Abstract In this work, was studied and compared two bioremediation processes of sludge generated in service stations and fuel sales stations in the city of Tunja-Boyacá, Colombia, which are contaminated with total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). The mud samples were collected in the grease traps of the stations to be treated using biostimulation and bioaugmentation techniques; comparing the results with a control sample to evaluate the efficiency of the processes. The tests were carried out during 12 weeks, observing the variations of temperature, pH, moisture, and final concentration of TPH. The results obtained indicate that the bioaugmentation technique presents a better performance in the removal of TPH, reaching a 75.4% decrease in TPH. The biostimulation technique presented the lowest results, reaching only 54.9% for the same period of time evaluated. From the projection it is established that the bioaugmentation technique would have the ability to reduce treatment times by up to 28.6% (6 weeks), which has long-term repercussions on the costs and implementation of biological treatment. These results open the possibility of implementing this type of treatment on a real scale to manage this type of by-products generated in the field of fuel sales since they are highly toxic to the environment and human health.

A novel methodology for the synthesis of silicon oxide mesoporous materials has been developed using soft reaction conditions, unlike other synthesis conditions present in the literature. The synthesis involves the use of the lyotropic liquid crystals formed by mixing the surfactant hexadecyltrimethylazanium (CTAB), sodium nitrate as catalyst, water and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as the inorganic precursor. The silicon oxide samples were characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and EDX analysis. The specific surface area of the powder and the pore size were determined by the BET method and were found to be 587 m²/g and 2-4 nm, respectively. The point of zero charge (pzc) determination using a zeta-meter apparatus was 3.1 showing the acid character of the surface. The template mesoporous SiO2 samples can be used to prepare composite electrodes containing active mixed oxides, e.g. for lithium-ion batteries.

Reported here is the catalytic studies of the hydroformylation and the isomerization of 1-hexene to aldehydes (heptanal and 2-methyl-hexanal) and 2-hexene, respectively by [Rh(COD)(amine)2]PF6 complexes (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene, amine = 4-picoline, 2-picoline or 2,6-lutidine) immobilized on poly(4-vinylpyridine) in contact with 10 mL of 80% aqueous 2-ethoxyethanol, under CO atmosphere (0.9 atm at 100 C). The results of these studies show the following reactivity order defined as Turnover Frequencies for aldehydes production: 2-picoline {2.9} > 4-picoline {2.6} > 2,6-lutidine {2.4}. The electronics and steric effects induced by the amine ligands apparently influence on the observed catalytic activities. The [Rh(COD)(2-picoline)2]PF6/poly(4-vinylpyridine) system also catalyzed the hydroformylation and isomerization of 1-octene

Mice from ACA and A.Sn strains were equally susceptible (100% mortality) to intraperitoneal infection with 2000 blood trypomastigotes from Tulahuen strain of Trypanosoma cruzi, while A.Sw and HTI strains were resistant (100% survival). However mice from A.Sw and HTI strains showed significantly higher level of parasitemia than the susceptible strains. The histopathology of miocardial and skeletal muscle was evaluated in the susceptible and resistant strains of mice. In the first ten days post-infection no significant differences in tissue damage were observed. However in the third week of infection, while A.Sw and HTI mice showed recovery of tissue lessions, the susceptible A.Sn and ACA showed increased tissue damage although no blood forms and intracellular parasites were detected. Serum samples from infected mice were tested by dot-immunoradiometric assay, for reactivity against recombinant antigens 1,2,13,26,30,36 and SAPA of T. cruzi. All mice sera only reacted with clones 13 and SAPA, suggesting that this reactivity seems not to be involved in susceptibility or resistance to infection with Tulahuen strain of T. cruzi

Ratones de las cepas ACA y A.Sn fueron altamente susceptibles, con un 100% de mortalidad alrededor de las 3 semanas postinfección (p.i), con un inóculo por vía intraperitoneal de 2000 tripomastigotes sanguíneos de la cepa Tulahuen de Trypanosoma cruzi, mientras que las cepas A.Sw y HTI se comportaron como resistentes con un 100% de sobrevida, pasados los 6 meses p.i. Sin embargo, los animales de las cepas resistentes mostraron niveles máximos de parasitemia significativamente más altos que las cepas susceptibles. Se realizó un estudio histopatológico de músculo cardíaco y esquelético de los ratones infectados. En los primeros 10 días p.i. no se observaron diferencias claras entre cepas resistentes y susceptibles, en cuanto al daño tisular y presencia de parásitos intracelulares (pseudoquistes). Pero alrededor de la tercera semana p.i. ya se vieron diferencias evidentes, mientras los animales de las cepas A.Sw y HTI mostraron bajos niveles de inflamación y signos de recuperación de las lesiones, los ratones ACA y A.Sn evidenciaron un progresivo aumento del daño tisular, aunque no se observaron, en este momento, formas sanguíneas ni intracelulares del parásito. Muestras de suero de los ratones infectados fueron probados por un ensayo inmunoradiométrico (IRMA), para analizar la reactividad contra los antígenos recombinantes 1,2,13,26,30,36 y SAPA de T. cruzi. Todos los sueros sólo mostraron reconocimiento de las proteínas 13 y SAPA, sugiriendo que esta reactividad no pareciera estar relacionada directamente con el fenómeno de resistencia o susceptibilidad a la infección con la cepa Tulahuen de T. cruzi, en el modelo murino

