant relationship between LHI and ES, suggesting that certain LHI can influence the provision and distribution of ES. (Conclusions): Therefore, understanding how LHI affect ES is essential to promote sustainable development in Latin America.

Resumen (Introducción): La variabilidad del espacio geográfico, en términos de la estructura horizontal de los paisajes, influye en la ecología y sugiere una asociación entre los índices de heterogeneidad paisajística (IHP) y los servicios ecosistémicos (SE). Esta relación es crucial para la conservación y el desarrollo sostenible en América Latina, dada la diversidad de paisajes, desde selvas tropicales hasta montañas nevadas y desiertos, que albergan una riqueza única de biodiversidad y funciones ecológicas. (Objetivo): Se buscó determinar la relación entre los IHP y los SE. (Metodología): Se calcularon catorce índices de heterogeneidad paisajística y siete servicios ecosistémicos en el municipio de Santa María Huatulco, Oaxaca, y se relacionaron con los servicios ecosistémicos estimados para la misma área de estudio. (Resultados): Los modelos demostraron una relación estadísticamente significativa entre los IHP y los SE. (Conclusiones): Investigar y comprender como los IHP afectan la oferta y distribución de los SE es esencial para promover un desarrollo sostenible en América Latina.

Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between body weight (BW) and different biometric measurements in llamas (Lama glama) from the Bolivian highlands and to generate prediction models of BW. A total of 515 individual records of BW and biometric measurements were used. The measurements were taken on 202 males and 313 females aged between 0.5 and 5 years, and included: neck length (NL), withers height (WH), rump height (RH), heart girth (HG), body length (BL), abdomen circumference (AC), rib depth (RD), hip width (HW), pin bone width (PBW), thoracic width (TW), and back length (BKL). The relationships between BW and biometric measurements were developed using simple linear and multiple regression. For the evaluation, the relationship between the observed and predicted values of BW was determined by linear regression, the mean squared error of prediction (MSEP) and root MSEP (RMSEP); concordance correlation coefficient analysis was also used. The BW ranged from 22 to 122 kg. Regression equations between BW, HG and RD had an r2 of 0.94 and 0.92, respectively (RMSEP= 6.06 and 6.70 kg, respectively). The equations were highly precise (r2 >0.86) and accurate (Cb>0.98), with a reproducibility index > 0.92. The model efficiency (MEF) indicated a higher efficiency of prediction (MEF > 0.86). Using a single predictor, HG and RD accounted for more than 92% of the variation in BW. Overall, HG may be used as a single predictor to predict BW in llamas maintained under the conditions of the Bolivian highlands.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Beer is the most popular alcoholic beverage in the world and the use of additives during its production can improve its physicochemical and organoleptic properties. Objective: To evaluate the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of craft beer by applying a corn and rice cereal base for malt substitution. Materials and Methods: The cereal base (corn and rice) was purchased in the local market of the Portoviejo canton, province of Manabí and two samples, T1 and T2, were made compared with a control sample in which the physicochemical parameters such as density, pH and alcohol content were determined and the sensory determination of the samples was carried out by 27 untrained panelists. Results and Discussion: Significant differences were found in density and alcoholic content, with sample T2 being the one that obtained the best results in the sensory aspect, being the one preferred by the panelists surveyed. Conclusions: The overall assessment of sample B indicates that it was considered to be of higher quality and preference compared to sample A. These results highlight the importance of innovation in the beer industry, since the inclusion of local ingredients can not only improve the flavor profile of beer, but also contribute to the promotion of local and sustainable products.

RESUMEN Introducción: La cerveza es la bebida alcohólica más popular del mundo y el empleo de aditivos durante su elaboración pueden mejorar las propiedades fisicoquímicas y organolépticas de la misma. Objetivo: Evaluar las características fisicoquímicas y sensoriales de la cerveza artesanal mediante la aplicación de una base cereal de maíz y arroz para la sustitución de la malta. Materiales y Métodos: La base cereal (maíz y arroz) se adquirió en el mercado local del cantón Portoviejo, provincia de Manabí y se realizaron dos muestras T1 y T2 comparadas con una muestra control en la cual, se determinaron los parámetros fisicoquímicos como densidad, pH y contenido alcohólico y la determinación sensorial de las muestras se realizó mediante 27 panelistas no entrenados. Resultados y Discusión: Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la densidad y en el contenido alcohólico siendo la muestra T2 la que obtuvo mejores resultados en el aspecto sensorial siendo la preferida por los panelistas encuestados. Conclusiones: La valoración global de la muestra B, indica que fue considerada de mayor calidad y preferencia en comparación con la muestra A. Estos resultados resaltan la importancia de la innovación en la industria cervecera, ya que la inclusión de ingredientes locales puede no solo mejorar el perfil de sabor de la cerveza, sino también contribuir a la promoción de productos locales y sostenibles.

