RESUMO O peixe é considerado uma das fontes de proteína nutritiva que é afetada por vários parâmetros, inclusive o parasitismo. Os monogenéticos são espécies ectoparasitas que infectam a pele, as barbatanas e as brânquias dos peixes. Durante a presente pesquisa, um total de 40 amostras de peixes da dourada Acanthopagrus bifasciatus (Perciformes: Sparidae) foi coletado na região costeira ao longo do Golfo Arábico (Arábia Saudita). As amostras de peixes coletadas foram dissecadas e examinadas quanto à presença de parasitas monogenéticos. As espécies de parasitas recuperadas foram coletadas e identificadas por meio de exames de microscopia óptica. Cinco das 40 (12,5%) amostras de peixes estavam naturalmente infectadas com duas espécies monogenéticas pertencentes a duas famílias de Polyopisthocotylea (ordem Mazocraeidea). Foram registradas duas espécies de parasitas, a saber, Pseudodiscocotyla opakapaka Yamaguti, 1965 e Kannaphallus raphidium Kritsky e Martin, 2023, pertencentes às famílias Discocotylidae e Heteraxinidae, respectivamente. As caracterizações morfológicas e morfométricas revelaram algumas diferenças entre a espécie atual e outras detectadas anteriormente. As descobertas atuais de P. opakapaka e K. raphidium em A. bifasciatus (peixe hospedeiro) do Golfo Arábico representam um novo hospedeiro e registro geográfico para esses parasitas. Além disso, são necessários mais estudos para incluir ferramentas moleculares avançadas para essas espécies monogenéticas e seus efeitos histopatológicos associados no local da infecção. parâmetros parasitismo pele pesquisa 4 Perciformes (Perciformes Sparidae Arábia Saudita. Saudita . Saudita) óptica 12,5% 125 12 5 (12,5% ordem Mazocraeidea. Mazocraeidea Mazocraeidea) saber Yamaguti 196 Martin 2023 Heteraxinidae respectivamente anteriormente P K A disso infecção 12,5 1 (12,5 19 202 12, (12, 20 (12 2 (1 (

ABSTRACT Fish is considered one of the nutritive protein sources affected by various parameters including parasitism. Monogeneans are an ectoparasitic species infecting fish’s skin, fins, and gills. During the present investigation, a total of 40 fish samples of the twobar seabream, Acanthopagrus bifasciatus (Perciformes: Sparidae) were collected from the coastal region along the Arabian Gulf (Saudi Arabia). The collected fish samples were dissected and examined for the presence of monogenetic parasites. The recovered parasite species were collected and identified by applying light microscopic examinations. Five out of 40 (12.5%) fish samples were found to be naturally infected with 2 monogenetic species belonging to two families within Polyopisthocotylea (order Mazocraeidea). They recorded two parasite species, namely, Pseudodiscocotyla opakapaka Yamaguti, 1965 and Kannaphallus raphidium Kritsky and Martin, 2023 belonging to families Discocotylidae and Heteraxinidae, respectively. Morphological and morphometric characterizations revealed some differences between the present species and others detected previously. The present findings of P. opakapaka and K. raphidium in A. bifasciatus (fish host) of the Arabian Gulf represent a new host and geographical record for these parasites. Furthermore, more studies are required to include the advanced molecular tools for these monogenetic species and their associated histopathological effects on the infection site. parasitism fishs s skin fins gills investigation 4 seabream Perciformes (Perciformes Sparidae Saudi Arabia. Arabia . Arabia) parasites examinations 12.5% 125 12 5 (12.5% order Mazocraeidea. Mazocraeidea Mazocraeidea) namely Yamaguti 196 Martin 202 Heteraxinidae respectively previously P K A Furthermore site 12.5 1 (12.5 19 20 12. (12. (12 (1 (

