Abstract: This paper presents the results of an analysis of the application of a test of citizenship skills on a group of students from the University of Magdalena (Universidad de Magdalena) after they received teaching practices that were both constructive (case studies) and playful (games) to acquire citizenship skills. The study is quantitative with a quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest design, a control group that received explanations (lectures) and an experimental group that received playful and constructive teaching practices. The parametric tests performed on the data obtained lead to the conclusion that there are significant differences in favor of students who used playful and constructive teaching practices to develop citizenship skills. This points to the need to continue applying effective teaching practices to develop these skills in university students.

Resumen: En este artículo se presentan los resultados obtenidos del análisis de la aplicación de la prueba en competencias ciudadanas en un grupo de estudiantes de la Universidad del Magdalena (Colombia) después de haber recibido las prácticas pedagógicas constructivas (estudio de casos) y lúdicas (juegos) para la adquisición de competencias ciudadanas. El estudio es cuantitativo, de diseño cuasi-experimental, con aplicación de pre-prueba y post-prueba, con un grupo de control que recibió la intervención de prácticas pedagógicas expositivas (clases magistrales) y un grupo experimental que recibió la intervención de prácticas pedagógicas lúdicas y prácticas constructivas. Las pruebas paramétricas realizadas a los datos obtenidos permiten concluir que existen diferencias significativas a favor de los alumnos que emplearon las prácticas pedagógicas lúdicas y constructivas para el desarrollo de competencias ciudadanas. Esto sugiere la necesidad de seguir aplicando prácticas pedagógicas eficaces para el desarrollo de estas competencias en los estudiantes universitarios.

La intoxicación aguda con paraquat (PQ) produce daños severos en muchos órganos, entre ellos el riñón, donde se desarrolla insuficiencia renal. Se han utilizado varios antídotos en el tratamiento de la intoxicación por PQ sin resultados satisfactorios. En este estudio se determinó el efecto protector de la melatonina (MLT) y el tiosulfato de sodio (TSS) sobre el riñón, en ratas con intoxicación aguda por paraquat. Se utilizaron 40 ratas Wistar, machos, divididas en 4 grupos de 10 ratas cada uno. Al grupo I, control, se le inyectó 1 ml de solución fisiológica, vía intraperitoneal (ip); el grupo II, recibió DL50 de PQ, ip; los grupos III y IV recibieron DL50 de PQ, y simultáneamente la primera dosis de MLT (15 mg/kg) o TSS (1,5 g/kg), respectivamente (ip). Treinta minutos después, los grupos III y IV recibieron otra dosis igual de MLT y TSS. A las 24 horas de tratadas las ratas fueron sacrificadas con pentobarbital, extrayéndose el riñón para su estudio morfológico. Con la microscopía de luz y electrónica, en el grupo II se evidenciaron cambios morfológicos de necrosis tubular aguda en el túbulo proximal; observándose hallazgos similares de menor intensidad en los animales tratados con los antídotos, sugiriendo una protección parcial. En conclusión, el uso individual de la MLT y TSS, en las dosis y plazo empleados, revierte parcialmente el daño que causa el paraquat a la célula. En consecuencia, son necesarias más evaluaciones de estas drogas para su uso clínico en el tratamiento de la intoxicación por paraquat.

Paraquat (PQ) toxicity produces severe injures in many major organs systems, including kidney, developing renal failure with fatal evolution in most of the cases. Several antidotes have been used in the treatment of paraquat intoxication without satisfactory results. The antioxidative effect of melatonin (MLT) and sodium thiosulphate (STS) on kidney in rats with acute intoxication by PQ was studied. Forty male Wistar rats were used, divided in 4 groups of 10 rats each. Group I, control, was injected intraperitoneally (ip) with 1 ml of saline solution; group II, received DL50 of PQ, ip; groups III and IV, DL50 of PQ, and simultaneously the first dose of MLT (15 mg/kg, ip) or STS (1,5 g/kg, ip) respectively. Thirty minutes later, groups III and IV received a second similar dose of MLT and TSS. After 24 hours, rats were sacrificed with pentobarbital, and kidneys were extracted for morphological study. Light and electronic microscopy observations showed in group II morphological changes of acute tubular necrosis in proximal tubule in group II, similar findings, with lesser magnitude, were observed in the animals treated with the antidotes, suggesting a partial protection. In conclusion, individual use of MLT and STS at the doses and time used partially prevent damage caused by paraquat to the cell. In consequence, more experiments with these drugs are necessary to considere them as specific treatments in cases of poisoning by paraquat.

O aumento do número de famílias formadas por pais/mães homossexuais, travestis e transexuais tem se tornado não apenas um fato social, como também um fato socioantropológico, requerendo uma revisão das nossas convicções tradicionais. O propósito deste artigo é demonstrar como o modelo tradicional da família - considerada uma família "normal" - tem influenciado a construção de parentalidades consideradas, até recentemente, impensáveis, seja socialmente ou perante a lei. O desafio deste momento é enfrentar as novas demandas e desconstruir antigas certezas da antropologia, da psicologia/psicanálise e do direito, favorecendo a legitimação dessas famílias dentro da sociedade.

The growing number of families formed by homosexual, transvestite, and transsexual fathers/mothers has not only become a social, but also socio-anthropological fact, requiring traditional convictions to be rethought. This paper aims at demonstrating how a traditional model of family - that is, a "normal" family - has been able to influence the construction of parenthoods considered, until recently, unthinkable, whether social or legally. I therefore believe that it is time to face new demands and deconstruct former certainties of Anthropology, Psychology and Psychoanalysis, and Law, so that these new families may find their place in society.

O aumento do número de famílias formadas por pais/mães homossexuais, travestis e transexuais tem se tornado não apenas um fato social, como também um fato socioantropológico, requerendo uma revisão das nossas convicções tradicionais. O propósito deste artigo é demonstrar como o modelo tradicional da família - considerada uma família "normal" - tem influenciado a construção de parentalidades consideradas, até recentemente, impensáveis, seja socialmente ou perante a lei. O desafio deste momento é enfrentar as novas demandas e desconstruir antigas certezas da antropologia, da psicologia/psicanálise e do direito, favorecendo a legitimação dessas famílias dentro da sociedade.

The rising number of families formed by homosexual, transvestites and transsexual fathers/mothers has become, not only a social fact, but also a socio-anthropological one, requiring a mandatory review of traditional convictions. The purpose of the present paper is to demonstrate how a traditional model of family - considered a "normal" family - has been is to able to influence the construction of parenthoods considered, until recently unthinkable, either socially or in the law. Therefore, I suggest it is time to face the new demands and deconstruct former certainties of Anthropology, of Psicology/Psicanalisis and of the Law, for the sake of the families.