RESUMEN Los árboles frutales de hoja caduca deben estar expuestos a bajas temperaturas invernales durante un cierto período de tiempo para producir cosechas regulares. Además de los efectos del calentamiento global en muchas otras áreas, su efecto sobre la acumulación de frío también es preocupante. Como resultado de ello, se han realizado estudios en importantes áreas hortícolas del mundo sobre el impacto del cambio climático en la acumulación de frío. En este estudio, por primera vez, se examinaron los cambios históricos de la acumulación de frío calculados con cinco modelos en 12 lugares de Turquía. Se determinó que no hay una tendencia significativa en la acumulación de frío en algunas de las provincias estudiadas (Ankara, Bingöl, Diyarbakır, Malatya y Tunceli). En algunas ubicaciones, la importancia, magnitud y dirección de la tendencia de enfriamiento difirieron según el modelo utilizado. Según los cinco modelos utilizados en el estudio, en la localidad de Şanlıurfa, con inviernos relativamente suaves, se advirtieron disminuciones significativas en la acumulación de frío invernal. En Erzincan, que tiene inviernos relativamente fríos, se detectaron tendencias crecientes en la acumulación de frío calculada según los modelos de Utah, Utah modificado y Utah positivo. Los resultados han demostrado que pueden surgir graves consecuencias en términos de los requerimientos de frío de árboles de hoja caduca, especialmente en regiones con inviernos suaves.

ABSTRACT Deciduous fruit trees need to be exposed to low winter temperatures for a certain period of time to produce regular crops. In addition to the effects of global warming in many other areas, its effect on cold accumulation is also a reason of concern. As a result, many studies have been carried out in important horticultural areas around the world on the impact of climate change on cold accumulation. In this study, historical changes of cold accumulation calculated using five models were examined in 12 locations in Turkey for the first time. Results show that there was no significant trend in cold accumulation in the provinces of Ankara, Bingöl, Diyarbakır, Malatya, and Tunceli. In some locations, the significance, magnitude, and direction of the chilling trend differed according to the model used. All five models used in the study indicated significant decreases in winter chill accumulation in Şanlıurfa, a site with relatively mild winters. In Erzincan, which has relatively cold winters, increasing trends were detected in cold accumulation calculated according to Utah, Modified Utah, and Positive Utah models. Results show that serious consequences may arise related to the chilling requirement of deciduous fruit trees, especially in regions with mild winters.

ABSTRACT A 34 year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with left flank pain. A non-contrast enhanced computerized tomography (NCCT) revealed a 1.5x2cm left proximal ureter stone. Patient was scheduled for ureterorenoscopy (URS) and stone removal. She was submitted to retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS). At the postoperative 1st day, the patient began to suffer from left flank pain. A NCCT was taken, which revealed a subcapsular hematoma and perirenal fluid. The patient was managed conservatively with intravenous fluid, antibiotic and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy and was discharged at the postoperative 6th day. Two weeks after the discharge the patient was admitted to emergency department with severe left flank pain, palpitation and malaise. KUB (kidney-ureter-bladder) radiography showed double-J stent (DJS) to be repositioned to the proximal ureter. Patient was evaluated with contrast enhanced CT which revealed an 8cm intraparenchymal hematoma/abscess in the middle part of the kidney. A percutaneous drainage catheter was inserted into the collection. The percutaneous drainage catheter and the DJS were removed at the 10th day of second hospitalization. RIRS surgery is an effective and feasible choice for renal stones with high success and acceptable complication rates. However, clinician should be alert to possible complications.