ABSTRACT Fish are considered one of the important sources of protein which are invaded by different parasites. This study aimed to shed light on monogenean parasites that infect fish within the family Sparidae in Saudi Arabia. A total of 30 Argyrops filamentosus specimens were collected from the Red Sea, the city of Jeddah (Saudi Arabia), and then examined for the presence of monogenean parasites. Parasitic species were isolated and studied morphologically using light microscopic examination and molecularly via the partial sequencing of the 28S rRNA gene. Only a monogenean parasitic species has been identified. This parasite is morphologically and morphometric compatible with previously Acleotrema maculatus Morsy, El-Fayoumi & Fahmy (2014), identified from Plectropomus maculatus in the Red Sea, Egypt. Phylogeny revealed that this putative diplectanid species nested well within a clade clustering Diplectanidae species, which along with morphological data, suggests it is a member of the genus Acleotrema. Query sequences showed identities of 98.92% for 28S rRNA (AF026118.1) of Acleotrema sp. This study reflects the first account of this genus as endoparasite taxa of the examined sparid fish, as well as providing novel DNA data for this species. Arabia 3 Sea Arabia, , Arabia) S gene Morsy ElFayoumi El Fayoumi 2014, 2014 (2014) Egypt 9892 98 92 98.92 AF026118.1 AF0261181 AF AF026118 1 (AF026118.1 sp 201 (2014 989 9 98.9 AF026118. AF02611 (AF026118. 20 (201 98. AF0261 (AF026118 2 (20 AF026 (AF02611 (2 AF02 (AF0261 ( AF0 (AF026 (AF02 (AF0 (AF

RESUMO Os peixes são considerados uma das fontes importantes de proteína e são invadidos por diferentes parasitas. O objetivo deste estudo foi esclarecer os parasitas monogênicos que infectam peixes da família Sparidae na Arábia Saudita. Um total de 30 espécimes de Argyrops filamentosus foi coletado no Mar Vermelho, na cidade de Jeddah (Arábia Saudita), e depois examinado quanto à presença de parasitas monogênicos. As espécies parasitárias foram isoladas e estudadas morfologicamente por meio de exame microscópico leve e molecularmente por meio do sequenciamento parcial do gene 28S rRNA. Apenas uma espécie de parasita monogênico foi identificada. Esse parasita é morfologicamente e morfometricamente compatível com o Acleotrema maculatus Morsy, El-Fayoumi & Fahmy (2014), identificado anteriormente em Plectropomus maculatus no Mar Vermelho, Egito. A filogenia revelou que essa suposta espécie de diplectanídeo se aninhou bem em um clado que agrupa espécies de Diplectanidae, o que, juntamente com dados morfológicos, sugere que é um membro do gênero Acleotrema. As sequências de consulta mostraram identidades de 98,92% para 28S rRNA (AF026118.1) de Acleotrema sp. Este estudo reflete o primeiro relato desse gênero como táxon endoparasitário do peixe esparídeo examinado, além de fornecer novos dados de DNA para essa espécie. Saudita 3 Vermelho Saudita, , Saudita) S identificada Morsy ElFayoumi El Fayoumi 2014, 2014 (2014) Egito Diplectanidae morfológicos 9892 98 92 98,92 AF026118.1 AF0261181 AF AF026118 1 (AF026118.1 sp 201 (2014 989 9 98,9 AF026118. AF02611 (AF026118. 20 (201 98, AF0261 (AF026118 2 (20 AF026 (AF02611 (2 AF02 (AF0261 ( AF0 (AF026 (AF02 (AF0 (AF

Abstract Natural resources emerge as an essential and alternative tool for controlling parasitic agents. The present study was carried out to evaluate in vitro and in vivo effect of Persea americana fruit extract (PAFE) on helminthiasis and coccidiosis. In vitro, anthelmintic activity was performed using PAFE against Allolobophora caliginose. PAFE elicited significant anthelmintic activity comparable to mebendazole with the lesser time taken to paralysis and death for 200 mg/mL. In vitro anticoccidial activity of PAFE, amprolium, phenol, DettolTM, and formalin were studied after incubation with unsporulated oocysts. PAFE was able to significantly inhibit oocyst sporulation in a dose-dependent manner. A total 35 male mice were divided into seven groups. At day 0, all groups except first and second groups were infected with 1×103 E. papillata. Group 1 served as control. Group 2 served as uninfected-treated one. Group 3 was considered an infected-untreated group. After 60 min of infection, groups 4, 5, and 6 were treated with PAFE. Group 7 was treated with amprolium. However, not at par with amprolium, PAFE showed a good anticoccidial activity adjudged based on a significant change in body weight gain, feed intake, oocysts output, and content of carbohydrates and protein. Therefore, PAFE exhibits powerful anthelmintic and anticoccidial effects. agents (PAFE coccidiosis caliginose 20 mgmL mg mL mg/mL amprolium phenol DettolTM dosedependent dose dependent manner 0 1103 103 1×10 E papillata control uninfectedtreated uninfected one infecteduntreated untreated group infection 4 5 However gain intake output protein Therefore effects 110 10 1×1 11 1×

