Introduction The aim of this study was to explore the environment of Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus) protoscolices and their relationship with their host. Methods Proteins from the hydatid-cyst fluid (HCF) from E. granulosus were identified by proteomics. An inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) was used to determine the elements, an automatic biochemical analyzer was used to detect the types and levels of biochemical indices, and an automatic amino acid analyzer was used to detect the types and levels of amino acids in the E. granulosus HCF. Results I) Approximately 30 protein spots and 21 peptide mass fingerprints (PMF) were acquired in the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) pattern of hydatid fluid; II) We detected 10 chemical elements in the cyst fluid, including sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper, and zinc; III) We measured 19 biochemical metabolites in the cyst fluid, and the amount of most of these metabolites was lower than that in normal human serum; IV) We detected 17 free amino acids and measured some of these, including alanine, glycine, and valine. Conclusions We identified and measured many chemical components of the cyst fluid, providing a theoretical basis for developing new drugs to prevent and treat hydatid disease by inhibiting or blocking nutrition, metabolism, and other functions of the pathogen.

We wish to report a set of seventeen ketones bearing nabumetone and trifluoro- methylaniline(TFMA) moieties. Synthesized via direct Mannich reaction in a solution of ethanol- chloroform catalyzed by concentrated hydrochloric acid, the chemical structures of these compounds were characterized by IR, ¹H NMR, 13C NMR, ESI MS and HR MS. Studies on their antidiabetic activities revealed that all title compounds possessed moderate α-glucosidase inhibitory activities and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP 1B) inhibitory activities. Among them, a few compounds also exhibit considerable peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor response element (PPRE) agonist activity, in particular the relative PPRE agonist activity of compounds 1r and 1l reached 54.02% and 57.60%, respectively. These results represent significant examples of new molecular type for antidiabetic agents that merit further evaluation.