RESUMO Introdução A relevância no estudo das características dos marcadores bioquímicos sobre o processo de treinamento dos jogadores de voleibol está condicionada à especificidade desses parâmetros para tal esporte, considerando o grau e a natureza da atividade física majoritariamente em cadeia cinética aberta. Objetivo Selecionar os biomarcadores mais relevantes para treinamento de força em atletas de voleibol e verificar a sua consistência com outros parâmetros do status bioquímico. Métodos Efetuou-se uma análise da literatura científica e metodológica no campo do ensino do voleibol e os bioquímicos foram testados com métodos estatístico-matemáticos. Foi estabelecido o conjunto ideal de marcadores bioquímicos para um controle eficaz do processo de treinamento no esporte de cadeia cinética aberta, que pode ser usado para avaliar a tolerabilidade das cargas de treinamento em várias de suas etapas. Resultados Foram determinados testes clínicos e laboratoriais eficazes para resolver tarefas de monitoramento médico e biológico no processo de treinamento. Foi demonstrada a possibilidade de utilizar dados de controle bioquímico para avaliar as perspectivas de um alto nível de estado funcional no período pré-competição. Conclusão Os resultados obtidos podem ser utilizados como parte do suporte médico e biológico no processo de treinamento de atletas de vôlei, podendo ser introduzidos em ciclos de disciplinas médicas e biológicas nacionais. Evidência nível II; Estudos terapêuticos – pesquisa de resultados.

ABSTRACT Introduction The relevance in studying the characteristics of biochemical markers on the training process of volleyball players is conditioned to the specificity of these parameters for such sport, considering the degree and nature of physical activity mostly in open kinetic chain. Objective To select the most relevant biomarkers for strength training in volleyball athletes and to verify their consistency with other biochemical status parameters. Methods A review of the scientific and methodological literature in the field of volleyball training was performed and the biochemicals were tested with statistical-mathematical methods. The optimal set of biochemical markers for an effective control of the training process in open kinetic chain sport was established, which can be used to evaluate the tolerability of training loads in several of its stages. Results Effective clinical and laboratory tests were determined to solve medical and biological monitoring tasks in the training process. The possibility of using biochemical control data to assess the prospects of a high level of functional status in the pre-competition period was demonstrated. Conclusion The results obtained can be used as part of the medical and biological support in the training process of volleyball athletes, and can be introduced in national medical and biological subject cycles. Evidence level II; Therapeutic studies - outcomes research.

RESUMEN Introducción La relevancia en el estudio de las características de los marcadores bioquímicos sobre el proceso de entrenamiento de los jugadores de voleibol está condicionada a la especificidad de estos parámetros para dicho deporte, considerando el grado y la naturaleza de la actividad física sobre todo en cadena cinética abierta. Objetivo Seleccionar los biomarcadores más relevantes para el entrenamiento de fuerza en deportistas de voleibol y verificar su consistencia con otros parámetros del estado bioquímico. Métodos Se realizó una revisión de la literatura científica y metodológica en el campo del entrenamiento del voleibol y se comprobaron los bioquímicos con métodos estadístico-matemáticos. Se estableció el conjunto ideal de marcadores bioquímicos para un control eficaz del proceso de entrenamiento en el deporte de cadena cinética abierta, que puede utilizarse para evaluar la tolerabilidad de las cargas de entrenamiento en varias de sus etapas. Resultados Se determinaron pruebas clínicas y de laboratorio eficaces para resolver las tareas de seguimiento médico y biológico en el proceso de formación. Se demostró la posibilidad de utilizar los datos de control bioquímico para evaluar las perspectivas de un alto nivel de estado funcional en el período previo a la competición. Conclusión Los resultados obtenidos pueden ser utilizados como parte del apoyo médico y biológico en el proceso de entrenamiento de los atletas de voleibol, y pueden ser introducidos en los ciclos de las disciplinas médicas y biológicas nacionales. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de resultados.