ABSTRACT The effectiveness of many plants has been reported as anthelmintic and anticoccidial because they possess active compounds. Excessive use of drugs has led to the emergence of drug-resistant Eimeria species. This study was designed to evaluate anticoccidial and anthelmintic activity of Achillea fragrantissima flower extract (AFFE) and leaves extract (AFLE). Infrared spectroscopy showed nine phytochemical compounds. Chemical examination revealed AF rich in phenols, flavonoids, and tannins. Flower extract showed the highest percentage inhibition of DPPH radical at 500 µg/mL (82.2%) compared to leaves extract (74.5%). AFFE and AFLE (100 mg/ml) caused paralysis and earthworm death by 13.67±1.96 and 15.25±2.48 min and 4.19±0.05 and 4.70±0.28 min, respectively, compared to mebendazole. In histological study, a clear defect was found in surface architecture of treated groups of worms with extract. At 96 h, significant inhibition (100%) of process sporulation for E. papillata oocyst was observed when exposed to AFFE (300 and 200 mg/mL), while AFLE was 98.4 and 96%, respectively. Additionally, amprolium, DettolTM, phenol, and formalin 5% showed different levels of inhibition. Results revealed anticoccidial and anthelmintic activities of AFFE and AFLE, which encourages conducting many in vivo studies to find an effective and cheap treatment. compounds drugresistant drug resistant species (AFFE AFLE. . (AFLE) phenols flavonoids tannins 50 µgmL µg mL 82.2% 822 82 2 (82.2% 74.5%. 745 74.5% 74 5 (74.5%) 100 (10 mg/ml mgml mg ml 1367196 13 67 1 13.67±1.9 1525248 15 25 48 15.25±2.4 419005 4 19 0 05 4.19±0.0 470028 70 28 4.70±0.2 respectively mebendazole 9 h 100% (100% E 300 (30 20 mg/mL, mgmL mg/mL , mg/mL) 984 98 98. 96% Additionally amprolium DettolTM phenol treatment (AFLE 82.2 8 (82.2 74.5 7 (74.5% 10 (1 136719 6 13.67±1. 152524 15.25±2. 41900 4.19±0. 47002 4.70±0. 30 (3 82. (82. 74. (74.5 ( 13671 13.67±1 15252 15.25±2 4190 4.19±0 4700 4.70±0 3 (82 (74. 1367 13.67± 1525 15.25± 419 4.19± 470 4.70± (8 (74 136 13.67 152 15.25 41 4.19 47 4.70 (7 13.6 15.2 4.1 4.7 13. 15. 4.

