ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial behavior of polypyrrole nanoparticles (PPy-NPs) in water against biofilm producer or not S. aureus isolated from cows and goats with mastitis. One hundred and thirty-eight isolates of S. aureus were initially evaluated for biofilm formation by spectrophotometry in microplates. In addition, the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of PPy-NPs in water for planktonic S. aureus were determined. From the bovine samples analyzed, 5 (4.46%) S. aureus isolates showed a strong biofilm production, 17 (15.18%) moderate production, 36 (32.14%) with weak production and 54 (48.21%) did not produce biofilms. Strains from goats (26) showed no biofilm production in 18 (69.23%) strains and weak biofilm production in 8 (30.76%) strains. The MIC and MBC of S. aureus to PPy-NPs were found in the same concentration (125µɡ/mL) in all strains tested, regardless of biofilm production or not. This finding provides a new insight into the interaction between PPy-NPs and S. aureus, and will offer potential benefits for the control of mastitis.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar a ocorrência de Aeromonas spp. em peixes e amostras de água na região semiárida de Pernambuco e avaliar a frequência de aerolissina (aerA), enterotoxina citotóxica (act), enterotoxina citotônica (alt) e serina protease (ahp) nesses isolados. Foram analisados 70 peixes vivos e oito mortos com sinais clínicos de aeromoniose e 16 amostras de água. Aeromonas spp. foram identificadas por análises microbiológicas (provas bioquímicas) e molecular, usando-se primers específicos para a região 16S rRNA, e a distribuição dos quatro fatores de virulência (aerA, alt, act e ahp) foi investigada por ensaio de PCR. Cento e cinquenta e cinco (84,7%) isolados foram confirmados como Aeromonas spp. na análise molecular. Os genes de virulência mais frequentes foram act (53,55%) e aerA (51,61%). De acordo com o tipo de amostra, observou-se maior frequência do gene aerA (87,5% P=0,0474) em isolados de peixes mortos e a menor frequência do gene act (47,73% P=0,0002) em peixes vivos. Este estudo demonstrou a presença de aeromoniose no cultivo de tilápias em tanques-rede, nos municípios de Jatobá e Petrolândia, na região semiárida de Pernambuco. A detecção de aerA, act e alt pode ser utilizada na tipagem de virulência de Aeromonas spp.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of Aeromonas spp. from fishes and tilapia net-cage farm water in semi-arid regions of Pernambuco and to evaluate the frequency of the aerolysin (aerA), cytotoxic enterotoxin (act), cytotonic enterotoxin (alt) and serine protease (ahp) genes in Aeromonas isolates. 70 live and eight dead fish with aeromoniosis clinical signs and 16 water samples were analyzed. Aeromonas spp. isolated were identified by microbiological (biochemical evidence) and molecular analysis using specific primers for 16SrRNA region, while the distribution of four virulence factors, including aerA, alt, act and ahp, was investigated by PCR assay. One hundred fifty-five (84.7%) isolates were confirmed as Aeromonas spp. by molecular analysis. The most frequent virulence genes in isolates were act (53.55%) and aerA (51,61%). According to the kind of sample, the higher frequency of aerA gene (87.5% P= 0.0474) was observed in isolates from dead fish and the lowest frequency of act gene (47.73% P= 0.0002) from live fish. This study found the presence of aeromoniosis on tilapia farming in net-cages on Jatobá and Petrolândia counties in the semiarid Pernambuco region. The detection of aerA, act and alt can be used for virulence typing of Aeromonas spp. isolates.

Abstract: Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) is an emerging pest of apple Malus domestica Borkh., in Mexico. Its control depends mainly on the use of chemical insecticides; however, there are reports of natural enemies of this pest that exert a considerable control. The main objective of study was to evaluate the predatory capacity by Podisus maculiventris (Say) on C. rosaceana larvae. Twelve hundred larvae of C. rosaceana were collected in apple orchards. Moreover, 87 specimens of P. maculiventris Say of different nymphal instars were collected, of which 75 specimens were collected in apple orchards and 17 in corn crops, and 22 egg groups (17 in corn crops and five in apple trees). Podisus maculiventris consumption bioassays were performed over C. rosaceana larvae, where average was 0.72 larvae consumed per day, first nymphal instar showed a higher average (1.9 larvae per day) in first 24 h, and second nymphal instar showed a higher average after 7 d (1.2 larvae consumed per day).

