RESUMEN Introducción: La transmisión viral a menudo se propaga en grupos, donde las infecciones se pueden rastrear hasta un caso índice o una ubicación geográfica, para así poder tomar medidas de prevención al respecto. Entender el perfil de transmisión del SARS-CoV-2 es esencial para desarrollar estrategias efectivas de prevención y control de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Determinar el perfil de transmisión del Sars-Cov-2, a partir de clúster con casos índices identificados, en la V región sanitaria (Caaguazu) del Paraguay, entre julio y octubre del 2020. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, con fichas de notificación de casos de COVID-19 y resultados laboratoriales de la RT_PCR en pacientes diagnosticados con COVID-19 en la V Región Sanitaria entrejulio y octubre del 2020. Resultados: Fueron identificadas 703 personas con Sars-Cov-2 positivo. El 55,49 % de las personas no reconoció algún nexo de contagio. Con respecto al tipo de evento donde ocurrían con mayor frecuencia los contagios, ocurrieron en Eventos Sociales en 58,14 % de los casos y en el Ambiente Familiar en el 33,89 %. La transmisión secundaria se observó en el 17,40 % de los casos. Fueron identificados 58 Clústers, con una mediana de tamaño de los mismos de 3 (RIQ 2-4), y 267 personas (37,98 %) asociadas a los mismos. Discusión: La mayoría de las personas no reconocieron su nexo de contagio, sin embargo, en los que, si conocieron, se puede observar que la participación en eventos sociales fue el principal nexo, por lo que es fundamental realizar este tipo de ejercicios para hacer el seguimiento oportuno de los casos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Viral transmission often spreads in clusters, where infections can be traced to an index case or a geographic location, in order to take preventive measures in this regard, understanding the transmission profile of SARS-CoV-2 is essential. to develop effective disease prevention and control strategies. Objective: to determine the transmission profile of Sars-Cov-2, from clusters with identified index cases, in the V health region (Caaguazú) of Paraguay, between July and October 2020. Methodology: We carried out an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study, with notification sheets of COVID-19 cases and laboratory results of the RT_PCR in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in the V Sanitary Region between July and October 2020. Results: We identified 703 people with positive Sars-Cov-2. 55.49% of people did not recognize any contagion link. Regarding the type of event where infections occurred most frequently, was in Social Events in 58.14% of the cases and the Family Environment in 33.89%, secondary transmission was observed in 17.40% of the cases. 58 Clusters were identified, with a median size of 3 (IQR 2-4), and 267 people (37.98%) associated with them. Discussion: Most of the people did not recognize their contagion link, however, in those who did know, the main link was because they participated in social events, so it is essential to carry out this type of exercise to do timely follow-up. of the cases.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the eye movement outcomes after excimer laser corneal refractive surgery in myopic patients with or without associated astigmatism. Methods: A preexperimental, before-and-after study was carried out with 81 patients (162 eyes) treated with laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy (LASEK) (65 patients) or photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) (16), with intraoperative application of mitomycin-C (MMC) in both cases, and followed for three months. A complete ophthalmologic examination was performed and the following variables were evaluated before and after the surgery: near convergence point, convergence amplitude, divergence and ocular alignment. Results: With surgery, a significant increase in the near point of convergence was observed (LASEK-MMC: P=0.000; PRK-MMC: P=0.021). The near and far convergence amplitude tended to decrease, but the difference was not significant (P>0.05). The percentage of patients with near exodeviations increased after LASEK-MMC (26.2 %→60.0 %, P=0.000) and PRK-MMC (18.8 %→81.3 %, P=0.000), while small heterophorias predominated in both cases (LASEK-MMC: 52.3 % and PRK-MMC: 75.0 %). Conclusions: With laser photoablative surgery, exodeviations increased after surgery, but these were primarily small heterophorias, although a small number of patients developed new exodeviations.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar los resultados motores post cirugía refractiva corneal con láser de excímero en pacientes miopes con o sin astigmatismo asociado. Método: Se realizó un estudio preexperimental del tipo antes y después, en el que fueron incluidos 81 pacientes (162 ojos) tratados con LASEK-MMC (65 pacientes) o PRK-MMC (16 pacientes) seguidos por tres meses. Se les realizó un examen oftalmológico completo y se evaluaron las siguientes variables: punto próximo de convergencia, la amplitud de convergencia, divergencia y el alineamiento ocular precirugía y poscirugía. Resultados: Con la cirugía se observó un incremento significativo del punto próximo de convergencia (LASEK-MMC: p = 0,000 y PRK-MMC: p = 0,021). La amplitud de convergencia de cerca y de lejos, así como la amplitud de divergencia tendieron a disminuir, pero la diferencia no fue significativa (p > 0,05). Aumentó el porcentaje de pacientes con exodesviaciones de cerca, después de la cirugía LASEK-MMC (26,2 % → 60,0%, p = 0,000) y de la PRK-MMC (18,8 % → 81,3 %, p = 0,000), y predominaron las heteroforias pequeñas en ambos casos (LASEK-MMC: 52,3 % y PRK-MMC: 75,0 %). Conclusiones: Con la cirugía fotoablativa con láser, aumentaron las exodesviaciones en el posoperatorio, pero se trató fundamentalmente de heteroforias pequeñas, aunque un número reducido de pacientes desarrolló nuevas exodesviaciones.

