Patrones dietéticos, perfil nutricional, e índice de masa corporal en escolares mexicanos: Un estudio transversal. La obesidad infantil es un problema de salud pública en México. En este trabajo, se estudiaron los patrones dietéticos de escolares mexicanos y su relación con la prevalencia de sobrepeso-obesidad, el perfil de nutrientes y los principales grupos de alimentos consumidos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal descriptivo donde participaron 724 escolares seleccionados al azar de entre 9 a 12 años del Estado de Nayarit, México evaluándose las características antropométricas y la ingesta de alimentos. Siete patrones dietéticos y tres dietas específicas fueron identificados mediante análisis multivariado. Un patrón de dieta caracterizada por una alta ingesta de legumbres y aperitivos junto con una baja ingesta de bebidas azucaradas se asoció negativamente con el peso e índice de masa corporal. La prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad fue del 20.2 y 20.6%, respectivamente. El tipo de dieta influyó significativamente (p<0.05) en la ingesta de proteínas, hidratos de carbono y el consumo de grasas, pero no mostró correlación con la condición de sobre peso obesidad. Los azúcares simples, dulces, postres y bebidas endulzadas aparecieron en todos los patrones dietéticos. Los patrones dietéticos en los países con una gran diversidad gastronómica podrían ser considerados de interés para diseñar programas de intervención nutricional preventiva.

Childhood obesity is a serious public health problem in Mexico. In this study, childhood specific dietary patterns and their relationship with overweight obesity prevalence, nutrient profiles and types of foods consumed were studied. A descriptive cross sectional study of 724 randomly selected schoolchildren between 9 to 12 years old from Nayarit State, Mexico was performed. Data on anthropometric characteristics and food intake were recorded. Seven dietary patterns and three specific diets were identified by multivariate analysis. A dietary pattern characterized by high legume, snack and low beverage intake was negatively associated with weight and body mass index. The overall over weight and obesity prevalence was 20.2% and 20.6%, respectively. Diet type significantly influenced (p<0.05) protein, carbohydrates and fat intake but did not show correlation with the overweight obesity status. Simple sugars, candies, pastries and sweetened beverages appeared in all dietary patterns. Dietary patterns in countries with a wide gastronomic diversity should be considered to design preventive nutrition intervention programs.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os extratos do polpa da graviola obtidos com diferentes solventes (clorofórmio, metanol, acetato de etilo e água) e diferentes métodos de extração (Soxhlet, sonicação e micro-ondas). Foi analisado o conteúdo de polifenóis extraíveis, capacidade antioxidante e presença qualitativa de acetogeninas. O método de extração mais eficiente para obter polifenóis extraíveis e valores elevados de capacidade antioxidante (DPPH) foi por sonicação, seguido por micro-ondas, quando o metanol foi usado. As acetogeninas foram detectadas somente em extractos com clorofórmio e acetato de etilo para todos os métodos de extração avaliados. Sonicação ou micro-ondas foi eficaz para extrair acetogeninas ou polifenóis em maior quantidade do que o relatado em polpa de graviola, em pouco tempo e pouco solvente.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to obtain extracts from soursop pulp that were obtained with different solvents (chloroform, methanol, ethyl acetate and water) and different extraction methods (soxhlet, sonication and microwave), and analysed their extractable polyphenol content, antioxidant capacity and qualitative presence of acetogenins. The most efficient extraction method to obtain extractable polyphenols with high values of scavenging capacity by DPPH was sonication followed by microwave when methanol was used. The acetogenins were detected only in chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts obtained by the three extraction methods. Sonication or microwave was effective to obtain acetogenins or phenolic extracts in greater quantity than reported in soursop pulp, in a short time and few solvent.