Abstract Despite the use of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) as food flavoring and coloring agents, they are also known to constitute acrylamide, heterocyclic amines, advanced glycosylation end products, and precursors of low molecular weight compounds. The very little is known about the toxicology of peony seed meal-derived MRPs. In this study, sub-chronic toxicity of peony seed meal derived MRPs was evaluated in Sprage-Dawley (SD) rats. Results showed that the body weight, hematology and serum biochemistry, organ coefficient and histopathology of SD rats with daily intake of peony seed meal-derived MRPs lower than 0.45 g/kg were not affected. After feeding with peony seed meal-derived MRPs for 13-weeks, there were no significant toxic effect on either male or female rats. This study provides a theoretical basis for the safety of MRPs derived from the reactants of enzymatic hydrolysis of peony seed meal.

Abstract Objective: To investigate the expression level and significance of T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing molecules-3 (Tim-3) and interleukin-7 (IL-7) in CD4+ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood of patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods: 75 patients with CHD treated at our hospital were selected and classified as mild group (25 cases), moderate group (25 cases) and severe group (25 cases), according to the severity of illness. Twenty-five healthy volunteers who underwent a physical examination at our hospital during the same period were selected as the control group. The expression level of Tim-3 in CD4+ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood of patients in four groups was detected by flow cytometry and quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The expression level of IL-7 in peripheral blood serum was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Correlation analyses of Tim-3 and IL-7, Tim-3 and disease severity and IL-7 and disease severity were performed, respectively. Results: Flow cytometry and qRT-PCR demonstrated that the expression of Tim-3 in CD4+ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood of patients with CHD increased with the aggravation of the disease. ELISA showed that the tendency of IL-7 expression in peripheral blood serum was consistent with the expression of Tim-3, and the expression of Tim-3 had a positive correlation with IL-7. The expression levels of both Tim-3 and IL-7 were positively correlated with the Gensini score. Conclusion: The expression of Tim-3 and IL-7 in peripheral blood of patients with CHD was upregulated and increased with the aggravation of CHD.

Abstract To investigate the effect of corosolic acid treatment on erectile function in metabolic syndrome induced rat model. Fifty male 3-week-old SD rats were fed a high fat and high sugar diet. Six months later, metabolic variables were determined. Metabolic syndrome induced erectile function (MED) rats were confirmed by an apomorphine test. Then MED rats were treated with corosolic acid daily by oral gavage for 4 weeks. To evaluate erectile function, intracavernosal pressure (ICP)/mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) ratio was measured. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay and dihydroethidium staining were used to assess reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. Protein expressions of gp91phox and eNOS were examined by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Fasting blood glucose, body weight, total cholesterol and insulin were markedly increased in metabolic syndrome rats compared with those of the control rats (p < 0.05). The ratios of max ICP/MAP and area under curve (AUC)/MAP was markedly reduced in MED rats compared with the control rats (p < 0.05). The concentration of cyclic guanosine mono-phosphate (cGMP) and the expression of eNOS were significantly decreased in MED rats compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, ROS level and the expression of gp91phox were significantly increased in MED rats. Treatment with corosolic acid reversed these changes (each p < 0.05). Corosolic acid reduces the level of ROS, ameliorating endothelial dysfunction and improvement of erectile function in MED rats.

Abstract The phenolic compounds in dried Lycium barbarum (LB) and L. barbarum meal (LBM) were extracted using ultrasonic method, reflux method and enzymatic method, and the composition, content of polyphenols and antioxidant abilities of the extracts were analyzed. 40 phenolic compounds were identified with HPLC-MS/MS, with 35 compounds detected from LB and 33 from LBM. 40 compounds were classified into phenolic acids and their derivatives, flavonoids, and their derivatives, lignanamides and other phenolic substances. Differences existed in samples extracted from different materials or under different extraction methods. It was explicitly observed that LB was higher than LBM in phenolic content. The phenolics in LB and LBM had significant antioxidant effects, with LBM extracts showing the higher antioxidant effect. This study compared the differences in polyphenols of L. barbarum and its meal, meanwhile explored the effects of different extraction methods, which could contribute to the exploitation of L. barbarum and its meal.