Resumen La cuenca Limón Sur ha sido relativamente bien estudiada, por su importancia económica, sus dimensiones y características especiales. Sin embargo, todavía quedan muchos aspectos por investigar para definir la estratigrafía y la evolución tectónica de la región. En este trabajo se sintetizan los estudios que se han podido recopilar, que abarcan el Cretácico y Paleógeno, quedando el Neógeno para futuras publicaciones. La secuencia de más de 6000 m inicia con rocas de origen marino profundo, Formación Changuinola, del Cretácico Superior, aún no identificada en el territorio costarricense, seguida por la Formación Río Lari del ¿Cretácico? - Paleoceno, también formada en un ambiente marino de talud o más profundo. La Formación Tuis del Eoceno Superior-Oligoceno Inferior se formó en un ambiente de talud, conformando depósitos turbidíticos. A partir de este punto se depositaron unidades calcáreas en un ambiente nerítico, como las calizas de la Formación Fila de Cal del Eoceno, las calcilutitas y limolitas de la Formación Senosri y las calizas de la Formación Punta Pelada del Oligoceno. Esta secuencia está cubierta por lutitas, areniscas y conglomerados de las formaciones más jóvenes del Mioceno y Plioceno, como Uscari, Río Banano, Limón y Suretka.

Abstract The Limón Sur basin has been relatively well studied given its economic importance, its dimensions and special characteristics. However, further research is required to determine the stratigraphy and tectonic evolution of this region. This work summarizes available studies covering the Cretaceous and Paleogene, excluding Neogene for future publications. The sequence of over 6,000 m begins with rocks originated in a deep marine environment -the Changuinola Formation- of late Cretaceous age which has not yet been identified in Costa Rican territory, followed by the Río Lari Formation Cretaceous? - Paleocene, also formed in a slope marine environment or deeper. The Tuis Formation of the Upper Eocene-Lower Oligocene corresponds with turbidite deposits formed in a marine slope environment. From this point, limestone units were deposited in a neritic environment, such as the limestones of the Eocene Fila de Cal Formation, the calcilutites and siltstones of Senosri Formation and the limestones of the Punta Pelada Formation of Oligocene age. This sequence is covered by lutites, sandstones and conglomerates from the younger Miocene and Pliocene formations, such as Uscari, Río Banano, Limón and Suretka.

Abstract Changes in the life styles of the population, motivated by the development of the media, the incorporation of women into the workplace, the increase in world trade, among others, have influenced the population's food consumption and given pattern of increasing pre-cooked foods. Among the products that have seen growth are ready-to-eat soups. Considering the market potential of these products, a regional company from Sonora created a ready-to-eat soup that combines tradition and innovation. The objective is to identify the acceptance that a traditional Sonoran food with innovation such as the “Ready-to-eat casserole” has in the distribution channel, a cross-sectional mixed investigation was carried out, where by observing and taking data in commercial establishments, It was identified that the recipes that highlight the emblematic elements of regional cuisine have not reached the shelves of large surfaces. There is a growth potential for traditional soups with innovation, however, it is necessary to emphasize aspects of speed in preparation, the symbolisms associated with tradition and identity, as well as a competitive price.

Resumen Los cambios en los estilos de vida de la población, motivados por el desarrollo de los medios de comunicación, la incorporación de la mujer al ámbito laboral, el incremento del comercio mundial, entre otros, han influido en el consumo alimentario de la población y dado pauta al aumento de alimentos pre-cocinados. Entre los productos que ha experimentado un crecimiento, son las sopas listas para consumir. Considerando el potencial de mercado de estos productos, una empresa regional sonorense, generó una sopa lista para consumir donde se combina la tradición y la innovación. El objetivo es identificar la aceptación que tiene en el canal de distribución un alimento tradicional sonorense con innovación como la “Cazuela lista para consumir”, se realizó una investigación mixta de corte transversal, donde mediante la observación y toma de datos en los establecimientos comerciales, se identificó que las recetas que resaltan los elementos emblemáticos de la cocina regional no han llegado a los lineales de las grandes superficies. Existe un potencial de crecimiento para las sopas tradicionales con innovación, no obstante, es necesario enfatizar aspectos de rapidez en la elaboración, los simbolismos asociados a la tradición e identidad, así como un precio competitivo.