RESUMO A eficácia de muitas plantas foi relatada como anti-helmíntica e anticoccidiana porque elas possuem compostos ativos. O uso excessivo de medicamentos levou ao surgimento de espécies de Eimeria resistentes a medicamentos. Esse estudo foi concebido para avaliar a atividade anticoccidiana e anti-helmíntica do extrato da flor de Achillea fragrantissima (AFFE) e do extrato das folhas (AFLE). A espectroscopia de infravermelho mostrou nove compostos fitoquímicos. O exame químico revelou que o AF é rico em fenóis, flavonoides e taninos. O extrato da flor mostrou a maior porcentagem de inibição do radical DPPH a 500 µg/mL (82,2%) em comparação com o extrato das folhas (74,5%). O AFFE e o AFLE (100mg/ml) causaram paralisia e morte das minhocas em 13,67±1,96 e 15,25±2,48 min e 4,19±0,05 e 4,70±0,28 min, respectivamente, em comparação com o mebendazol. No estudo histológico, foi encontrado um claro defeito na arquitetura da superfície dos grupos de vermes tratados com o extrato. Após 96 horas, foi observada uma inibição significativa (100%) do processo de esporulação do oocisto de E. papillata quando exposto ao AFFE (300 e 200mg/mL), enquanto o AFLE foi de 98,4 e 96%, respectivamente. Além disso, amprólio, DettolTM, fenol e formalina 5% apresentaram diferentes níveis de inibição. Os resultados revelaram atividades anticoccidianas e anti-helmínticas de AFFE e AFLE, o que incentiva a realização de muitos estudos in vivo para encontrar um tratamento eficaz e barato. antihelmíntica anti helmíntica ativos (AFFE AFLE. . (AFLE) fitoquímicos fenóis taninos 50 µgmL µg mL 82,2% 822 82 2 (82,2% 74,5%. 745 74,5% 74 5 (74,5%) 100mg/ml 100mgml mgml 100mg ml mg (100mg/ml 1367196 13 67 1 13,67±1,9 1525248 15 25 48 15,25±2,4 419005 4 19 0 05 4,19±0,0 470028 70 28 4,70±0,2 respectivamente mebendazol histológico 9 horas 100% 100 (100% E 300 (30 200mg/mL, 200mgmL mgmL 200mg/mL , 200mg 200mg/mL) 984 98 98, 96% disso amprólio DettolTM antihelmínticas helmínticas barato (AFLE 82,2 8 (82,2 74,5 7 (74,5% 136719 6 13,67±1, 152524 15,25±2, 41900 4,19±0, 47002 4,70±0, 10 (100 30 (3 82, (82, 74, (74,5 13671 13,67±1 15252 15,25±2 4190 4,19±0 4700 4,70±0 (10 3 ( (82 (74, 1367 13,67± 1525 15,25± 419 4,19± 470 4,70± (1 (8 (74 136 13,67 152 15,25 41 4,19 47 4,70 (7 13,6 15,2 4,1 4,7 13, 15, 4,

ABSTRACT Genus Eimeria is a group of obligate Protista parasites within phylum Apicomplexa that causes a major threat to animal production. Little information is available about the coccidia of pigeons. This study was undertaken to study experimental infection in domesticated pigeons, its clinical signs, and pathological interpretation due to Eimeria species. Eimeria labbeana-like oocysts were used as a model parasite for experimental infection of pigeons. Twenty pigeons were brought and examined for 7 days to ensure they were coccidia-free. Five pigeons were separated into parasite passage. The remaining pigeons were divided into a control group of five pigeons, and ten pigeons were infected with 3×104 E. labbeana-like oocysts. Infected pigeons showed ruffled feathers, greenish watery diarrhea, weakness, blood-tinged droppings, etc. Pre-patent and patent durations were five and fourteen days of oral inoculation of Eimeria. Oocysts shedding began on the 5th-day p.i. and peaked on the 8th-day p.i. There is a significant loss in body weight due to infection. Histopathological examination showed damage to intestinal mucosa with various Eimeria developmental stages in the duodenal of the small intestine. This study is considered basic information on the first detection of biology of Eimeria species infecting pigeons in Saudi Arabia. production signs labbeanalike labbeana like coccidiafree. coccidiafree free. free coccidia-free passage 3104 3 104 3×10 E feathers diarrhea weakness bloodtinged blood tinged droppings etc Prepatent Pre 5thday thday 5th day th pi p i p.i 8thday 8th intestine Arabia 310 10 3×1 31 1 3×

