Borrowing the participation level typology from civic participation literature, in the study reported on here, we explored the level of learner participation in school governance in 1 girls' high school in South Africa. We demonstrate that despite the schools' self-claimed progressive stance, its learner participation still exhibits numerous nuanced examples of tokenism. Using a qualitative research design and purposive sampling, we collected data from interviews and observation to examine the possible causes for, as well as consequences of this tokenism. The findings indicate that adults' beliefs about minors' limited capacity remain a structural barrier to learners' genuine participation. This belief threatens the credibility and legitimacy of the Representative Council of Learners (RCL) and this threat to legitimacy, in turn, reinforces the structural beliefs that adults hold and thus perpetuates a cycle whereby genuine participation is compromised and token participation is entrenched. We conclude this article with recommendations to address, mitigate and transcend token participation.

RESUMO Para explorar o Impacto Da formação funcional Na qualidade de conclusão Da dificuldade do corpo, OS ginastas rítmicos 24.o com Dez Anos de idade 10-11 foram aleatoriamente divididos EM Grupo de formação funcional Ou Grupo de controlo e EM formação contínua 2h/dia para um mês.A dificuldade do corpo, incluindo dificuldades de equilíbrio, dificuldades de rotação, dificuldades de Salto foram medidas antes e depois Da formação.Os resultados mostraram pontuação total, pontuação Da rotação de Passos de 360°e Salto Split no Grupo de treinamento funcional FOI respectivamente 1.87, 0.77 e 0.42 Pontos Mais elevados do que aqueles no Grupo de controle (todos P<0.05) após o treinamento de um mês. Por conseguinte, Pode concluir-se que a formação funcional baseada no SGF Pode obviamente melhorar a qualidade de conclusão Da dificuldade corporal Da ginástica rítmica juvenil num curto período de tempo.

ABSTRACT To explore the impact of functional training on completion quality of body difficulty, 24 rhythmic gymnasts aged 10-11 years old were randomly and averagely divided into functional training and control group and trained 2h/day for 1 month. Body difficulty – including balance, rotation, and leap difficulties – was measured before and after training. The results showed that the total score, the score of 360° passé pivot and the score of split leap for the functional training group was respectively 1.87, 0.77, and 0.42 points higher than those for the control group (P<0.05) after 1 month of training. Therefore, it can be concluded that functional training based on Functional Movement Screen (FMS) can clearly improve completion quality of body difficulty in juvenile rhythmic gymnastics within a short period of time.

RESUMEN Los resultados mostraron que el grupo de control y el grupo de gimnasia rítmica de 10 a 11 años de edad fueron de dos horas de entrenamiento al día durante un mes. Las dificultades físicas, incluidas las dificultades de equilibrio, rotación y salto, se miden antes y después del entrenamiento. Los resultados mostraron que la puntuación total, la puntuación de 360°passe pivot y la puntuación de split-jump fueron respectivamente 1,87, 0,77 y 0,42 mayores en el grupo de entrenamiento funcional que en el grupo control después de 1 mes de entrenamiento (P< 0,05). Los resultados muestran que el entrenamiento funcional basado en la detección de movimiento funcional (FMS) puede mejorar significativamente la calidad de la realización de las dificultades físicas en la gimnasia rítmica de los adolescentes en un corto período de tiempo.

Abstract Under the conditions of weak basis and the reaction temperature range of 110-150 °C, lysine, arginine and histidine were reacted with L-ascorbic acid at equal amount for 30-150 min, respectively and the formation of browning products was monitored with UV–vis spectrometry. The kinetic characteristics of their non-enzymatic browning reaction were investigated. The study results indicated that the non-enzymatic browning reaction of these three amino acids with L-ascorbic acid to form browning products was zero-order reaction. The apparent activation energies for the formation of browning products from L-ascorbic acid/lysine, L-ascorbic acid/arginine and L-ascorbic acid/histidine systems were 54.94, 50.08 and 35.31kJ/mol. The activation energy data indicated the degree of effects of reaction temperature on non-enzymatic browning reaction. Within the temperature range of 110-150 °C, the reaction rate of L-ascorbic acid/lysine system was the fastest one, followed by that of the L-ascorbic acid/arginine system. The reaction rate of L-ascorbic acid/histidine system was the slowest one. Based on the observed kinetic data, the formation mechanisms of browning products were proposed.