Although the accessories muscles are part of our nature, to recognize them allows us to avoid confusion with other pathologies. Even some accessories wrist muscles may be symptomatic and require surgical intervention. In this paper we present the anatomy and imaging aspects of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging of these muscles, so that the radiologist can become familiar with them, avoiding unnecessary interventions or diagnostic errors.

Si bien los músculos accesorios son parte de nuestra naturaleza, el saber reconocerlos nos permite evitar confusiones con otras entidades patológicas. Incluso algunos músculos accesorios en la muñeca pueden ser sintomáticos y requerir intervención quirúrgica. En este trabajo exponemos la anatomía y aspectos imaginológicos en ultrasonido y resonancia magnética de dichos músculos, para que el radiólogo esté familiarizado con ellos, evitando errores diagnóstico o intervenciones innecesarias.

BACKGROUND: The mortality of lung cancer (LC), increases each year in the world, in spite of any advances, in development of new drugs to advance stages of LC. The high incidence of LC has been associated with smoking habit, genetic diversity and environmental pollution. Antofagasta region has been reported to have the highest LC mortality rate in Chile and its inhabitants were exposed to arsenic in their drinking water in concentrations as high as 870 μg/L. Non-invasive techniques such as biomarkers (Automatic Quantitative Cytometry: AQC and DR70) and Auto Fluorescence Bronchoscopy (AFB) might be potentially useful as a supplementary diagnostic approach and early detection. Early detection is one of the most important factors to intervene and prevent cancer progression in LC. This is a work of an ongoing prospective bimodality cancer surveillance study in high risk LC volunteers. Enrolment was done in subjects from Antofagasta and Metropolitan regions. In addition, we enrolled subjects who were suspected of having lung cancer. AQC, DR70 and AFB were used as tools in the detection of pre-neoplastic (PNL) and neoplastic lesions (NL). RESULTS: Half of the samples, classified as suspicious by AFB, were confirmed as metaplasia or dysplasia by histopathology. For LC, DR70 showed a higher sensitivity (95.8%) and specificity (91.9%) than AQC. However, for PNL AQC showed a higher sensitivity (91.9%) than DR70 (27.3%), although both with low PPV values. As a pre screener, both biomarkers might be employed as complementary tools to detect LC, especially as serially combined tests, with a sensitivity of 60% and a PPV of 65.2%. Additionally, the use of parallel combined tests might support the detection of PNL (sensitivity 91.2%; PPV 49.1%). CONCLUSION: This work adds information on cellular and molecular biomarkers to complement imaging techniques for early detection of LC in Latin America that might contribute to formulate policies concerning screening of LC. Supported by INNOVA-CORFO, Chile.

A case report of a patient with treated Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma is presented. In his usual tomographic control patient was requested a PET-CT scan to supplement prior study that showed a metabo-lically active focus on the left adductor muscle without evident tomographic correlation. Lesion underwent both a soft tissue ultrasound study and a directed biopsy, the latter being positive for secondary infiltration by lymphoma. This case has demonstrated the usefulness of applying complementary techniques in the management of these lesions, mainly of PET-CT scans in the study of unusual sites of spread. This combined medical imaging technique allows accurate lesion localization, which in turn permits performance of a subsequent directed study.

Se presenta un caso clínico de paciente con linfoma no Hodgkin tratado; en control tomográfico habitual se le solicitó PET-CT para complementar su estudio, que demuestra un foco metabólicamente activo en el espesor de músculo aductor izquierdo sin traducción tomográfica evidente. La lesión fue estudiada con ultrasonografia de partes blandas y biopsia dirigida, que resultó positiva para infiltración secundaria por linfoma. Este caso demuestra la utilidad de las técnicas complementarias en el manejo de estos pacientes, en especial la utilidad del PET-CT en el estudio de sitios inhabituales de diseminación. En este examen existe la posibilidad de identificar con precisión la localización de las lesiones mediante la TC complementaria, lo que permite efectuar posteriormente el estudio dirigido.

Introduction: Multislice computed tomography (MSCT) appears to provide more advantages in the evaluation of abdominal diseases, and particularly in the study of vascular structures. It optimizes the use of I.V. contrast, and offers a greater temporal and spatial resolution, thus allowing a isotropic resolution. Hepatic circulation variants respond to embryologic development. Objectives: To demonstrate thatrutinary MSCT studies (not vascular) with I.V. contrast allow us to evaluate hepatic arterial circulation by detecting the most frequent variants in our population. Material and Methods: A retrospective analysis of a rutinary abdominal MSCT with I. V. contrast was conducted from June 2006 to August 2006, at Clínica Indisa, Santiago, Chile. In 100 cases out of 102, we could properly assess the hepatic arterial anatomy. Axial cuts, Multi Planar Reconstruction (MPR), Maximum Intensity Projection (MIP), and 3D images were reviewed for study analysis. As for classification purposes, variants described by Couinaud and Michels were used. Results: The mean age was 57.3 years; 47% male and 53% female. Type I variant was found in 53 patients (53%); 10 type II (10%); 10 type III (10%); 3 type IV (3%); 9 type V (9%); 7 type VI (7%); 1 type VII (1%); 2 type IX (2%), and 5 type XI (5%). Type VIII and type X variants were not found. Conclusions: Abdominal MSCT with I.V. contrast has proved to be effective in properly evaluating hepatic arterial circulation in rutinary studies. Forty-seven per cent (47%) of patients presented anatomic variants, which correlates with findings reported in foreign literature. Due to the high frecuency rate of patients with anatomic variation, vascular evaluation has become a must before planning major hepatic surgical procedures