Resumen Introducción: El pez payaso (Amphiprion ocellaris) es la especie de pez más popular en el comercio de acuarios marinos; sin embargo, falta información sobre su fisiología digestiva durante la ontogenia larval, información valiosa necesaria para protocolos de diseño y manejo dietético. Objetivo: Caracterizar las enzimas digestivas tempranas de larvas de A. ocellaris. Métodos: Usamos tres homogenados (con 10 larvas cada uno) y extrajimos 10 muestras por tanque, justo antes de la eclosión hasta el día 38. Analizamos la actividad específica de proteasas ácidas y alcalinas, tripsina, quimotripsina, leucina aminopeptidasa y lipasa; e hicimos zimogramas de proteasas ácidas y alcalinas. Resultados: Detectamos todas las enzimas medidas en la eclosión. La actividad de proteasas ácidas incrementó hasta el día 38. Proteasas alcalinas, tripsina, quimotripsina, y leucina aminopeptidasa tuvieron el mismo patrón, con actividad máxima en el octavo día, decreciendo en el día 38. Hubo picos en la actividad lipasa a los ocho y 30 días. El zimograma ácido tuvo una banda única, apareciendo al octavo día. Se hallaron ocho proteasas alcalinas (154.2, 128.1, 104.0, 59.8, 53.5, 41.9, 36.5 y 25.1 KDa), con siete bandas al primer día, y todas las bandas entre el tercer y octavo día, bajando a dos bandas (41.9 y 25.1 KDa) al día 38. Conclusión: A. ocellaris tiene un estómago funcional al octavo día, y, al día 38, un patrón digestivo omnívoro con tendencias carnívoras.

Abstract Introduction: The Clown anemonefish (Amphiprion ocellaris) is the most popular fish species in the marine aquarium trade; however, there is a lack of information on their digestive physiology during larval ontogeny, valuable information needed for diet design and management protocols. Objective: To characterize the early digestive enzymes of A. ocellaris larvae. Methods: We used three pools (10 larvae each) and extracted 10 samples per tank, from just before hatching to the 38th day. We analyzed the specific activity of acid and alkaline proteases, trypsin, chymotrypsin, leucine aminopeptidase and lipase; and did acid and alkaline protease zymograms. Results: We detected all measured enzymes at hatching. Acid proteases increased in activity until the 38th day. Alkaline proteases, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and leucine aminopeptidase had the same pattern, and maximum activity on the 8th day, decreasing at the 38th day. Lipase activity peaked on the 8th and 30th day. The acid zymogram had a single band, appearing on the 8th day. A total of eight alkaline proteases were revealed (154.2, 128.1, 104.0, 59.8, 53.5, 41.9, 36.5 and 25.1 KDa), with seven bands on the 1st day and all bands from the 3rd to 8th day, decreasing at two bands (41.9 and 25.1 KDa) in the 38th day. Conclusion: A. ocellaris has a functional stomach on the 8th day, and, on the 38th day, a digestive omnivore pattern with a tendency to carnivory.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) is an oilseed that belongs to the euphorbiaceae family. Its fruits and seeds contain about 54% oil and 60% protein. Sacha inchi oil has 45% alpha-linolenic acid (omega 3), 35% linoleic acid (omega 6) and 8% oleic acid (omega 9). In addition, it has antioxidant compounds such as tocopherols and phytosterols. Since 2015 the crop was introduced in Cuba. The objective of this study was to develop the cultivation of Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) to obtain nutraceutical and other foods rich in omegas 3, 6 and 9 in Cuba Methods: On the yield of the plantation were tested cultivation systems, seed germination, the influence of gibberellins and ozone, aqueous and gaseous; it was carried out the phytosanitary diagnosis of the crop and it was developed the technology to obtain and yield oil and the production of soft capsules, which achieved commercial registration. Results: It was applied the management model with a value chain approach, which included technologies for sustainable agroecological production of the crop, and for obtaining oil for human consumption. Biodiversity increased with its introduction without evidence of damage to the environment. They were developed and marketed oil and soft oil capsules, inside and outside the country, which contributes to the substitution of imports of these supplements. The residual cake as a food supplement for animals reported adequate short-term gains in live weight and has high values of total protein, moderate contents of fibrous components, adequate levels of ash and phytocompounds. For the before mentioned reasons it is evident as an alternative food source. Conclusions: it was demonstrated the feasibility of growing Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) in the edaphoclimatic conditions of Cuba in a sustainable way and it was developed a technology for the extraction of oil from the seeds without damaging the environment.