RESUMEN Hay una problemática global que implica la generación, manejo, disposición y tratamiento de residuos agroindustriales, dado que requieren tecnologías para su transformación en la producción sostenible de alimentos, forrajes, biocombustibles, fibras, bioproductos y biofertilizantes. Las agroindustrias de cítricos y caña de azúcar generan residuos o subproductos que requieren un tratamiento especial para ser reutilizados. Los subproductos de caña ya tienen un uso establecido, pero no sostenible. En el caso de los cítricos, entre 50-60% de los residuos orgánicos tienen pH ácido (3-4), 95 % de materia orgánica y 80-90% de humedad. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar y modelar el método de compostaje de pila en subproductos de la agroindustria de naranja y caña de azúcar para obtener composta con parámetros fisicoquímicos competitivos para uso como mejorador de suelos. La pila se diseñó con un arreglo piramidal-rectangular y se establecieron 9 puntos para el muestreo de temperatura en tres secciones diferentes durante el compostaje. Se obtuvieron un promedio de 55 °C y un pH de 9,1 al final del proceso. Comparado con el testigo regional, la relación C/N (27,5), la materia orgánica (65,5 %), y los macro y microelementos presentan características mejoradas para su empleo en la producción de alimentos en la agricultura agroecológica.

ABSTRACT There is a global problem involving the generation, management, disposal, and treatment of agro-industrial waste, since it requires technologies for its transformation into the sustainable production of food, fodder, biofuels, fibers, bioproducts, and biofertilizers. The citrus and sugarcane agroindustries generate waste or byproducts that require a special treatment to be reused. Sugarcane byproducts already have an established but unsustainable use. In the case of citrus fruits, 50-60% of the organic waste has an acidic pH (3-4), 95% organic matter, and 80-90% moisture. The objective of this research was to evaluate and model the pile composting method applied to byproducts of the orange and sugarcane agroindustries to obtain compost with competitive physicochemical parameters for use as a soil improver. The pile was designed with a pyramidal-rectangular arrangement, and 9 points were established for temperature sampling in three different sections during composting. An average of 55 °C and a pH of 9,1 were obtained at the end of the process. Compared to the regional control, the C/N ratio (27,5), organic matter (65,5%), and macro- and microelements show improved characteristics for use in food production in agro-ecological agriculture.

Resumen: Las trazas de Dactyloidites ottoi, asociadas a facies de areniscas silíceas, de grano medio, limpias, con laminaciones paralelas planas y curvas y laminación inclinada HCS se desarrollaron en ambientes someros (upper shoreface), de la Formación Coris (Mioceno). Fueron condiciones de alta energía generadas por olas, tormentas, corrientes y mareas. Sedimentación episódica con eventos erosivos de alta energía por tormentas y depositación de baja energía con aporte de materia orgánica favorecieron el retrabajo del sedimento. Estos icnofósiles no son frecuentes en el registro sedimentario y no habían sido reportados en Costa Rica. Están constituidos por varios elementos elongados que salen radialmente de un conducto central y conforman series de galerías superpuestas en forma de abanico o roseta. Aunque no se conoce el productor, diferentes estudios coinciden en que es una traza de alimentación tipo fodicnia producida por un organismo vermiforme que forma parte de la icnofacies Cruziana.

Abstract: Dactyloidites ottoi traces associated with medium grained, mature, siliceous sandstone facies, with planar and curved parallel lamination and HCS cross laminations were developed in shallow marine environments (upper shoreface) of the Coris Formation (Miocene). High-energy environmental conditions were caused by waves, storms, tides and currents. Episodic sedimentation with high-energy erosive events caused by storms alternating with low-energy deposition with organic matter input favored sediment rework by organisms. These ichnofossils are infrequent in the sedimentary record and they had not previously been reported in Costa Rica. They are constituted by elongated elements which radiate from a central shaft and create a series of rosetted or fan-shaped tiered galleries. The organism that created these structures is yet unknown, however, several studies coincide that it must have been a feeding fodichnia trace produced by a worm-like organism which is part of the Cruziana Icnofacies.

Resumen Las acumulaciones de conchas en zonas costeras son comunes y se pueden generar por fenómenos como tormentas (huracanes), tsunamis o actividad antrópica. Los depósitos de conchas, arenas y clastos de la isla San José se interpretan como originados por tormentas que ocurrieron hace 4360 ± 30 BP (antes del presente). Esta edad corresponde con la última parte de la subépoca Northgrippiano (Holoceno Medio). Constituyen depósitos de tempestitas, donde la especie dominante es Pinctada mazatlánica (75%), cuyas valvas se encuentran desarticuladas, con los bordes fragmentados y apiladas de forma preferencial con la concavidad hacia arriba. Además, se encuentran conchas completas y fragmentos de otros bivalvos como Megapitaria sp. Cardita sp., Trachycardium sp., Anadara sp. y Spondylus sp., así como fragmentos de gasterópodos retrabajados (partes de la espira y la columella), con costras y perforaciones de briozoos y esponjas, poliquetos, serpúlidos y algunos balanídeos, que constituyeron sustratos duros secundarios. Entre ellos Mallea sp., Conus sp., Strombus sp., Strombus gracilior, Strombus granulatus, Siphonaria sp. Fissurella sp., Murex sp., casi todos de gran tamaño (entre 10 y 20 cm). Estos depósitos se pueden correlacionar con eventos climáticos en el hemisferio Norte, que produjeron un incremento en la actividad de tormentas y con aridez en las regiones tropicales y cambios en la circulación atmosférica. Desde un punto de vista hidrodinámico el depósito presenta varios eventos tempestíticos, donde la altura del oleaje calculada para el mayor evento es de 7,6 m, por lo que se interpreta producida por una tormenta ciclónica clase 5.