3-Methyl- and 3-phenyl-5-pyrazolones were alkylated and formylated. The phenyl derivative was less reactive towards alkylation. However in the formylation step 1-n-alkyl-3-methyl- and 1-n-alkyl-3-phenyl-5-pyrazolones showed no difference in reactivity. The alkylated products exist as 5-pyrazolones in chloroform solutions and in dimethylsulfoxide their structure is a 5-hydroxy-pyrazole. Chloroform and dimethyl sulfoxide solutions of 4-formyl derivatives have a structure that is better described as 4-hydroxymethylene-5-pyrazolone

Se alquiló y formiló 3-metil- y 3-fenil-5-pirazolona. El 3-fenil derivado es menos reactivo en la etapa de alquilación. En la etapa de formilación no hay diferencias entre 1-n-alquil-3-metil- o 1-n-alquil-3-fenil-5-pirazolona. Los productos de alquilación presentan una estructura de 5-pirazolona en cloformo, mientras que en dimetilsulfóxido la estructura es del tipo 5-hidroxipirazol. En estos mismos solventes, los derivados formilados solo presentan una estructura que es descrita como 4-hidroximetilén-5-pirazolona

3-Phenyl-5-pyrazolone (1) is selectively alkylated at position 1 in 40% yield. The alkylated compound (2) is acylated (3) in 60% yield and nitrosated (4) in 80% yield. According to the spectroscopic data a N-H or O-H structure can be proposed for 1 in DMSO. The proton may be at N-2 or on the oxygen at C-5, respectively. The alkylated compound 2 exists as 5-pyrazolone in chloroform with a CH2 at C-4. In DMSO, 2 is a 5-hydroxypyrazole. For compound 3 in chloroform the structure corresponds to 4-acyl-5-hydroxypyrazole. For compound 4 in chloroform there is one tautomer with a 4-nitroso-5-hydroxypyrazole structure while in DMSO the same 4-nitroso-5-hydroxypyrazole (92%) and a 4-nitroso-5-pyrazolone (8%) tautomer can be found

La alquilación de la 3-fenil-5-pirazolona (1) ocurre selectivamente en la posición 1 con un 40% de rendimiento. El compuesto alquilado (2) que se obtiene fue acilado (3) con 60% de rendimiento y nitrosado (4) con un 80% de rendimiento. De acuerdo con los datos espectroscópicos, se puede proponer una estructura N-H u O-H para el compuesto 1 en DMSO. El protón puede encontrarse en el N-2 o en el oxígeno unido al C-5. El compuesto alquilado 2 existe como 5-pirazolona en cloroformo y el C-4 es un CH2. En DMSO, 2 es un 5-hidroxipirazol. Para el compuesto 3 en cloroformo la estructura corresponde a 4-acil-5-hidroxipirazol. Para el compuesto 4 en cloroformo hay sólo un tautómero con una estructura de 4-nitroso-5-hidroxipirazol mientras que en DMSO se encuentran dos tautómeros, 4-nitroso-5-hidroxipirazol (92%) y 4-nitroso-5-pirazolona (8%)

A Colombian strain of Trypanosoma rangeli was characterized by analyzing its behaviour in different axenic and cellular culture, its infection rate and the histopathological lesions produced in experimental animals. Although slight inflammatory infiltrations were shown in different histopathological sections, no pseudocysts could be observed. Grace's insect medium is better than liver infusion tryptose or artificial triatomine urine supplemented with proline when studying T. rangeli metacyclogenesis, with a peak of 32% trypomastigotes. High infection rates were found in VERO and J774 cells. Because of its 100% infectivity rates and adequacy of parasitemia levels, C23 strain is a suitable model of T. rangeli biology study