SUMMARY: A comparative study of the morphology of suboccipital cavernous sinus (SCS) using MRI and cast specimens was performed. The present retrospective study analysed the craniocervical magnetic resonance venography (MRV) imaging data of 61 patients. Three-dimensional reconstruction was performed using Mimics 19.0. The SCS left-right diameter(d1), distance from the midline (d2), supero-inferior diameter(d3), anteroposterior diameter (d4), distance from posterior diameter to skin (d5), and diameter of the SCS at different parts (d6-d8) were measured. Comparison between MRV images and cast specimens, the SCS, marginal sinus, anterior condylar vein, and vertebral artery venous plexus were symmetrical and could be bilaterally displayed, whereas the presence of extra condylar vein and posterior condylar vein exhibited different types. The adjacency between the SCS and its communicating vessels and changes in its communicating vessels corresponded well with the MRV images and cast specimens. Many types of the presence of left and right lateral condylar and posterior condylar veins were found in the cast specimens, which could be divided into the bilateral presence of posterior condylar and lateral condylar veins, unilateral presence of posterior condylar veins, and unilateral presence of lateral condylar vein. A total of 61 cases analysed using MRV images revealed the bilateral presence of posterior condylar and lateral condylar veins (77.1 %), the unilateral presence of posterior condylar vein (18.0 %), and the unilateral presence of lateral condylar vein (9.8 %), of which the bilateral presence of posterior condylar and lateral condylar veins accounted for the largest proportion. MRV images and cast specimens of the SCS showed its normal morphological structure and adjacency, thus providing accurate and complete Three-dimensional imaging anatomical data of the SCS and its communicating vascular structures. This study enriches the Chinese SCS imaging anatomy data and may be valuable in clinical practice.

RESUMEN: Se realizó un estudio comparativo de la morfología del seno cavernoso suboccipital (SCS) mediante resonancia magnética y muestras de yeso. El presente estudio retrospectivo analizó los datos de imágenes de venografía por resonancia magnética (RNM) craneocervical de 61 pacientes. La reconstrucción tridimensional se realizó con Mimics 19.0. Se midió: el diámetro izquierdo-derecho del SCS (d1), la distancia desde la línea mediana (d2), el diámetro superoinferior (d3), el diámetro anteroposterior (d4), la distancia desde el diámetro posterior hasta la piel (d5) y el diámetro del SCS en diferentes partes (d6-d8). En la comparación entre las imágenes RNM y las muestras de yeso, el SCS, el seno marginal, la vena condilar anterior y el plexo venoso de la arteria vertebral eran simétricos y se observaron bilateralmente, mientras que la presencia de la vena extracondilar y la vena condilar posterior presentaba tipos diferentes. La proximidad del SCS y sus vasos comunicantes y los cambios en sus vasos comunicantes se correspondieron bien con las imágenes de RNM y los especímenes moldeados. Se encontraron muchos tipos de venas condilares laterales y condilares posteriores izquierda y derecha en las muestras de yeso, que podrían dividirse en presencia bilateral de venas condilares posteriores y condilares laterales, presencia unilateral de venas condilares posteriores y presencia unilateral de venas condilares laterales. Un total de 61 casos analizados mediante imágenes MRV revelaron la presencia bilateral de venas condilares posteriores y condilares laterales (77,1 %), la presencia unilateral de venas condilares posteriores (18,0 %) y la presencia unilateral de venas condilares laterales (9,8 %) de los cuales la presencia bilateral de las venas condilar posterior y condilar lateral representó la mayor proporción. Las imágenes de RNM y las muestras de yeso del SCS mostraron su estructura morfológica y adyacencia normales, lo que proporcionó datos anatómicos de imágenes tridimensionales precisos y completos del SCS y sus estructuras vasculares comunicantes. Este estudio enriquece los datos de anatomía de imágenes de SCS chino y puede ser valioso en la práctica clínica.