RESUMEN Introducción: Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) es una oleaginosa que pertenece a la familia de las euphorbiaceae. Sus frutos y semillas contienen alrededor del 54 % de aceite y un 60 % de proteínas. El aceite posee ácido alfa-linolénico (omega 3), ácido linoleico (omega 6) y ácido oleico (omega 9) en un 45 %; 35 % y 8 % respectivamente. Además, posee compuestos antioxidantes como los tocoferoles y fitoesteroles. Desde el año 2015 se introdujo el cultivo en Cuba. El objetivo de la investigación fue desarrollar el cultivo de Sacha inchi para la producción de nutracéuticos y otros alimentos ricos en omegas 3, 6 y 9 en Cuba. Métodos: Se probaron sistemas de cultivo, germinación de semillas, la influencia de las giberelinas y el ozono, acuoso y gaseoso, en el rendimiento de la plantación, se realizó el diagnóstico fitosanitario del cultivo y se desarrolló la tecnología para la obtención y rendimiento de aceite y la elaboración de cápsulas blandas, que lograron el registro comercial. Resultados: Se aplicó el modelo de gestión con enfoque de cadena de valor, que incluyó las tecnologías de producción agroecológica sostenible del cultivo, y de obtención de aceite para el consumo humano. Se incrementó la biodiversidad con su introducción sin evidencias de daño al medio ambiente. Se desarrollaron y comercializan aceite y cápsulas blandas de aceite, dentro y fuera del país; lo que contribuye a la sustitución de importaciones de estos suplementos. La torta residual como suplemento alimenticio para animales reportó, a corto plazo, adecuadas ganancias de peso vivo y posee elevados valores de proteína bruta, moderados contenidos de componentes fibrosos, adecuados niveles de cenizas y fitocompuestos. Por estas razones, se evidencia como fuente alimentaria alternativa. Conclusiones: Se mostró la factibilidad del cultivo de Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) en las condiciones edafoclimáticas de Cuba de forma sostenible y se logró implementar una tecnología para la extracción del aceite de las semillas sin daños al medio ambiente.

Resumen. La relación que Ricœur establece entre lo bueno, lo justo y la convicción permite postular un círculo hermenéutico -semejante al que Heidegger propone en su ontología fundamental, y que Gadamer complementa en Verdad y método- en la filosofía práctica, conformado por tres momentos: lo bueno, lo justo y su aplicación al contexto que lo demanda. Con su “pequeña ética”, mediada por esta reformulación, Ricœur pretende terciar en la discusión entre la ética de la argumentación de Habermas y el comunitarismo e historicismo de C. Taylor, A. MacIntyre y H.-G. Gadamer.

Abstract. The relationship that Ricœur establishes between the good, the just, and conviction enables the postulation of a hermeneutical circle -similar to the one proposed by Heidegger in his fundamental ontology, complemented by Gadamer in Truth and Method- in practical philosophy, consisting of three moments: the good, the just, and their application in context. With his “small ethics”, mediated by this reformulation, Ricœur intends to intervene in the discussion between the argumentative ethics of Habermas and the communitarianism and historicism of C. Taylor, A. MacIntyre and H.-G. Gadamer.

Resumen Los carotenoides son compuestos no polares que se encuentran en frutas y hortalizas. El consumo de estos compuestos se ha asociado con muchos efectos benéficos para la salud humana, especialmente en la prevención de enfermedades crónicas que actualmente se consideran problemas de salud pública. Estos efectos se han atribuido principalmente a las propiedades antioxidantes de los carotenoides, aunque muchos otros mecanismos están involucrados en estos efectos, incluida la influencia de los carotenoides en la expresión de genes implicados en la patogénesis de estas enfermedades. Desafortunadamente, la biodisponibilidad de estos compuestos es muy limitada, razón por la cual se han estudiado los efectos de varios factores en la biodisponibilidad de los carotenoides con el fin de identificar las mejores estrategias para aumentar la absorción de estos compuestos y, en consecuencia, su bioactividad. En esta revisión se analizan de manera sistemática los descubrimientos recientes sobre la composición de carotenoides en alimentos de origen vegetal y su biodisponibilidad y efectos protectores de la salud humana.