Resumen: Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) es una plaga del manzano Malus domestica Borkh. de reciente aparición en México. Su control depende básicamente del uso de insecticidas químicos; sin embargo, existen registros de enemigos naturales de esta plaga que ejercen un control considerable. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la capacidad de depredación de Podisus maculiventris (Say) sobre C. rosaceana. Para lo anterior, en agosto y septiembre de 2014, se recolectaron 1200 larvas de C. rosaceana en huertos de manzano. Asimismo, se recolectaron 87 especímenes del depredador P. maculiventris, de diferentes estadios ninfales, de los cuales 75 se recolectaron en huertos de manzano y 17 en parcelas de maíz, además se recolectaron 22 grupos de huevos (17 en maíz y cinco en manzano). Se realizaron ensayos de consumo de P. maculiventris sobre larvas de C. rosaceana, donde el promedio fue de 0.72 larvas consumidas por día, siendo el primer estadio ninfal el que mostró un mayor promedio de consumo (1.9 larvas/día), en las primeras 24 h y el segundo estadio mostró el mayor promedio a los 7 días (1.2 larvas consumidas/día).

Flor de Junio has grains of cream colored background with pink stripes; it is produced and consumed in the central region of Mexico. We describe the process for its gathering and Dalias features, a new variety of bean grain, Flor de Junio type, Jalisco race, obtained from the cross of Flor de Junio Silvia X Flor de Mayo Anita performed in the Bajío Experimental Field in 2003. The selection process was initially based on health and the cycle of the plant, as well as the commercial properties in grain crops under alternative irrigation and rainfed conditions. In its final phase, we conducted an assisted molecular marker selection (AMS) for selecting the offspring that had simultaneously the markers ROC11 and SW13, linked to genes I and bc3, whose pyramiding confers resistance to all pathotypes of BCMV and BCMNV viruses. Dalia has an indeterminate growth habit type 3, with medium size guides and intermediate growing season with 105 days from sowing for physiological maturity and is resistant to BCMV and BCMNV. In a national assessment of yield and adaptation, Dalia showed similar yielding of Flor de Junio Marcela, the dominant variety within the market, but contrasting with this, a none existent G*E interaction, which indicated a high adaptation and yield stability. Dalia is recommended for irrigated and rainfed production in the regions of El Bajío and highlands of central Mexico.

El frijol tipo Flor de Junio, cuyo color de grano es de fondo crema con franjas rosas, se produce y consume en la región Centro de México. Se describe el proceso de obtención y características de Dalia, una nueva variedad de frijol tipo Flor de Junio de raza Jalisco, derivada de la cruza de Flor de Junio Silvia por Flor de Mayo Anita realizada en el Campo Experimental Bajío en 2003. El proceso de selección se basó inicialmente en la sanidad y el ciclo de la planta, así como en las características comerciales del grano en siembras bajo condiciones alternas de riego y temporal. En su fase final se realizó selección asistida por marcadores moleculares (SAM) para seleccionar la progenie que tuviera simultáneamente los marcadores ROC11 y SW13, ligados a los genes I y bc3, cuya piramidación confieren resistencia a todos los patotipos de los virus BCMV y BCMNV. Dalia es de hábito de crecimiento indeterminado tipo 3, con guías de tamaño medio y ciclo de cultivo intermedio de 105 días de siembra a la madurez fisiológica, y resistente a BCMV y BCMNV. En un ensayo nacional de rendimiento y adaptación, Dalia mostró un rendimiento similar a Flor de Junio Marcela, la variedad dominante en el mercado, pero en contraste con ésta, una nula interacción genotipo por ambiente, lo que indicó amplia adaptación y estabilidad de rendimiento. Dalia se recomienda para producción bajo riego y temporal en las regiones de El Bajío y el Altiplano del centro de México.

