Introducing a hybrid xanthene as a fluorophore, an ‘ensemble’-based fluorescent sensor (E)-2-(6-(diethylamino)-2-((2-hydroxyphenylimino)methyl)-3-oxo-3H-xanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid (a) was designed and synthesised for detection of cysteine. Cysteine can release CuII ion from the non-fluorescent a-CuII complex. Then hydrolytic cleavage of Schiff base a produces a pink fluorescent compound 2-(6-(diethylamino)-2-formyl-3-oxo-3H-xanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid (2). We call this process a fluorescence off-on change. An obvious color change from purple a to pink 2 can be easily observed by the naked-eye. The calibration curve showed that the fluorescence intensity at 560 nm linearly increased over the cysteine concentration range of 0.379-100 µmol L-1 with a limit of detection of 0.379 µmol L-1. Sensor a-CuII displayed excellent selectivity for cysteine, even homocysteine and glutathione did not show influence. The sensor was also used for detecting cysteine in human breast adenocarcinoma cells, which illustrates the practical value. Overall, the sensor appears to be useful for rapid, convenient and selective cysteine detection in living tissues.

Ce travail est une analyse de l'innovation que constitue le système de science et de technologie adopté en Chine ces dernières années. Il examine la relation entre université/institut de recherche et industrie (U/RI-industry) et traite du rôle joué par cette relation dans le développement de l'industrie informatique chinoise. Il y est démontré, à travers l'étude de ce CAS précis, que les universités et les instituts de recherche sont parvenus à constituer la force qui impulse le développement des secteurs de haute technologie en Chine. Il est proposé enfin que les pays en voie de développement prennent modèle sur l'expérience chinoise de construction de ses propres capacités d'innovation sur la base du renforcement de la connexion université/institut de recherche-industrie, et planifient des politiques gouvernementales à cet effet.

Este trabalho analisa a inovação do sistema de ciência e tecnologia em anos recentes na China. Analisa a relação entre Universidade/Instituto de investigação-indústria (U/RI-industry) e debate o papel desta no desenvolvimento da indústria da computação da China. Demonstra também que as universidades e os institutos de investigação se tornaram a força que promove o desenvolvimento dos setores de alta tecnologia na China através do estudo de caso desta relação na indùstria da computação. Propõe-se que os países em vias de desenvolvimento sigam a experiência chinesa de construir capacidades próprias de inovação através do reforço da conexão universidade/instituto de investigação-indústria sob a adequada planificação de políticas governamentais.

This paper reviews the innovation of the S & T system during recent years in China, analyzes the university/research institute-industry (U/RI-industry) linkage and discusses the role of U/RI-industry linkage in the development of China's computer industry. The paper shows that universities and research institutes have become the driving force in the development of high-tech sectors in China by the case studies of the U/RI-industry linkage in computer industry. It proposes that developing countries follow China's experience of building indigenous innovative capacity by strengthening the U/RI-I linkage under adequate guidance of the government policy.

Este trabajo analiza la innovación del sistema de ciencia y tecnología en años recientes en China. Analiza la relación entre Universidad/ Instituto de investigación-industria (U/RI-industry) y debate el papel de ésta en el desarrollo de la industria de la computación de China. Asimismo demuestra que las universidades y los institutos de investigación han llegado a ser la fuerza que impulsa el desarrollo de los sectores de alta tecnología en China mediante el estudio de caso de esta relación en la industria de la computación. Se propone que los países en vías de desarrollo sigan la experiencia china de construir capacidades propias de innovación a través del reforzamiento de la conexión universidad/instituto de investigación-industria bajo la adecuada planificación de políticas gubernamentales.