Abstract Carotenoids are non-polar compounds found in fruits and vegetables. The consumption of these compounds has been associated with many beneficial effects on human health, especially on the prevention of chronic diseases that are currently considered as problems of public health. These effects have mainly been attributed to the antioxidant properties of carotenoids, although many other mechanisms are involved, including the influence of carotenoids in the expression of genes involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Unfortunately, the bioavailability of these compounds is very limited. The effects of several factors on carotenoid bioavailability have been studied in order to identify the best strategies to increase their absorption and, consequently, their bioactivity. This review analyzes in a systematic fashion the recent findings on the composition of carotenoids composition in plant foods, and their bioavailability and beneficial effects on human health.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: The interest in spinal endoscopy is rising, particularly among younger spine surgeons. Formalized postgraduate training programs for endoscopic spinal surgery techniques are lacking behind. Methods: The authors performed a retrospective survey study amongst participants of the 2022 AMCICO endoscopic surgery symposium. Descriptive and correlative statistics were done on the surgeon’s responses recorded in multiple-choice questions. In addition, surgeons were asked about their clinical experience and preferences with spinal endoscopy, training background, the types of lumbar endoscopic decompression they perform by approach, and future training requirements. SPSS (version 27) statistical software package was used for data analysis. Descriptive statistic measures were used to count responses and calculate the mean, range, standard deviation, and percentages. In addition, chi-square statistics were used to determine the strength of the association between factors. Results: The online survey was accessed by 321 surgeons, of which 92 completed it (53.4%). Demographic data showed the majority of responding surgeons being orthopedic surgeons (73.6%) and under the age of 50 (69.2%), with over half (51.1%) having less than three months of formalized training in endoscopic spinal surgery techniques. Most surgeons practiced uni-portal (58.9%) versus bi-portal (3.4%) spinal endoscopy. The transforaminal approach (65.5%) was preferred over the interlaminar method (34.4%). The bi-portal technique was indicated almost exclusively for the lumbar spine (94.8%). For endoscopically assisted spinal fusions, a uni-portal approach was preferred by 72% of surgeons over a bi-portal procedure (24.5%). 84.1% of respondents were interested in navigation, of which 30.7% preferred optical over electromagnetic technology (18.2%). Robotics was of interest to 51.1% of survey participants. Respondents’ bias was estimated with course attendance assessments, with 37% of surgeons having attended all three days, 27.2% two days, and 16.3% one day. One-fifth of responding spine surgeons did not participate in any curriculum activities but completed the survey. The academic impact of the AMCICO endoscopy symposium was high, with 68.1% of respondents indicating interest in continued training and 61.1% of trainees ready to apply their newly acquired knowledge base to clinical practice. Conclusion: The interest in spinal endoscopy surgery techniques and protocols is high among AMCICO members. Many surgeons are interested in learning advanced endoscopic surgical techniques to integrate the technology into their surgical procedure portfolio to address common painful conditions of the degenerative spine beyond herniated discs and foraminal stenosis. The authors concluded that its academic impact was high based on the responses given by the participating surgeons. Level of evidence III; Retrospective study. Introduction rising behind Methods 202 surgeon s multiplechoice multiple choice questions addition background requirements version 27 analysis mean range deviation percentages chisquare chi square factors Results 32 9 53.4%. 534 53.4% . 53 4 (53.4%) 73.6% 736 73 6 (73.6% 5 69.2%, 692 69.2% , 69 2 (69.2%) 511 51 1 (51.1% uniportal uni portal 58.9% 589 58 (58.9% biportal bi 3.4% 34 3 (3.4% 65.5% 655 65 (65.5% 34.4%. 344 34.4% (34.4%) 94.8%. 948 94.8% 94 8 (94.8%) fusions 72 24.5%. 245 24.5% 24 (24.5%) 841 84 84.1 navigation 307 30 7 30.7 18.2%. 182 18.2% 18 (18.2%) 51.1 Respondents assessments 37 days 272 27.2 163 16 16.3 day Onefifth One fifth 681 68 68.1 611 61 61.1 practice Conclusion members stenosis III 20 53.4 (53.4% 73.6 (73.6 69.2 (69.2% (51.1 58.9 (58.9 3.4 (3.4 65.5 (65.5 34.4 (34.4% 94.8 (94.8% 24.5 (24.5% 84. 30. 18.2 (18.2% 51. 27. 16. 68. 61. 53. (53.4 73. (73. 69. (69.2 (51. 58. (58. 3. (3. 65. (65. 34. (34.4 94. (94.8 24. (24.5 18. (18.2 (53. (73 (69. (51 (58 (3 (65 (34. (94. (24. (18. (53 (7 (69 (5 ( (6 (34 (94 (24 (18 (9 (2 (1