Abstract Shell beds on coastal zones are common and can be generated by phenomena such as storms (hurricanes), tsunamis or anthropic activity. The shell, sandstone and clasts were deposited at the San José Island, and they are interpreted as originated by storms occurring 4360+/-30 BP (before present). This age corresponds with the last part of the Northgrippian (Middle Holocene). They constitute tempestite deposits, where Pinctada mazatlánica is the dominant species (75%), with disarticulated valves and broken borders, and which are closely packed, predominantly concave-up. There are also completed and fragmented shells of other bivalves genera such as Megapitaria sp., Cardita sp., Trachycardium sp., Anadara sp. and Spondylus sp.; as well as reworked gastropod fragments (parts of the columella and the spiral), encrusted and perforated by bryozoans, sponges, polichaetes, serpulids, and some barnacles, which constituted secondary hard substrates. Among them Mallea sp., Conus sp., Strombus sp., Strombus gracilior, Strombus granulatus, Siphonaria sp. Fissurella sp., Murex sp. with all of great sizes (between 10 and 20 cm). These deposits can be correlated with climatic events in the Northern hemisphere, which produced an increase in storm activity and aridity in tropical regions as well as changes in global atmospheric circulation. From a hydrodynamic point of view, this deposit corresponds to several tempestite events, with maximum height-waves of 7.6 m that corresponds to category 5 cyclonic storm.

Resumen: La explotación de ostras perlíferas en Costa Rica fue una industria importante y de calidad internacional, con una intensa explotación adicional de la concha de nácar (madreperla) durante el siglo XIX. La fama de estas perlas y el comercio decayeron en el primer cuarto de siglo del siglo XX, hasta casi desaparecer, posiblemente por una sobreexplotación y falta de comercio por disminución del valor, debido en parte a la oferta de las perlas cultivadas. Los lugares donde se le explotaba intensamente eran principalmente las bahías de Santa Elena, de Culebra, El Coco y en el golfo de Nicoya. La especie perlífera más abundante en la región es Pinctada mazatlanica y algunas poblaciones de Pteria sterna. Actualmente, Pinctada mazatlanica es explotada artesanalmente en la bahía Santa Elena para la búsqueda de perlas y como alimento. Sin embargo, no hay datos claros sobre su condición de salud y la importancia del mercado actual, por lo que se recomienda realizar estudios especializados (biológicos y económicos) con el fin de conocer si este mercado podría restablecerse de manera sostenible por los lugareños.

Abstract: Costa Rica had an important, high quality pearl industry at international level. Additionally, there was intense exploitation of the nacre shell (mother of pearl) during the XIX century. The fame of these pearls as well as their trade significantly decreased during the first quarter of the XX century, it all but ended possibly due to overexploitation and lack of trade caused by the decrease of their value brought about by the cultured pearls industry. Costa Rican pearls were intensely extracted from the Santa Elena, Culebra and El Coco bays as well from the Nicoya gulf. The most abundant pearl producing species in the region is Pinctada mazatlanica as well as some populations of Pteria sterna. Nowadays, Pinctada mazatlanica is extracted in an artisanal fashion in Santa Elena’s bay both as food and for its pearls. However, there is no clear data about the importance of the current market, so specialized studies (biological and economical) aiming to determine if this market could be reestablished sustainably for the local populations are recommended.

Resumen En los afloramientos de la playa Doña Ana - Formación Punta Carballo, Mioceno - se reconocen tempestitas proximales, depositadas en una plataforma somera (bahía protegida), afectada episódicamente por tormentas fuertes. Se preserva una comunidad constituida principalmente por bivalvos del género Atrina, con evidencias de exhumación y remoción, sobreyacida por al menos seis niveles de acumulación de conchas de espesor centimétrico a decimétrico, que contienen diferentes especies de moluscos (bivalvos, gasterópodos y nautiloideos), cangrejos (fragmentos de caparazón y tenazas), dientes de tiburón, así como restos de troncos y ramas carbonizados. Se observan estructuras típicas de tormentas como estratificación cruzada y HCS, gradación positiva, orientación, imbricación, estructuras de relleno, erosión e hiatos.

Abstract Outcrops at Doña Ana beach (Punta Carballo Formation, Miocene) exhibit proximal tempestites that formed in a shallow platform environment (protected bay) which was episodically affected by strong storms. The preserved fauna in the first layer is mainly composed of bivalves of the Atrina genus and show evidence of exhumation and reworking. Six shell-rich beds, which overlay the first layer, are comprised of mollusks (bivalves, gastropods and nautiloids), crabs (carapace fragments and pincers), shark teeth, and carbonized wood fragments and range in thickness from centimeters to decimeters. These beds also exhibit characteristic storm-associated structures, such as cross stratification, hummocky cross stratification, positive gradation, orientation, imbrication, filling structures, erosion, and hiatus.