La tomografía computada multicorte (TCM) ha demostrado ventajas en la evaluación de la patología abdominal y en especial del estudio de estructuras vasculares. Optimiza el uso del contraste endovenoso (EV) y tiene una mayor resolución temporal y espacial, permitiendo una resolución isotrópica. Las variantes de la circulación hepática responden al desarrollo embriológico. Objetivos: Demostrar que estudios rutinarios (no vasculares) de TCM con cte. EV, permiten evaluarla circulación arterial hepática, detectando las variantes más frecuentes en nuestra población. Material y Métodos: Análisis retrospectivo de TCM abdominales con uso de contraste EV, desde el 1/6/06 al 26/8/06, en Clínica Indisa. De un total de 102 pacientes, en 100 fue posible evaluar adecuadamente la anatomía arterial hepática. En el análisis de los estudios se revisaron los cortes axiales, reconstrucciones multiplanares, 3D y con modalidad MIP. Para la clasificación se utilizó las variantes descritas por Couinaud y Michels. Resultados: El promedio de edad fue de 57,3 años; 47% fueron hombres y 53% mujeres. En 53 pacientes se pesquisó variante tipo I (53%), 10 tipo II (10%), 10 tipo III (10%), 3 tipo IV (3%), 9 tipo V(9%), 7 tipo VI (7%), 1 tipo Vil (1%), 2 tipo IX (2%) y 5 tipo XI (5%). No se encontraron pacientes con tipo VIII y X. Conclusiones: La TCM abdominal de rutina que utiliza contraste EV permite evaluar adecuadamente la circulación arterial hepática. Un 47% mostró variantes anatómicas, concordante con publicaciones extranjeras. Debido a la alta frecuencia de variantes de la circulación hepática, se hace necesaria la evaluación vascular al planificar procedimientos quirúrgicos hepáticos mayores

Temporal distribution of the phytoplankton in a fixed station inside Aysén fjord is described using 130 qualitative phytoplankton samples and water surface temperature measurements taken every 15 days from February 1993 till June 1998. During the analysis a total of 106 species and varieties were identified: 74 corresponding to diatoms, 30 to dinoflagellates and 2 to silicoflagellates, being from marine neritical and oceanic, estuarine, continental and benthic habitats. Between the taxa identified we can point out three species related to toxin production: Alexandrium catenella (PSP), Dinophysis acuta and D. acuminata (DSP), and several other taxa which affect the salmon industry. Phytoplankton was characterised by the predominance of low salinity diatoms over the other groups with periods in which species characteristic of oceanic waters appear. Therefore the diatoms present as bioindicators of the types of water in the fjord were used. This evidence demostrates that the phytoplankton within the fjord does not follow standard population successions, but reflects an alternation between invasions of species of continental and marine waters to the estuarine environment at the head of the fjord. The water surface temperature presented normal annual fluctuations for a cold temperate region, with extreme values of 5,2º and 16,2ºC, with the lowest during 1996 and the highest in 1994 and 1998. The warmer years recording a high persistence of toxic species

Se da a conocer la distribución temporal del fitoplancton en una estación fija en la cabeza del seno Aysén (45º26´S 73º00´W), mediante el análisis de 130 muestras de red obtenidas quincenalmente entre febrero de 1993 y junio de 1998. El análisis de las muestras permitió identificar un total de 106 especies de fitoplancteres, destacando los dinoflagelados Dinophysis acuta, D. acuminata y Alexandrium catenella, que han sido asociados a la producción de los Venenos Diarreico y Paralizante de Mariscos, y las diatomeas de los géneros Chaetoceros, Rhizosolenia, Pseudo-nitszchia y Leptocylindrus, que impactan la salmonicultura de la zona. El fitoplancton se caracterizó por el predominio de diatomeas de aguas de baja salinidad sobre los otros grupos, apreciándose períodos en que aparecen especies características de aguas oceánicas, por lo que se utilizaron las especies de diatomeas como bioindicadores de los tipos de agua presentes en el fiordo. Esta evidencia permite establecer que el fitoplancton dentro del fiordo no sigue el patrón de sucesiones poblacionales, sino más bien una alternancia entre invasiones de especies de aguas continentales y marinas, al ambiente estuarino de la cabeza del fiordo. La temperatura superficial del agua presentó fluctuaciones anuales normales para una región templada fría, con valores extremos de 5,2 y 16,2ºC, encontrándose los menores durante 1996 y los mayores en 1994 y 1998, presentando los últimos años una mayor persistencia de especies nocivas asociadas a toxinas