Resumen El sector cafetalero en México tiene una gran importancia a nivel social y económico, por su impacto en la generación de empleos: más de 4.5 millones en el país; y a nivel internacional ocupa el séptimo lugar como productor mundial de café. Las entidades que pertenecen a este sector necesitan información financiera para la toma de decisiones; en México, el organismo responsable de emitir la normatividad financiera es el Consejo Mexicano para la Investigación y Desarrollo de Normas de Información Financiera, A.C. Dentro de esta normatividad se encuentra el boletín E-1 "Agricultura", en el que se establecen las normas particulares aplicables a las entidades que realizan actividades agropecuarias. Esta investigación se orienta al análisis de dicho boletín, con el objetivo de establecer la normatividad que se adecúe a las características específicas de estas entidades del sector cafetalero.

Abstract The coffee sector in Mexico is very important due to its contribution to social and economic development, and for its impact on employment generation, which accounts for more than 4.5 million jobs; at international level, Mexico is the seventh largest producer of coffee. Entities belonging to this sector, like any economic entity, have a need of financial information that facilitates appropriate decision-making. In Mexico, the organism responsible of releasing the financial standards is the Consejo Mexicano para la Investigación y Desarrollo de Normas de Información Financiera, A.C. Within this regulation is the bulletin E-1 "Agriculture", which aims to establish standards applicable to entities engaged in agricultural activities. This research aims to study the separate report, to analyze the adequacy of this standard for companies in the coffee sector, as it is considered necessary to establish regulations that suit the specific characteristics of these entities.

High production levels achieved in animal exploitation is due largely to the selection work that has developed in the main species of economic interest. The use of the molecular information in the programs of assisted selection has opened a big field in the animal improvement. The methodology for the simultaneous genoptyping of the genes that encode the six major milk proteins, growth hormone and bovine prolactin is described. Three techniques were used for genotyping: restriction enzyme digestion, sequencing and minisequencing to determine SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms), where the first two were used as control to the Results of minisequencing. This latter methodology enables the automation of analysis, simultaneous work with several samples and ten or more markers in a single reaction. It was found that the genes encoding for αs2-casein and prolactin behaved as monomorphic. For the αs1-casein the alleles B and C were identified; in the β-casein the alleles A and B were identified; on the other hand for the kcasein the alleles A and B were the observed ones. In the a-lactoalbumin and β-lactoglobulin the alleles A and B were identified, moreover for the growth hormone, alleles L and V were observed. In all cases the most frequent alleles are the described ones. It was confirmed that the minisequencing technique simplifies the analysis and it is useful for the molecular characterization focused a future targeted molecular markerassisted selection.

Los altos niveles de producción alcanzados en la explotación animal se deben en gran medida al trabajo de selección que se ha desarrollado en las principales especies de interés económico. El empleo de la información molecular en los programas de selección asistida ha abierto un amplio campo en la mejora animal. Se describe la metodología empleada para el genotipado simultáneo de los genes que codifican para las seis principales proteínas lácteas, la hormona del crecimiento y prolactina bovinas. Fueron utilizadas tres técnicas para el genotipado: digestión con enzimas de restricción, secuenciación y minisecuenciación para determinar SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms), donde las dos primeras se usaron como control de los resultados obtenidos por minisecuenciación. Esta última metodología permite la automatización del análisis, el trabajo simultáneo con varias muestras y 10 o más marcadores en una sola reacción. Se observó que los genes que codifican para αs2-caseína y prolactina se comportaron monomórficos. Para la as1-caseína se identificaron los alelos B y C; en la β-caseína se identificaron los alelos A y B; por otra parte para la k-caseína fueron los alelos A y B los observados. En la α-lactoalbúmina y β-lactoglobulina se identificaron los alelos A y B, mientras que para la hormona del crecimiento se observaron los alelos L y V. En todos los casos resultaron ser los alelos que con mayor frecuencia se describen. Se corroboró que la técnica de minisecuenciación simplifica el análisis y es útil en la caracterización molecular dirigida a una futura selección asistida por marcadores.