Resumen Objetivo: Validar, en un contexto colombiano, el contenido de la primera cartilla del programa “Niñ@s en Movimiento” (diseñada en España), dirigida a padres o cuidadores, y a los niños que padecen sobrepeso u obesidad, disponible en internet con acceso libre. Metodología: Investigación cualitativa. Tras el proceso de selección, participaron 14 niños con sobrepeso y sus padres o cuidadores, del Colegio Básico “Camino de Paz” de Medellín. Para la clasificación de los datos antropométricos se utilizó el programa de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Para la validación de la cartilla se elaboró una guía de preguntas y se realizaron grupos focales; se usaron los criterios de atractividad, entendimiento, identificación, aceptación e inducción a la acción. Los datos se analizaron mediante el software spss® versión 21.0, y un protocolo de análisis de datos. Resultados: En la sección “La importancia del desayuno”, del material educativo, algunos padres o cuidadores manifestaron que es necesario indicar la forma adecuada para preparar los alimentos, en qué condiciones y qué cantidad deben servirles a sus hijos, lo cual no es claro en la cartilla. Respecto a los niños, en las secciones “Mis desayunos” y “Clasificación de los alimentos” se encontró que las palabras técnicas dificultan la comprensión; además, al hablar de la clasificación de alimentos, algunos no los han visto ni consumido. En la evaluación de los criterios por parte del padre o cuidador, el entendimiento fue mal calificado, porque no son claros algunos términos; los niños también calificaron negativamente este criterio, por la dificultad para entender vocabulario desconocido debido a su contexto extranjero. Conclusiones: El desayuno, aunque es un hábito establecido, puede mejorar; sin embargo, las orientaciones de la cartilla tendrían que adaptarse al lenguaje y a la cultura alimentaria local, para que las recomendaciones mejoren la aplicabilidad de este recurso educativo.

Abstract Objective: To validate the content of the first booklet “Niñ@s en Movimiento” (designed in Spain), in the Colombian setting, targeting parents or caretakers, and overweight or obese children, which is available free online. Methodology: Qualitative research. After a selection process, 14 overweight children and their parents or caretakers were selected to participate. The children were students at the Colegio Básico “Camino de Paz" School in Medellin. To classify anthropometric data, the study used the World Health Organization program. To validate the booklet, a question guideline was drawn up and focus groups were held. The criteria used included attraction, comprehension, identification, acceptance and induction to action. Data were analyzed using the SPSS® software Version 21.0, and a data analysis protocol. Results: In the section “the importance of breakfast”, in the educational material, some parents or caretakers stated that it is necessary to indicate an adequate way to prepare food, how to serve it and the amounts that they should their children, which is not clear in the booklet. Regarding the children, in the sections “my breakfasts” and “food classification”, there were technical words that complicated comprehension. Furthermore, when talking about food classification, there are foods they have not seen nor eaten. In the parent or caretaker criteria evaluation, comprehension was poorly scored, as some of the terms were not clear. The children also ranked negatively this criterion. Vocabulary was difficult to understand because it had a foreign context. Conclusions: Breakfast, although an established habit, can improve; nevertheless, the guidelines of the booklet would have to be adapted to local language and food culture so that these recommendations may improve the applicability of this educational resource.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar, num âmbito colombiano, o conteúdo da primeira apostilha do programa “Menin@s em Movimento” (desenhada na Espanha), voltada aos pães ou cuidadores, e aos meninos que padecem sobrepeso ou obesidade, disponível na internet com ingresso libre. Metodologia: Investigação qualitativa. Trás o processo de escolha, participaram 14 meninos com sobrepeso e os seus pães ou cuidadores, da Escola Básica “Caminho de Paz” do Medellín. Para a classificação dos dados antropométricos se utilizou o programa da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Para a avaliação da apostilha se elaborou uma guia de perguntas e se realizaram grupos focais; se usaram os critérios de atratividade, entendimento, identificação, aceitação e indução pra ação. Os dados se analisaram mediante o software SPSS® versão 21.0, e um protocolo de análises de dados. Resultantes: Na seção “A importância do dejejum”, do material educativo, alguns pães ou cuidadores manifestaram que é quesito indicar o jeito mais pertinente na preparação dos alimentos, em que condições e qual quantidade devem servir-lhes aos seus filhos, o qual não apresenta clareza na cartilha. Aludindo aos meninos, nas secções “Meus cafés da manhã” e “Classificação dos alimentos” se encontrou que as expressões técnicas dificultam a compreensão; além disso, ao mencionar a classificação dos alimentos, alguns nem os conhecem nem consumiram jamais. Na avaliação dos critérios por parte do pai ou cuidador, ou entendimento foi mal qualificado, porque não são simples alguns termos; os meninos também qualificaram negativamente este critério, pela dificuldade para compreender glossário desconhecido devido ao seu contexto estrangeiro. Conclusões: O dejejum, ainda que é um hábito estabelecido, pode melhorar; contudo, as dicas do caderno teriam que se customizar com a linguajem e as tradições alimentares locais, para que as recomendações melhorem a aplicabilidade de este recurso educativo.