BACKGROUND: Chilblains are rather common in winter months in our country. OBJECTIVES: Determination of demographical and clinical characteristics of patients presenting with chilblains in Diyarbakir, Turkey. Evaluation of body mass index (BMI) as risk factor for development of chilblains. METHODS: Sixty-nine patients who were diagnosed as chilblains at our outpatient clinics were included in this study. No exclusion criteria were sought. Demographical data including height and weight and answers to questions related to personal history were recorded. A control group consisting of 108 controls were chosen from among patients presenting with complaints of hair loss. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 17.0. RESULTS: Of the 69 patients with chilblains, 45 (65.2%) were females and 24 (34.8%) were males. Mean age (±SD) of the patients was 21±9. 71.2% of the patients complained of itching, 51.6% of pain, 31.3% of burning in the lesions. 61.3% of the patients reported recurrence of the lesions every winter season. Mean BMI of the patients was 20.5±2.9. Mean BMI of the controls was 22.4±3.7 and the difference was statistically significant (p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Low BMI may be a risk factor contributing to development of chilblains in persons exposed to cold weather conditions. Apart from external factors, there seems to be a personal tendency to develop lesions, as many patients report recurrences every year. Diagnosis of chilblains requires wariness, as history of cold exposure may not be evident.

Recently, plant growth regulators have been used for various purposes in apples. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) has significant effects on the physiology, postharvest biology, processing, and chemical composition of apples. In the present study, the effects of MeJAMeJa treatments on the physicochemical quality and bioactive compounds (total antioxidant activity, total phenolics, and total anthocyanins) of 'Fuji' apples were investigated. The following doses of MeJa were used: 0 (control); 1; 120; 2,240; and 4,480 mg L-1. The highest geometric mean diameter, fruit mass, flesh firmness and skin thickness were obtained from the 2,240 mg L-1 MeJA treatment. Fruits harvested from control trees exhibited the highest total soluble solids content (TSSC) and pH, whereas the lowest TSSC and pH values were obtained from the 4,480 mg L-1 MeJA treatment. The titratable acidity was lower in the control as compared to the other treatments. The total phenolics of the fruit flesh decreased with increasing MeJa doses. The highest total antioxidant activity for both the FRAP and TEAC of fruit flesh was obtained from the 1,120 mg L-1 MeJA dose. The total anthocyanin content was higher in the 4,480 mg L-1 MeJA treatment than in the other treatments. Hue angles for both the sun- and shade-exposed sides of the fruit skin and flesh were lower in the 4,480 mg L-1 MeJA treatment as compared to the other treatments. Apples without full color formation are sold at lower prices in markets, which results in significant economic losses for producers. MeJA may be used as an efficient treatment to promote color formation in apple species with weak coloring due to genetic and climate conditions.

Recientemente, los reguladores del crecimiento de plantas se han utilizado para múltiples propósitos en las manzanas. Metil jasmonato (MeJA) afecta de manera importante la fisiología, la biología después de la cosecha, procesamiento y contenido químico de la manzana. En este estudio se investigó el efecto de los tratamientos de metilo jasmonato en calidades fitoquímicas y compuestos bioactivos (actividad antioxidante total, fenoles totales, antocianos totales) de la manzana 'Fuji'. Las dosis de metil jasmonato utilizadas fueron: 1120, 2240 y 4480 mg L-1. El mayor diámetro medio geométrico, masa del fruto, firmeza de la pulpa y el grosor de la piel se obtuvo a partir de tratamiento de MeJA 2240 mg L-1. Las frutas recolectadas de árboles del tratamiento control exhibieron el más alto contenido de sólidos solubles totales (TSSC) y el pH, mientras que la menor TSSC y pH se obtuvo del tratamiento de MeJA 4480 mg L-1. La acidez titulable fue menor en el control, en comparación con los otros tratamientos. Los fenoles totales de la pulpa del fruto disminuyeron con el aumento de dosis metil jasmonato. La mayor actividad antioxidante total, tanto de FRAP y TEAC de pulpa de la fruta se obtuvo de la dosis de MeJA 1120 mg L-1. La antocianina total fue mayor en la dosis de MeJA 4480 mg L-1, respecto a los otros tratamientos. Ángulos de tono para la piel expuesta al sol y sombra y la pulpa de la fruta, fueron menores en la dosis de MeJA 4480 mg L-1, en comparación a los otros tratamientos. Las manzanas sin formación de color se venden a precios más bajos en los mercados, y por consiguiente, importantes pérdidas económicas para los productores. MeJA puede ser utilizado como una herramienta eficaz para promover la formación de color de las especies de manzanas que por condiciones genéticas y clima, poseen un color débil.