Abstract Gut bacterial β-glucuronidase (GUS) can reactivate xenobiotics that exert enterohepatic circulation- triggered gastrointestinal tract toxicity. GUS inhibitors can alleviate drug-induced enteropathy and improve treatment outcomes. We evaluated the inhibitory effect of Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold & Zucc. and its major constituents against Escherichia coli GUS (EcGUS), and characterized the inhibitory mechanism of each of the components. Trans-resveratrol 4’-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (HZ-1) and (-)-epicatechin gallate (HZ-2) isolated from P. cuspidatum were identified as the key components and potent inhibitors. These two components displayed strong to moderate inhibitory effects on EcGUS, with Ki values of 9.95 and 1.95 μM, respectively. Results from molecular docking indicated that HZ-1 and HZ-2 could interact with the key residues Asp163, Ser360, Ile 363, Glu413, Glu504, and Lys 568 of EcGUS via hydrogen bonding. Our findings demonstrate the inhibitory effect of P. cuspidatum and its two components on EcGUS, which supported the further evaluation and development of P. cuspidatum and its two active components as novel candidates for alleviating drug-induced damage in the mammalian gut.

Abstract Purpose To investigate the role and related mechanisms of miR-106a in sepsis-induced AKI. Methods Serum from sepsis and healthy patients was collected, sepsis mouse model was established by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). TCMK-1 cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and transfected with THBS2-small interfering RNA (siTHBS2), miR-106a inhibitor, miR-106a mimics and their negative controls (NCs). The expression of miR-106a, thrombospondin 2 (THBS2), Bax, cleaved caspase-3 and Bcl-2, cell viability, relative caspase-3 activity and TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 content were respectively detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blotting, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The relationship between miR-106a and THBS2 was confirmed by dual luciferase reporter assay. Results MiR-106a was up-regulated in serum of sepsis patients, CLP-induced mice models and LPS-induced TCMK-1 cells. LPS reduced cell viability and Bcl-2 expression, and increased caspase-3 activity, Bax expression, the content of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6. THBS2 was a target of miR-106a. The decreases of caspase-3 activity, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, Bax expression and the increases of cell viability, Bcl-2 expression caused by miR-106a knockdown were reversed when THBS2 silencing in LPS-stimulated TCMK-1 cells. Conclusion MiR-106a aggravated LPS-induced inflammation and apoptosis of TCMK-1 cells via regulating THBS2 expression.

Droplet atomization characteristics and its morphology in twin-wire arc sprayed (TWAS) Ni-Al were explored in depth. Both numerical model and theoretical method were built for calculating the process of the droplet deformation and breakup in air flow, which based on the standard k-ε model and the volume of fluid (VOF) dual-phase flow model. The atomization characteristics of double droplets and three droplets were also studied in the atomization process by simulation. The micro structure and the morphology of the composite coatings were analyzed by SEM and TEM. The experimental results indicate that TWAS droplets are the process of explosive breakup or two steps breakup. Morphology of the TWAS prepared Ni-20wt.%Al and Ni-5wt.%Al particles was accordingly characterized by SEM. The phase compositions of the Ni-Al particles were obtained by EDS. By testing the velocity of sprayed particles, the change rule of particles with spray pressure was obtained. Ni twins are discovered in the Ni-Al coating due to rapid cooling in TWAS process.

The past findings confirm that the Rectus Capitis Posterior minor (RCPmi) is connected to the cervical spinal dura mater via the Myodural Bridge (MDB) through the posterior antlanto-occipital interspace. It is hypothesized to perform some functions. Furthermore, some clinical studies found that the pathology of RCPmi might be related to chronic headaches. But few studies were related to the morphological parameters of the RCPmi. It would be conducive to performing clinical researches on the RCPmi and MDB. To explore the optimal section for measuring the RCPmi by MRI and provide imaging anatomy parameters of the RCPmi for clinical research. The RCPmi was measured in the dissection of 10 formalin-fixed cadaver specimens. The morphological parameters of the RCPmi were obtained. Based on these parameters, T2-weighted images of the RCPmi were collected from 109 healthy adults by using the MRIs with different oblique sagittal scanning angles. The parameters of length and area of the RCPmi on the scanning sections were measured using MRI workstation and Mimics software. The length of RCPmi reached a maximum at 30 degrees scanning leaned from the posterior median line through the dens of the axis in oblique sagittal section. At this scanning section, the length of RCPmi was 21.2 ± 2.6 mm in males and 19.3 ± 2.4 mm in females and the area of RCPmi was 91.9 ± 27.2 mm2 in males and 73.3 ± 22 mm2 in females. These parameters of RCPmi were present with significant gender differences (P < 0.05) but was not age related. Thirty degrees leaned from the median line was suggested to be the optimum scanning angle to display the RCPmi in oblique sagittal section. The reference values of length and area of the RCPmi were established for studies of hypertrophy or amyotrophy of the RCPmi.