Resumo: Introdução: O interesse em cirurgia endoscópica da coluna tem aumentado especialmente entre os jovens cirurgiões, contudo, são poucos os centros que atualmente oferecem programas de treinamento nesta disciplina. Métodos: Foi realizada uma pesquisa retrospectiva entre os participantes do simpósio de “Cirurgia Minimamente Invasiva e Endoscópica da Coluna Vertebral” realizado durante o Congresso AMCICO 2022. Estatísticas descritivas e testes de correlação foram aplicados às respostas das perguntas de múltipla escolha. Os cirurgiões foram questionados sobre experiência clínica e preferências pela endoscopia espinhal, histórico de treinamento, tipos de descompressão lombar endoscópica que realizaram e requisitos futuros para um treinamento adicional. O software estatístico SPSS (versão 27) foi utilizado para a análise de dados. As medidas estatísticas descritivas foram utilizadas para quantificar as respostas e calcular a mediana, a média, o desvio padrão e as porcentagens. O qui-quadrado foi empregado para determinar a associação entre os fatores estudados. Resultados: A pesquisa on-line foi visualizada por 321 cirurgiões, dos quais 92 a completaram (53,4%). As informações demográficas mostraram que a maioria dos participantes são cirurgiões ortopédicos (73,6%) e menores de 50 anos (69,2%), com mais da metade deles (51,1%) possuindo menos de 3 meses de treinamento formal em técnicas endoscópicas. A maioria dos cirurgiões pratica abordagens uniportais (58,9%, contra 3,4% bi-portais). A abordagem transforaminal (65,5%) foi preferida em relação à abordagem interlaminar (34,4%). A abordagem biportal foi selecionada como a abordagem indicada para a região lombar (94,8%). Para a fusão endoscopia-assistida, a abordagem unilateral foi preferida por 72% dos participantes contra a abordagem biportal (24,5%). Os sistemas de navegação foram de interesse para 84,1% dos participantes, dos quais 30,7% responderam que preferiam a óptica em vez da eletromagnética (18,2%). O uso da robótica foi de interesse para 51,1% dos participantes. O viés dos participantes foi calculado com base no percentual de participação, onde 37% participaram de todos os 3 dias de conferências, 27,2% participaram de 2 dias e 16,3% participaram de apenas um dia. Um quinto dos cirurgiões não participaram das atividades do simpósio e ainda assim responderam à pesquisa. O impacto acadêmico do simpósio de “Cirurgia Minimamente Invasiva e Endoscópica da Coluna Vertebral” foi alto, com 68,1% dos participantes respondendo que têm interesse em treinamento adicional nestas técnicas e 61,1% respondendo que estão prontos para aplicar novos conhecimentos em sua prática médica. Conclusão: O interesse em técnicas cirúrgicas endoscópicas da coluna vertebral é alto entre os membros da AMCICO. Um grande número de cirurgiões está interessado em aprender técnicas cirúrgicas endoscópicas avançadas da coluna vertebral e integrar esta tecnologia como parte de suas ferramentas cirúrgicas para resolver problemas comuns que afetam a coluna com doença degenerativa, além de hérnias de disco e estenoses foraminais. Baseados nas respostas fornecidas pelos cirurgiões participantes, os autores concluem que o impacto acadêmico foi elevado. Nível de evidência III; Estudo retrospectivo. Resumo Introdução contudo disciplina Métodos Cirurgia Vertebral 2022 escolha espinhal versão 27 dados mediana média porcentagens quiquadrado qui quadrado estudados Resultados online on line 32 9 53,4%. 534 53,4% . 53 4 (53,4%) 73,6% 736 73 6 (73,6% 5 69,2%, 692 69,2% , 69 (69,2%) 511 51 1 (51,1% 58,9%, 589 58 (58,9% 34 3,4 biportais. biportais bi portais bi-portais) 65,5% 655 65 (65,5% 34,4%. 344 34,4% (34,4%) 94,8%. 948 94,8% 94 8 (94,8%) endoscopiaassistida, endoscopiaassistida assistida, assistida endoscopia-assistida 72 24,5%. 245 24,5% 24 (24,5%) 841 84 84,1 307 30 7 30,7 18,2%. 182 18,2% 18 (18,2%) 51,1 participação 37 conferências 272 27,2 163 16 16,3 dia 681 68 68,1 611 61 61,1 médica Conclusão degenerativa foraminais elevado III retrospectivo 202 53,4 (53,4% 73,6 (73,6 69,2 (69,2% (51,1 58,9% (58,9 3, bi-portais 65,5 (65,5 34,4 (34,4% 94,8 (94,8% 24,5 (24,5% 84, 30, 18,2 (18,2% 51, 27, 16, 68, 61, 20 53, (53,4 73, (73, 69, (69,2 (51, 58,9 (58, 65, (65, 34, (34,4 94, (94,8 24, (24,5 18, (18,2 (53, (73 (69, (51 58, (58 (65 (34, (94, (24, (18, (53 (7 (69 (5 (6 (34 (94 (24 (18 ( (3 (9 (2 (1