El presente artículo de investigación da a conocer los resultados de una investigación que tuvo como objetivo identificar el nivel de confiabilidad y validez del "Inventario para la Medición del Engagement en el Trabajo" (IMET). Los objetivos se alcanzaron a través de un estudio instrumental en el que se aplicó dicho inventario a 572 docentes de la ciudad de Durango, México. Los resultados obtenidos con la aplicación de este instrumento, permitieron demostrar una alta confiabilidad y validez para medir el engagement.

This article shows the results of a study that identified the level of reliability and validity of the "Inventory for Measuring Engagement at Work" (IMET). The objectives were achieved through an instrumental study. The instrument was administered to 572 teachers in the city of Durango, Mexico. The results obtained with the application of this instrument, allowed to demonstrate high reliability and validity for measuring engagement.

En Costa Rica el fenómeno kárstico afecta principalmente a rocas carbonatadas, constituyendo 0,85% del territorio nacional, con un área aproximada de 430 km². Se han documentado al menos 9 episodios de depositación de carbonatos, desde el Cretácico Superior al Holoceno, los cuales se incluyen en once unidades estratigráficas. Estos eventos están relacionados con diversos procesos geológico- tectónicos, con cambios en el nivel del mar, subsidencia y variaciones en el aporte de sedimentos. Se definieron diez zonas kársticas y cuatro localidades calcáreas: 1) Pacífico Norte, 2) Tempisque, 3) Zona Sur, 4) Pacífico Central, 5) Cabo Blanco y Mal País, 6) Turrialba y Pacuare, 7) Talamanca, 8) Venado, 9) Valle Central, 10) Limón y las zonas kársticas aisladas: A) Garza, B) Cerro Huevo Frito, C) Cerro Morro y D) Playa Panamá. Estas zonas kársticas presentan morfologías características, las cuales pueden ser exokársticas, entre ellas lapiaz, mogotes, torres kársticas, dolinas y karst cónico. Los fenómenos endokársticos más conocidos son cuevas, en las cuales es común el desarrollo de espeleotemas como estalactitas, estalagmitas, columnas, flowstones, draperies, perlas calcáreas, etc. La cueva Serpiente Dormida es la más profunda del país con -172 m, el Sistema de mayor longitud es la Bruja- Rectángulo- Tururún- Corredores con 3872 m de longitud. Se han registrado al menos 258 cuevas en calizas, de las cuales un 41% se encuentran topografiadas (100 cuevas). El 88% de las cuevas de Costa Rica se encuentran en las zonas kársticas de la Zona Sur (61%), Tempisque (17%) y Venado (10%); el restante 12% de cuevas se distribuye en las otras zonas kársticas. Estas zonas tienen condiciones hidrogeológicas y ambientales particulares que deben ser tomadas en cuenta para el desarrollo de infraestructura, y que también podrían ser aprovechadas por el turismo.

In Costa Rica the karstic phenomenon affects mainly carbonate rocks, constituting 0.85% of the country’s surface, with an approximate area of 431 km². There are documented at least 9 episodes of carbonate deposition from the Late Cretaceous to Holocene, which include eleven stratigraphic units. These events are related to various geological-tectonic processes, changes in sea level, subsidence and changes in the sediment input. Ten karstic zones and four limestone sites have been defined: 1) North Pacific, 2) Tempisque, 3) South Zone, 4) Central Pacific, 5) Cabo Blanco and Malpaís, 6) Turrialba and Pacuare, 7) Talamanca, 8) Venado , 9) Central Valley, 10) Limón and the isolated karst areas: A) Garza, B) Cerro Huevo Frito, C)Cerro Morro and D) Playa Panama. These karstic features have morphologies which can be exo-karstic, including lapiaz, ‘mogotes’, karstic-towers, sinkholes and conical karst. The best known endokarstic phenomena are caves, in which it is common the development of speleothems. such as stalactites, stalagmites, columns, flowstones, draperies, calcareous pearls, etc. Serpiente Dormida (Sleeping Snake) cave is the deepest in the country, with -172 m, the longest is the Bruja - Rectangle - Tururún - Corredores system, with 3872 m in length. At least 258 caves in limestone have been registered, of which 41% have been mapped (100 caves). 88% of the caves in Costa Rica are found in karst areas of the Southern Zone (61%), Tempisque (17%) and Venado (10%), while the remaining 12% of caves are distributed in other karstic areas. These areas have special environmental and hydrogeological conditions that must be taken into account as to infrastructure development, and could also be exploited by tourism.