Hallazgos previos confirman que el músculo rector posterior menor de la cabeza (mRPMC) está conectado a la duramadre cervical por medio del puente miodural (PMD) a través del espacio intermedio antlanto-occipital posterior. Se plantea la hipótesis de su capacidad para realizar algunas funciones. Además, estudios clínicos encontraron que la patología del mRPMC podría estar relacionada con dolores de cabeza crónicos. Sin embargo, pocos estudios se relacionaron con los parámetros morfológicos del mRPMC. Se buscará realizar investigaciones clínicas sobre el mRPMC y el PMD, además de explorar la sección óptima que permita medir el mRPMC por resonancia magnética (RM) y que permita obtener la imagen adecuada para la identificación de los parámetros anatómicos del mRPMC en la investigación clínica. Se midió el mRPMC durante la disección de 10 especímenes, correspondientes a cadáveres fijados con formalina. Se obtuvieron los parámetros morfológicos del mRPMC. Basándose en estos parámetros, se estudiaron imágenes ponderadas en T2 del mRPMC de 109 adultos sanos, utilizando las resonancias magnéticas con diferentes ángulos de exploración sagital oblicua. Los parámetros de longitud y área del mRPMC en las secciones de exploración se midieron utilizando la estación de trabajo del equipo de RM y el software Mimics. La longitud del mRPMC alcanzó un máximo de 30 grados de exploración, inclinado desde la línea mediana posterior, a través del eje en la sección sagital oblicua. En esta sección la longitud del mRPMC fue 21,2 ± 2,6 mm en los hombres y 19,3 ± 2,4 mm en las mujeres, y el área del mRPMC fue 91,9 ± 27,2 mm2 en los hombres y 73,3 ± 22 mm2 en las mujeres. Se observaron diferencias significativas de sexo en estos parámetros del mRPMC (P <0,05) sin embargo estos no estaban relacionados con la edad. Se sugirieron 30 grados inclinados a partir de la línea mediana como el ángulo óptimo de exploración para mostrar el mRPMC en la sección sagital oblicua. Los valores de referencia de longitud y área del mRPMC se establecieron para estudios de hipertrofia o amiotrofia del mRPMC.

Abstract The projectile impact resistance of sandwich panels with cellular cores with different layer numbers has been numerically investigated by perpendicular impact of rigid blunt projectile in ABAQUS/Explicit. These panels with corrugation, hexagonal honeycomb and pyramidal truss cores are impacted at velocities between 50 m/s and 202 m/s while the relative density ranges from 0.001 to 0.15 The effects of core configuration and layer number on projectile impact resistance of sandwich panels with cellular cores are studied. At low impact velocity, sandwich panels with cellular cores outperform the corresponding solid ones and non-montonicity between relative density and projectile resistance of sandwich panels is found and analyzed. Multiplying layer can reduce the maximum central deflection of back face sheet of the above three sandwich panels except pyramidal truss ones in high relative density. Hexagonal honeycomb sandwich panel is beneficial to increasing layer numbers in lowering the contact force and prolonging the interaction time. At high impact velocity, though corrugation and honeycomb sandwich panels are inferior to the equal-weighted solid panels, pyramidal truss ones with high relative density outperform the corresponding solid panels. Multiplying layer is not the desirable way to improve high-velocity projectile resistance.