Abstract Mexico is a megadiverse region with a complex geological history, but it remains unclear to what extent the distribution of freshwater fish has been influenced by geographic barriers. This study examines the population level genetic divergence and phylogenetic relationships of species in the shortfin group of the subgenus Mollienesia (genus Poecilia), a group of live-bearing fishes that are widely distributed across Mexico, with sampling at a small geographic scale. Samples from over 50 locations were analyzed for six species by using phylogenetic and haplotype network approaches to assess genetic diversity across geographic ranges and to refine the distributions of species in this group. The results indicate that Mexican species have diversified following multiple, independent invasions from Middle America. Two species found north of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) and one transversal species exhibited weak phylogenetic structure, likely due to the lack of physiographic barriers, recent colonization, and high dispersal rates among regions. In contrast, three species found south of the TMVB exhibited strong phylogenetic structure, reflecting a longer presence in the area and multiple physiographic barriers that isolated populations. This study identified mechanisms driving divergence and speciation, expanded the known range of several species, and resolved taxonomic uncertainties of populations. history genus Poecilia, Poecilia , Poecilia) livebearing live bearing scale 5 America TransMexican Trans (TMVB structure colonization regions contrast populations speciation

Resumen México es una región megadiversa con una historia geológica compleja, pero se desconoce el nivel de influencia de las barreras geográficas sobre las distribuciones de los peces dulceacuícolas. Este estudio examina las relaciones filogenéticas, a escala geográfica pequeña, de las especies del grupo de aletas cortas del subgénero Mollienesia (género Poecilia), un grupo de peces vivíparos ampliamente distribuidos en México. Se analizaron muestras de seis especies en más de 50 localidades, utilizando métodos filogenéticos y de redes de haplotipos, para evaluar la diversidad genética y precisar las distribuciones de especies en este grupo. Los resultados indican que las especies mexicanas se han diversificado a partir de múltiples invasiones independientes desde Mesoamérica. Se detectó estructura filogenética débil en dos especies distribuidas al norte del Eje Neovolcánico y una especie que atraviesa el Eje Neovolcánico, posiblemente debido a la ausencia de barreras fisiográficas, colonización reciente y altas tasas de dispersión entre regiones. En contraste, se detectaron niveles altos de estructura filogenética en tres especies distribuidas del Eje Neovolcánico, lo que refleja una presencia más prolongada en el área y la existencia de múltiples barreras fisiográficas que aislaron a las poblaciones. Este estudio identificó mecanismos que promueven la divergencia y la especiación, expandió el rango conocido de varias especies y resolvió incertidumbres taxonómicas de algunas poblaciones. compleja dulceacuícolas filogenéticas pequeña género Poecilia, Poecilia , Poecilia) 5 localidades haplotipos Mesoamérica regiones contraste poblaciones especiación

