Abstract Character strengths could effectively prevent negative psychological outcomes in adults. However, there was little research conducted among early adolescents. The present study aimed to explore character strengths that were independently related to fewer behavior problems in early adolescents. In total, 521 early adolescents (mean age 10.92 ± 0.04, range 10–12 years) were recruited from primary schools in Sichuan, China. Character strengths were measured using the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths for Youth (VIA-Youth). Behavior problems were measured using the Conners Parent Symptom Questionnaire (PSQ). The results showed that behavior problems were negatively correlated with character strengths ( r = −0.14 to −0.3, p < 0.05 Bonferroni corrected). Character strengths explained a significant proportion of additional variance (14–22%) in five types of behavior problems after controlling the effect of demographic factors (residence, left-behind experiences, maternal education level). Moreover, several specific character strengths showed an independent contribution ( β = −0.34 to −0.14 for self-regulation, perseverance, zest, humility, and leadership; β = 0.21 to 0.34, for hope; all p < 0.05) to behavior problems. Our study revealed that character strengths were protective factors against behavior problems in early adolescents.

RESUMEN Para evaluar la calidad de yacimiento en areniscas compactas es importante determinar las características de las gargantas de poros, entre ellas las clases de espacio presentes y la distribución de los tamaños de poros. En este trabajo se comparan e integran los resultados de varios métodos de prueba, entre ellos el microscopio electrónico de barrido (SEM), porosimetría de presión controlada (PCP), y porosimetría de velocidad controlada (RCP), para caracterizar la distribución de los tamaños de poros y los efectos de la diagénesis en las areniscas compactas de la cuenca Ordos, en China. Los resultados muestran que los espacios de yacimiento en areniscas compactas se pueden clasificar de acuerdo con tres tipos de origen (compactación, disolución y arcilloso) y que los tamaños y formas del espacio de poros difiere de acuerdo con el origen. De acuerdo con la información obtenida por la porosimetría con inyección de mercurio y la sobreestimación de los radios de poros por la porosimetría de presión controlada, se puede determinar el rango completo de la distribución del tamaño de poros en areniscas compactas al combinar la información del método PCP con la información corregida del método RCP. El radio de la garganta de poro en areniscas compactas varía de 36 nm a 200 µm; la curva de distribución se caracteriza por tres picos. El pico de la derecha permanece similar a lo largo de todas las muestras y corresponde a los poros intergranulares residuales y a los poros de disolución. El pico central y el de la izquierda muestran la variación entre las muestras debido a la heterogeneidad y la complejidad de los cuerpos de garganta a nano-escala. El promedio del contenido poroso a micro-escala es de 33.49 %, y las gargantas a nano-escala ascienden al 66.54 %. Esto significa que los espacios de gargantas a nano-escala dominan el espacio del yacimiento en areniscas compactas. La compactación, disolución, cementacion de carbonato y cementación arcillosa tienen varios efectos en las gargantas de poros. La compactación y la cementación de carbonato decrecen el contenido del cuerpo del poro. El puente arcilloso de poros reduce el contenido del espacio de las gargantas. Mientras que la cementación arcillosa de revestimiento de poros preserva el espacio entre los poros.

ABSTRACT Determining the characteristics of pore-throat structures, including the space types present and the pore size distribution, is important for the evaluation of reservoir quality in tight sandstones. In this study, the results of various testing methods, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), pressure-controlled porosimetry (PCP) and rate-controlled porosimetry (RCP), were compared and integrated to characterize the pore size distribution and the effects of diagenesis upon it in tight sandstones from the Ordos Basin, China. The results showed that reservoir spaces in tight sandstones can be classified into those with three types of origins (compaction, dissolution, and clay-related) and that the sizes and shapes of pore space differ depending on origin. Considering the data obtained by mercury injection porosimetry and the overestimation of pore radii by pressure-controlled porosimetry, the full-range pore size distribution of tight sandstones can be determined by combining data from PCP with corrected RCP data. The pore-throat radii in tight sandstone vary from 36 nm to 200 µm, and the distribution curve is characterized by three peaks. The right peak remains similar across the sample set and corresponds to residual intergranular pores and dissolution pores. The middle and left peaks show variation between samples due to the heterogeneity and complexity of nano-scale throat bodies. The average micro-scale pore content is 33.49%, and nano-scale throats make up 66.54%. The nano-scale throat spaces thus dominate the reservoir space of the tight sandstones. Compaction, dissolution, carbonate cementation and clay cementation have various effects on pore-throats. Compaction and carbonate cementation decrease the pore body content, pore-bridging clay cementation decreases the throat space content, and Simultaneously, pore-lining clay cementation preserves pore space.

Abstract The formation behavior of a single bubble in power-law fluids (carboxymethyl cellulose solution, CMC) and Newtonian fluids (glycerol solution) was experimentally investigated via a high-speed camera. The effects of liquid property, orifice diameter and gas flow rate on bubble volume and aspect ratio were observed. It was found that the formation time and detaching volume increased with the increase of fluid viscosity. The increase of bubble aspect ratio during the bubble formation process was complex, with main emphasis on the decrease in the initial stage and an increase in the final stage along with the shear thinning property variation. Nevertheless, the bubble detaching volume, instantaneous volume and formation time increased following the increase of orifice diameter and gas flow rate. On the contrary, the bubble aspect ratio decreased with the orifice diameter increase but increased with a higher gas flow rate.