Abstract: Computational psychiatry (CP), based on artificial intelligence technology, plays an increasingly important role in scientific research and medical diagnosis. Epistemic concerns in the ethics of artificial intelligence have also been at the center of debate in CP, but the different epistemic forms of injustice caused by the internal cultures of CP remain unexplained. We distinguish between data-driven and theory-driven cultures and their research purposes via practical examples of CP models deployed in addiction. A data-driven culture may advance medical understanding of biological categories of mental illness, whereas a theory-driven culture provides better explanatory mechanisms between symptoms and biology. We discuss testimonial injustice caused by the silencing of patient voices in a data-driven culture, and hermeneutic injustice caused by the non-sharing of hermeneutic resources in theory-driven culture based on Miranda Fricker’s account of epistemic injustice. We analyze the factors underlying nuances in epistemic forms between the two, such as naturalistic-dominated medical understanding and the system’s epistemic privileging. The above epistemic risks all indicate the intricacies of mental disorders and require that success be assessed in terms of actual benefit to patients. Finally, we emphasize the importance of the patient’s phenomenology and call for greater inclusion of patients in psychiatric decision-making processes.

Resumen: La psiquiatría computacional (PC), basada en la tecnología de la inteligencia artificial, desempeña un papel cada vez más importante en la investigación científica y el diagnóstico médico. Las preocupaciones epistémicas en la ética de la inteligencia artificial también han estado en el centro del debate en la PC, pero las diferentes formas epistémicas de injusticia causadas por las culturas internas de la PC siguen sin explicarse. Distinguimos entre las culturas basadas en los datos y las impulsadas por la teoría y sus propósitos de investigación mediante ejemplos prácticos de modelos de CP mostrados en la adicción. Una cultura impulsada por los datos puede hacer avanzar la comprensión médica de las categorías biológicas de las enfermedades mentales, mientras que una cultura impulsada por la teoría proporciona mejores mecanismos explicativos entre los síntomas y la biología. Basándonos en el relato de Miranda Fricker sobre la injusticia epistémica, discutimos la injusticia testimonial causada por el silenciamiento de los pacientes en una cultura centrada en los datos y la injusticia hermenéutica causada por el hecho de no compartir estos recursos en una cultura centrada en la teoría, Analizamos los factores que subyacen a los matices en las formas epistémicas entre ambas, como la comprensión médica dominada por el naturalismo y el privilegio epistémico del sistema. Todos los riesgos mencionados indican la complejidad de los trastornos mentales y exigen que el éxito se evalúe en términos de beneficio real para los pacientes. Por último, hacemos hincapié en la importancia de la fenomenología del paciente y pedimos una mayor inclusión de los pacientes en los procesos de toma de decisiones psiquiátricas.

Resumo: Psiquiatria computacional (PC), baseada na tecnologia da inteligência artificial, tem um papel crescentemente importante na pesquisa científica e no diagnóstico médico. Preocupações epistêmicas na ética da inteligência artificial tem também estado no centro das discussões da PC, mas as diferentes formas epistêmicas de injustiça causadas pelas culturas internas da PC permanecem inexplicáveis. Distinguimos entre culturas orientadas por dados e orientada por teorias e seus propósitos de pesquisa via exemplos práticos de modelos de PC empregados em dependências. Uma cultura orientada por dados pode avançar a compreensão médica de categorias biológicas de doença mental, enquanto uma cultura orientada por teorias fornece melhores mecanismos explicativos entre sintomas e biologia. Discutimos injustiça testemunhal causada pelo silenciamento de vozes de pacientes em uma cultura orientada por dados e injustiça hermenêutica causada pelo não compartilhamento de recursos hermenêuticos em cultura orientada por teorias, baseados no relato de Miranda Fricker sobre injustiça epistêmica. Analisamos os fatores subjacentes às nuances nas formas epistêmicas entre os dois, tais como a compreensão médica dominada pelo naturalismo e o privilégios epistêmicos do sistema. Todos os riscos epistêmicos citados anteriormente indicam as complexidades dos transtornos mentais e requerem que sucesso seja avaliado em termos de benefício real aos pacientes. Finalmente, enfatizamos a importância da fenomenologia do paciente e clamamos por maior inclusão de pacientes em processos de tomada de decisão psiquiátrica.