ABSTRACT Introduction: We studied the effect of tricuspid valve (TV) surgery combined with surgical ventricular restoration (SVR) on operative outcomes, rehospitalization, recurrent tricuspid regurgitation, and survival of patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Additionally, surgery was compared to conservative management in patients with mild or moderate tricuspid regurgitation. To the best of our knowledge, the advantage of combining TV surgery with SVR in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy had not been investigated before. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 137 SVR patients who were recruited from 2009 to 2020. Patients were divided into two groups - those with no concomitant TV surgery (n=74) and those with concomitant TV repair or replacement (n=63). Results: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use was higher in SVR patients without TV surgery (P=0.015). Re-exploration and blood transfusion were significantly higher in those with TV surgery (P=0.048 and P=0.037, respectively). Hospital mortality occurred in eight (10.81%) patients with no TV surgery vs. five (7.94%) in the TV surgery group (P=0.771). Neither rehospitalization (log-rank P=0.749) nor survival (log-rank P=0.515) differed in patients with mild and moderate tricuspid regurgitation in both groups. Freedom from recurrent tricuspid regurgitation was non-significantly higher in mild and moderate tricuspid regurgitation patients with no TV surgery (P=0.059). Conservative management predicted the recurrence of tricuspid regurgitation. Conclusion: TV surgery concomitant with SVR could reduce the recurrence of tricuspid regurgitation; however, its effect on the clinical outcomes of rehospitalization and survival was not evident. The same effects were observed in patients with mild and moderate tricuspid regurgitation. Introduction (TV (SVR Additionally knowledge before Methods 13 200 2020 n=74 n74 n 74 (n=74 n=63. n63 n=63 . 63 (n=63) Results P=0.015. P0015 P P=0.015 0 015 (P=0.015) Reexploration Re exploration P=0.048 P0048 048 (P=0.04 P0037 037 P=0.037 respectively. respectively respectively) 10.81% 1081 10 81 (10.81% vs 7.94% 794 7 94 (7.94% P=0.771. P0771 P=0.771 771 (P=0.771) logrank log rank P=0.749 P0749 749 P=0.515 P0515 515 nonsignificantly non P=0.059. P0059 P=0.059 059 (P=0.059) Conclusion however evident 1 20 202 n=7 n7 (n=7 n6 n=6 6 (n=63 P001 P=0.01 01 (P=0.015 P=0.04 P004 04 (P=0.0 P003 03 P=0.03 10.81 108 8 (10.81 7.94 79 9 (7.94 P077 P=0.77 77 (P=0.771 P=0.74 P074 P=0.51 P051 51 P005 P=0.05 05 (P=0.059 2 n= (n= (n=6 P00 P=0.0 (P=0.01 (P=0. 10.8 (10.8 7.9 (7.9 P07 P=0.7 (P=0.77 P=0.5 P05 5 (P=0.05 (n P0 P=0. (P=0 10. (10. 7. (7. (P=0.7 P=0 (P= (10 (7 P= (P (1 (

Resumo As relações básicas de metropolização ocorrem devido a mudanças no local habitual de residência das pessoas do núcleo e dos municípios em sua área de influência imediata, o que dá origem a interações que produzem equilíbrios migratórios positivos para os municípios que circundam o núcleo. Os mercados imobiliário e trabalhista transgredem os limites jurisdicionais municipais, causando interações diárias ou comutações dentro da área metropolitana. medida que estas relações de metropolização se intensificam, a primazia da população, entendida como a parte relativa da população central no sistema urbano nacional como um todo, declina, mas a da área metropolitana se torna mais forte. Durante o período de 2005-2018, os municípios envolvidos no processo de metropolização com Bogotá contribuíram com 49,4% do crescimento populacional da área, enquanto o núcleo metropolitano contribuiu com os 50,6% restantes. As relações metropolitanas mais profundas com Bogotá são as de Mosquera e Soacha, mas o processo está se alargando em outros 10 municípios e espera-se que se espalhe para mais 19 nos próximos anos. Este artigo se preocupa em identificar e caracterizar essas relações. imediata municipais intensificam todo declina forte 20052018, 20052018 2005 2018, 2018 2005-2018 494 49 4 49,4 506 50 6 50,6 restantes Soacha 1 esperase espera anos 2005201 200 201 2005-201 49, 5 50, 200520 20 2005-20 20052 2 2005-2 2005-