An experiment was set to evaluate effect of salicylic acid (SA) in strawberry bioproductivity (Fragaria ananassa) variety Aromosa of day short. Seedlings of 20 days of cultivation were aspersed in greenhouse once per week in eight occasions, with prepared solutions of salicylic acid: 1, 0.01, 0.0001 µM or water as control. Recorded results after 40 days of treatment demonstrated that aspersed seedlings at tested concentrations increased height of strawberry plant, as well as number of leaves, flowers and fruits. The treatment of 0.0001 µM of SA increased in 23% the number of fruits in comparison with control.

Se estableció un experimento para evaluar el efecto del ácido salicílico en la bioproductividad de fresa (Fragaria ananassa) variedad Aromosa de día corto. Plántulas de 20 días de cultivadas en un invernadero fueron asperjadas una vez por semana en ocho ocasiones, con soluciones de ácido salicílico preparadas: 1, 0.01, 0.0001 µM o agua como control. Los resultados registrados después de 40 días de iniciados los tratamientos demostraron que las plántulas asperjadas a las concentraciones probadas incrementaron la altura de la planta de fresa, así como el número de hojas, flores y frutos. El tratamiento de 0.0001 µM de AS incrementó 23% el número de frutos en comparación con el control.

Abstract: When we talk about drugs, we usually think about illicit substances. However some substances apparently innocuous such as caffeine and other legal ones like tobacco and alcohol, are considered as abuse substances. Nicotine has not been studied as extensively as other drugs. It is known that the pharmacological and behavioural processes that determine the addiction to nicotine are similar to those that determine the addiction to other drugs such as cocaine or heroine. The main adverse effect of nicotine is death. According to the Global Burden of Disease study of the World Health Organization, the World Bank, and Harvard University, in 2020, tobacco will be the first individual cause of death in the world even over AIDS. Nicotine dependence can appear at any age, though it generally begins during adolescence, and it acts on the brain mechanisms of reward, indirectly by endogenous opioid activity and directly by dopaminergic pathways. In the researches on drugs consumption among adolescents conducted in Mexico City during 1989, 1991 and 1993, it was observed that tobacco consumption has increased lightly but systematically, from 4.8% to 4.2%. The percentage of current users (in the last month) is 21.9%. At junior high school level it is 13.7%, and at high school level 34.4%. Attention Déficit Disorder With Hyperactivity (ADDH). Altough the relationship between ADDH and drugs consumption has been recognized none of the studies conducted in our country has included this variable. ADDH is a disorder with a frequency of 1.7% to 18.9%. The difference between the reported percentages is attributed to the fact that definitions and methods used in the studies are not the same. When the disorder is not treated, there is usually a gradual accumulation of adverse processes that increase the risk of pathology. The relationship between ADDH and drug consumption is complex. In a study of adolescents who received treatment for drug abuse, it was observed that 50% of them met the criteria for ADDH. As well, this disorder was a bad prognosis factor, either to the addiction evolution and its treatment. Another complex relationship is the one between ADDH and cigarette smoking. In a study conducted among adult smokers, the subjects with ADDH had an earlier onset of the tobacco addiction, compared to those who did not had ADDH. This finding was confirmed by Milberger, who in a four years follow up study, discovered that ADDH is a significant predictor on the early tobacco consumption. ADDH can be considered as a risk factor in developing other addictions. Although the relationship between ADDH and drug consumption has been studied, the reviewed researches show up some limitations : Only clinical samples have been studied. Most of the follow up studies have included just male individuals with ADDH. In our country the effect of the clinical variables on drugs use have not been studied. In ADDH as well as in drug consumption, it has been observed a remarkable influence of cultural variables, this emphasize the need of evaluating both problems in our country. The following study was conducted under the hypothesis that ADDH and general pathology symptoms are higher among adolescents that have consumed tobacco than those who have not. Material and methods A comparative, cross-sectional survey of adolescent with and without tobacco usage was performed. Fifteen junior high schools in Puebla City were randomly selected. First year junior high school students who agreed to answer the questionnaires were included. The studied variables were: symptoms of ADDH and general psychopathology symptoms. ADDH symptoms were dimensionally evaluated with the Conners-Wells Self Report Scale (long version). General psychopathology was rated with the SCL-90 which evaluates the intensity of symptoms in 9 subscales. Tobacco consumption was determined by the Junior High school Students Questionnaire, developed at the National Institute of Psychiatry, which was used in the Drug, Alcohol and Tobacco consumption surveys in Mexico City. Tobacco consumption was considered positive when the questions about lifetime, and last month consumption were affirmative. From the 15 junior high schools selected, a first year group was chosen at the beginning of the school term. A written authorization from the parents was requested, so the students could answer to the questionnaires. It was inferred that all of them accepted because none of the parents refused explicitely. The questionnaire about drug consumption was applied the first day. Before the application, it was explained to the adolescents, that the information would be confidentially handled; the questionnaire answers would be only known by the researchers and that the information would not be given to their parents or their teachers. The second day of evaluation, the Conners questionnaire was applied. The third day the students answered to the SCL-90. All the questionnaires were applied at the beginning of the daily activities. The 19 psychopathology subscales were compared between male and women and between the students with and without tobacco consumption in the last month and during lifetime. Although the statistical significance was determined with non parametric tests (Wilcoxon test), on the tables, means and standard deviations are shown. The analysis were done with the SAS 6.12. program. The significance level was determined at 0.05. Results From 590 students registered on the selected groups, 544 (92%) were evaluated, the rest of them did not show up during the week in which the evaluations were performed. The mean age was 12 years with a standard deviation of 1, 57.3% (n=295) were males. Twenty children (3.9%) have used tobacco during the last month. On the Conners-Wells Questionnaire, they had higher scores on all ten subscales. These differencies were statistically significant in seven subscales: Familial problems, Conduct problems, Cognitive problems, anger management problems, hyperactivity, Global index, and distractibility DSM IV. General psychopathology symptoms also were higher in those individuals who used tobacco during the last month, compared to those who did not, in seven of the nine subscales the differences were statistically significant. Regarding the experimental usage of tobacco (ever in lifetime), 84 children (15%) answered affirmatively. The scores of these children were higher than the scores of children who denied ever smoked in all subscales of the Conners-Wells Questionnaire. The differences were statistically significant in nine of the ten subscales. In the SCL-90 the scores of the children who have used tobacco during lifetime, were higher in all subscales, except in phobic anxiety. Discussion Our results confirm the proposed hypothesis that the students who consume tobacco present higher levels of psychopathology, compared to those students who have never used this substance. It is necessary to underline the fact that this is the first study in our country that correlates the tobacco consumption with psychopathology symptoms, evaluated in a structured way with valid and reliable instruments.