RESUMO O gênero Eimeria é um grupo de parasitas protistas obrigatórios do filo Apicomplexa que causam uma grande ameaça à produção animal. Há poucas informações disponíveis sobre coccídios de pombos. Este trabalho foi realizado para estudar a infecção experimental em pombos domesticados, seus sinais clínicos e interpretação patológica devido a espécies de Eimeria. Oocistos semelhantes a Eimeria labbeana foram usados como modelo de parasita para a infecção experimental de pombos. Vinte pombos foram trazidos e examinados por sete dias para garantir que estivessem livres de coccídios. Cinco pombos foram separados para a passagem do parasita. Os pombos restantes foram divididos em um grupo de controle de cinco pombos, e dez pombos foram infectados com 3×104 oocistos do tipo E. labbeana. Os pombos infectados apresentaram penas desgrenhadas, diarreia aquosa esverdeada, fraqueza, fezes com coloração de sangue etc. As durações pré-patente e patente foram de cinco e quatorze dias de inoculação oral de Eimeria. A liberação de oocistos começou no 5º dia p.i. e atingiu seu pico no 8º dia p.i. Há uma perda significativa no peso corporal devido à infecção. O exame histopatológico mostrou danos à mucosa intestinal com vários estágios de desenvolvimento da Eimeria no duodeno do intestino delgado. Este estudo é considerado uma informação básica sobre a primeira detecção da biologia de espécies de Eimeria infectando pombos na Arábia Saudita. animal domesticados 3104 3 104 3×10 E desgrenhadas esverdeada fraqueza etc prépatente pré º pi p i p.i delgado Saudita 310 10 3×1 31 1 3×

Abstract Eimeriosis is caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Eimeria and infection affecting most domestic animal species. The aim of this research was to comprehend the impact of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) on eimeriosis induced by Eimeria papillata in mouse jejunum, and how they work as antioxidants and anti-apoptotic agents against eimeriosis. The numbers of meronts, gamonts, and developing oocysts of E. papillata reduced after the infected mice were treated with the SeNPs. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and other oxidative stress-related molecules, such as glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were assayed. E. papillata was able to change the redox status of the jejunal cells; this was confirmed by the elevation of the MDA and NO levels, and the decrease of the GSH levels and the activities of the antioxidant enzymes CAT and SOD. SeNP treatment significantly reversed this disturbance of the redox status. The expression levels of the apoptotic markers Bax and caspase-3 in the jejunal samples were evaluated using qRT-PCR. The SeNPs decreased the Bax and caspase-3 expression after being administered to the E. papillata-infected mice. Collectively, the SeNPs demonstrated antioxidant and anti-apoptotic activities against murine eimeriosis.

Resumo A eimeriose é um problema global de saúde avícola. No presente estudo, investigou-se o papel dos extratos de folhas de Salvadora persica (SE) contra a eimeriose murina induzida por Eimeria papillata. A infecção induziu uma produção de oocistos de 6242 ± 731 oocistos/g de fezes. Após o tratamento com 300 mg⁄kg SE, os oocistos eliminados nas fezes diminuíram em aproximadamente 3 vezes. Além disso, o número total de E. papillata no estágio parasitário diminuiu nos jejunos de camundongos após o tratamento com SE. Da mesma forma, o SE reduziu significativamente o número de células apoptóticas em aproximadamente 2 vezes no jejuno infectado. O estudo mostrou que o SE melhorou as alterações na glutationa, malonaldeído e catalase devido à infecção por E. papillata. Finalmente, o SE regulou os genes das citocinas, interleucina (IL) -1β, IL-6, interferon-γ e fator de necrose tumoral α, e os genes apoptóticos, linfoma-2, Bax e Caspase-3. Assim, o SE protegeu os jejunos das lesões induzidas por E. papillata e pode ter potencial valor terapêutico como aditivo alimentar durante a eimeriose.

Abstract Eimeriosis is a global poultry health problem. In the current study, we investigated the role of Salvadora persica leaf extracts (SE) against murine eimeriosis induced by Eimeria papillata. The infection induced an oocyst output of 6242 ± 731 oocysts/g feces. After treatment with 300 mg⁄kg SE, the oocysts expelled in feces decreased by approximately 3-fold. In addition, the total number of E. papillata in the parasitic stage decreased in the jejunum of mice after treatment with SE. In addition, SE significantly reduced the number of apoptotic cells by approximately 2-fold in the infected jejunum. SE ameliorated the changes in glutathione, malondialdehyde, and catalase due to E. papillata infection. Finally, SE regulated the cytokine genes, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α, and the apoptotic genes, B-cell lymphoma-2, Bax, and Caspase-3. SE protects the jejunum from E. papillata induced injury and may have potential therapeutic value as a food additive during eimeriosis.