Abstract The basic metropolization relations occur due to changes in the habitual place of residence of people from the nucleus and the municipalities in its immediate area of influence, which give rise to interactions that result in positive migratory balances for the municipalities surrounding the nucleus. The housing and labor markets transgress the municipal jurisdictional limits, causing daily interactions or commutations within the metropolitan area. As these metropolization relations intensify, population primacy, understood as the relative participation of the population of the nucleus in the national urban system as a whole, declines, but that of the metropolitan area becomes stronger. During the 2005-2018 intercensal period, the municipalities involved in the metropolization process with Bogota contributed 49.4% of the population growth of the area, while the metropolitan core contributed the remaining 50.6%. The metropolitan relations with Bogotá that have deepened the most are those of Mosquera and Soacha, but the process is widening in 10 other municipalities and is expected to spill over to another 19 in the coming years. This article is concerned with identifying and characterizing these relationships. influence limits intensify primacy whole declines stronger 20052018 2005 2018 2005-201 period 494 49 4 49.4 506 50 6 50.6% Soacha 1 years relationships 2005201 200 201 2005-20 49. 5 50.6 200520 20 2005-2 50. 20052 2 2005-

Resumen Las relaciones de metropolización básicas ocurren por los cambios en el lugar de residencia habitual de las personas oriundas del núcleo y de los municipios de su área de influencia inmediata, que dan lugar a interacciones que arrojan saldos migratorios de signo positivo para los municipios circunvecinos al núcleo. Los mercados habitacionales y de trabajo transgreden los límites jurisdiccionales municipales, ocasionando las interacciones cotidianas o conmutaciones al interior de la zona metropolitana. A medida que se intensifican estas relaciones de metropolización, la primacía poblacional entendida como la participación relativa de la población del núcleo en el conjunto del sistema urbano nacional entra en declive, pero la de la zona metropolitana se robustece. Durante el período intercensal 2005-2018, los municipios involucrados en el proceso de metropolización con Bogotá aportaron el 49,4% del crecimiento poblacional de la zona, mientras que el núcleo metropolitano aportó el 50,6% restante. Las relaciones de metropolización con Bogotá que más se han profundizado son las de Mosquera y Soacha, pero el proceso se está ensanchando en otros 10 municipios y se prevé que se desborde hacia otros 19 en los años venideros. Este artículo se ocupa de identificar y caracterizar estas relaciones. inmediata municipales declive robustece 20052018, 20052018 2005 2018, 2018 2005-2018 494 49 4 49,4 506 50 6 50,6 restante Soacha 1 venideros 2005201 200 201 2005-201 49, 5 50, 200520 20 2005-20 20052 2 2005-2 2005-

Abstract: This study describes the manufacture of a quadcopter made of composite material reinforced with fique fiber, which was characterized morphologically, mechanically, and dynamically. The quadcopter’s frame was manufactured using six fique layers (35.4% of the weight) and a polyester matrix. The quadcopter’s electronics and control system was based on Arduino Nano architecture. Morphological electron microscopy showed matrix delamination and relatively low resin-fiber adhesion. Mechanical characterization in longitudinal and transverse directions revealed a maximum tensile stress of 32.20 MPa and 25.72 MPa respectively. The greatest vibration amplitude was at a frequency of 89 Hz during the operation of the motors. In conclusion, the quadcopter is able to enter in resonance since the first natural frame frequency must be excited to reach the motors’ operating frequency.

Resumen: El presente estudio describe la fabricación de un dron cuadricóptero elaborado en material compuesto reforzado con fibra de fique, el cual fue caracterizado morfológica, mecánica y dinámicamente. El marco del cuadricóptero se fabricó utilizando 6 capas de fique (35.4% del peso) y una matriz de poliéster. La electrónica y el sistema de control se basaron en el uso de la arquitectura Arduino Nano. El análisis morfológico por microscopia electrónica mostró delaminación de la matriz y una adhesión media resina-fibra. La caracterización mecánica se realizó en dirección longitudinal y transversal obteniéndose un esfuerzo máximo de tensión de 32.20 MPa y 25.72 MPa respectivamente. La mayor amplitud de vibración se da a la frecuencia de operación de los motores, siendo esta 89 Hz. En conclusión, el dron puede entrar en resonancia ya que para llegar a la frecuencia de operación de los motores se debe excitar la primera frecuencia natural del marco.