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Diabetics have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The objective of this work was to evaluate the cardiovascular risk factors in infant-juvenile type 1 diabetics and their association with the degree of glycemic control. A total of 52 patients, aged 5-15 years, were studied and compared with 37 control subjects. The degree of glycemic control, lipid profile, plasma fibrinogen, microalbuminuria and blood pressure were investigated. The patients were grouped in diabetics with good glycemic control [DGGC, glycosilated hemoglobin (HbA1c)< 8%] and poor glycemic control [DPGC, HA1c > 8%]. Diabetic patients presented incremented values of total cholesterol (4.1 ± 0.9 vs. 3.1 ± 0.7 mmol/l, p = 0.0008), LDL-cholesterol (2.4 ± 0.9 vs. 1.7 ± 0.7 mmol/l, p = 0.0001), HDL-cholesterol (1.2 ± 0.3 vs. 1.0 ± 0.2 mmol/l, p = 0.0002), with respect to control group. Eighty three per cent of diabetics showed a poor glycemic control. There were not significant differences in lipid profile between DGGC and DPGC, excepting HDL-cholesterol which was higher in DPGC group (p = 0.007). Plasma fibrinogen levels were similar in diabetics and controls, but they were higher in DPGC than in DGGC (265 ± 46 vs. 229 ± 22 mg/dl, p = 0.02). Three patients with microalbuminuria and none with hypertension were detected. In these patients the most pronounced risk factors for CVD were dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia, which justify the need for the early detection of these factors as well as strict metabolic control.

Los pacientes con diabetes tienen un riesgo incrementado de desarrollar enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV). El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar factores de riesgo de ECV en niños con diabetes tipo 1 y su asociación con el grado de control glucémico. Se estudiaron 52 pacientes, entre 5 y 15 años, tratados con insulina corriente y NPH, comparados con 37 controles. Se investigó el grado de control glucémico, perfil lipídico, fibrinógeno plasmático, microalbuminuria y presión arterial. Los pacientes se agruparon en diabéticos con buen control glucémico [DBCG: hemoglobina glicosilada (HA1c) < 8%] y con pobre control glucémico (DPCG, HA1c > 8%). La población con diabetes presentó valores incrementados de colesterol total (4.1 ± 0.9 vs. 3.1 ± 0.7 mmol/l, p = 0.0008), LDL-colesterol (2.4 ± 0.9 vs. 1.7 ± 0.7 mmol/l, p = 0.0001), HDL-colesterol (1.2 ± 0.3 vs. 1.0 ± 0.2 mmol/l, p = 0.0002), respecto a los sujetos controles. El 83% mostró un pobre control glucémico. No hubo diferencias significativas en el perfil lipídico entre DBCG y DPCG, excepto para HDL-colesterol que fue mayor en los DPCG (p = 0.007). Los niveles de fibrinógeno fueron mayores en DPCG que en DBCG (265 ± 46 vs. 229 ± 22 mg/dl, p = 0.02). Se detectaron tres pacientes con microalbuminuria y ninguno con hipertensión arterial. En la población estudiada los factores de riesgo cardiovascular más pronunciados fueron la dislipemia y la hiperglucemia, evidenciando la necesidad de la detección temprana de estos factores y un control metabólico riguroso.