Se prepararon muestras policristalinas (peso ~ 1 g) de las aleaciones Cu2GeTe4 y Cu2SnTe4 por el método de fusión y recocido y los productos caracterizados por las técnicas de Difracción de Rayos X (DRX ) , Análisis Térmico Diferencial (ATD), Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido (MEB) y espectroscopía de reflectancia óptica difusa UV / VIS / CIR. Se encontró que : a) Cu2GeTe4 y Cu2SnTe4 cristalizan en una estructura ortorrómbica ( g.e. Imm2; Nº 44 ) con parámetros de red a = 5,9281 (4) Å , b = 4.2211 (6) Å , c = 12.645 (5) Å y a = 6.0375 (6) Å , b = 4,2706 (3) Å , c = 12.844 (1) Å , respectivamente ; b) ambas aleaciones muestran dos transiciones térmicas : 762 y 636K al calentar y ; 700 y 578K tras el enfriamiento para Cu2GeTe4 ; 702 y 636K al calentar y ; 650 y 590K tras el enfriamiento para Cu2SnTe4 ; c) ambas aleaciones presentan importantes desviaciones estequiométricas en sus cationes: Cu (~35%), Ge (7.2%) and Sn (26.4%) y menor que el error experimental para el anión Te; y d) las brechas ópticas de energía medidas fueron 0.63 y 0.53 eV para Cu2SnTe4 y Cu2GeTe4, respectivamente.

Polycrystalline samples (weight ~ 1g) of Cu2GeTe4 and Cu2SnTe4 alloys were prepared by the usual melt and anneal method and the products characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Optical Diffuse Reflectance UV/VIS/NIR Spectroscopy techniques. It was found that: a) Cu2GeTe4 and Cu2SnTe4 crystallize in an orthorhombic structure (s.g. Imm2; Nº 44) with lattice parameters a=5.9281(4) Å, b=4.2211(6) Å, c=12.645(5) Å and a=6.0375(6) Å, b= 4.2706 (3) Å, c=12.844(1) Å, respectively; b) both alloys show two thermal transitions: 762 and 636K upon heating and; 700 and 578K upon cooling for Cu2GeTe4; 702 and 636K upon heating and; 650 and 590K upon cooling for Cu2SnTe4; c) both alloys present large deviations of stoichiometry for the cations Cu (~35%), Ge (7.2%) and Sn (26.4%) and minor deviation within the experimental error, for the anion Te; and, d) the measured optical band gaps were 0.63 and 0.53 eV for Cu2SnTe4 and Cu2GeTe4, respectively.

To facilitate the biodegradation of diesel oil, an oil biodegradation bacterial consortium was constructed. The alkane hydroxylase (alkB) gene of Pseudomonas putida GPo1 was constructed in a pCom8 expression vector, and the pCom8-GPo1 alkB plasmid was transformed into Escherichia coli DH5α. The AlkB protein was expressed by diesel oil induction and detected through SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The culture of the recombinant (pCom8-GPo1 alkB/E. coli DH5α) with the oil biodegradation bacterial consortium increased the degradation ratio of diesel oil at 24 h from 31% to 50%, and the facilitation rates were increased as the proportion of pCom8-GPo1 alkB/E. coli DH5α to the consortium increased. The results suggested that the expression of the GPo1 gene in E. coli DH5α could enhance the function of diesel oil degradation by the bacterial consortium.

The aim of this work was to study the effect of lentinan on Brassica campestris L (rape). Spraying on the leaves of lentinan B. campestris L. at 0.05×10-6 g ml-1 concentration significantly promoted the root elongation (P＜0.05). The results for the first time showed that lentinan could prolongate roots as a new plant hormone.

The complex [Ho(BA)3bipy]2 (BA=benzoate; bipy=2,2'-bipyridine) was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectra, ultraviolet spectra, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry and differential thermogravimetry (TG-DTG) techniques. The crystal is monoclinic with space group P2/n. The unit cell parameters are: a=14.1114(8) Å, b=15.3743(9) Å, c=25.8887(14) Å, β=103.555(2)°. Two Ho3+ ions are connected by four carboxylic groups through a bridging bidentate mode. The thermal decomposition behavior of the title complex under nitrogenous atmosphere was studied using the TG-DTG, and IR techniques. The non-isothermal kinetics was investigated by using the Popescu method and the integral iso-conversional non-linear method (NL-INT). The mechanism function of the first decomposition step was determined. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔG≠, ΔH≠ and ΔS≠) were also calculated, and kinetic parameters (activation energy E and the pre-exponential factor A) were also obtained.