ABSTRACT Purpose: Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI) leads to myocardial tissue necrosis, which will increase the size of myocardial infarction. The study examined the protective effect and mechanism of the Guanxin Danshen formula (GXDSF) on MIRI in rats. Methods: MIRI model was performed in rats; rat H9C2 cardiomyocytes were hypoxia-reoxygenated to establish a cell injury model. Results: The GXDSF significantly reduced myocardial ischemia area, reduced myocardial structural injury, decreased the levels of interleukin (IL-1β, IL-6) in serum, decreased the activity of myocardial enzymes, increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reduced glutathione in rats with MIRI. The GXDSF can reduce the expression of nucleotide- binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain containing nod-like receptor family protein 3 (NLRP3), IL-1β, caspase-1, and gasdermin D (GSDMD) in myocardial tissue cells. Salvianolic acid B and notoginsenoside R1 protected H9C2 cardiomyocytes from hypoxia and reoxygenation injury and reduced the levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and IL-6 in the cell supernatant, decreasing the NLRP3, IL-18, IL-1β, caspase-1, and GSDMD expression in H9C2 cardiomyocytes. GXDSF can reduce the myocardial infarction area and alleviate the damage to myocardial structure in rats with MIRI, which may be related to the regulation of the NLRP3. Conclusions: GXDSF reduces MIRI in rat myocardial infarction injury, improves structural damage in myocardial ischemia injury, and reduces myocardial tissue inflammation and oxidative stress by lowering inflammatory factors and controlling focal cell death signaling pathways. Purpose ischemiareperfusion reperfusion (MIRI (GXDSF Methods HC H C H9C hypoxiareoxygenated reoxygenated Results IL1β, IL1β ILβ IL 1β, 1β β (IL-1β IL6 6 serum enzymes SOD, SOD , (SOD) nucleotide leucinerich leucine rich nodlike nod like NLRP3 NLRP (NLRP3) IL-1β caspase1, caspase1 caspase 1, 1 caspase-1 (GSDMD cells R TNFα TNF (TNF-α IL- supernatant IL18, IL18 18, 18 IL-18 Conclusions pathways (SOD (NLRP3 caspase- IL1 IL-1 (NLRP

Abstract Objectives Diabetes has been strongly associated with periodontal diseases. The periodontal ligament (PDL) has an abundant extracellular matrix (ECM). Lysyl oxidases (LOXs) are closely associated with various diseases caused by abnormal ECM functions, however, the role of LOXs in periodontal diseases induced by diabetes remains unclear. Methodology In this study, 8-week-old Zucker diabetic fatty rats were used to establish a type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) model. After 9 and 16 weeks, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Masson’s trichrome, and immunohistochemical staining were performed. Results After 9 weeks, loose collagen fibers were found in the interradicular area of the diabetic group, in opposition to the control group. There were no significant differences in LOX expression between the diabetic and control groups (p>0.05). However, after 16 weeks, the diabetic group presented a disordered arrangement of the PDL, showing decreased collagen content and significantly increased lysyl oxidase-like protein 3 (LOXL3) expression when compared with the control group (p<0.05). This suggests that LOXL3 plays a significant role in periodontal histopathological changes in diabetic rats. Conclusion Our study showed elevated LOXL3 expression in the PDL of diabetic rats after 16 weeks, suggesting that LOXL3 may be involved in the occurrence and development of periodontal histopathological changes in diabetic rats. LOXL3 could be further used as an indicator for the early diagnosis of diabetic periodontitis in T2DM patients in clinical settings.

Abstract Xingnaojing (XNJ) injection was used to treat pneumonia and stroke in clinic in China, but with poor patient compliance. Xingnaojing nanoemulsion for intranasal delivery was developed to improve it. This article tried to evaluate the mucosal irritation of Xingnaojing nanoemulsion and investigate cellular uptake mechanism of its encapsulated lipophilic drugs. The toad palate model and rat nasal mucosa model were used to study the nasal ciliotoxicity and nasal mucosal irritation of nanoemulsion to evaluate its safety intranasally. The cellular uptake mechanism was studied by Calu-3 cell model. Coumarin 6 was encapsulated in nanoemulsion and the endocytic pathways were studied by cellular uptake experiments after being treated with different inhibitors. In toad palate model, the cilia movement of Xingnaojing nanoemulsion group last for 467.40 ± 39.02 min, which was obviously longer than deoxycholate group (90.60 ± 15.40 min). Studies on rats showed that the damage caused by nanemulsion is capable of being recovered. Nanoemulsion uptake was reduced obviously when cells were treated with wortmannin, and it also decreased about 13% when the temperature reduced from 37ºC to 4ºC. Mucosal irritation caused by nanoemulsion is low and the damage is recoverable. The cellular uptake of Xingnaojing nanoemulsion is energy-dependent, and macropinocytosis was the most important pathway for cellular uptake.

Tobacco can induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production extensively in cells, which is a major risk factor for oral leukoplakia (OLK) development. Peroxiredoxin 1 (Prx1) is a key antioxidant protein, upregulated in a variety of malignant tumors. We previously found that nicotine, the main ingredient of tobacco, promotes oral carcinogenesis via regulating Prx1. The aim of the present study was to screen and identify the Prx1 interacting proteins and investigate the mechanisms of nicotine on the development of OLK. Through liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry combined with bioinformatics analysis, the candidate Prx1 interacting proteins of cofilin-1 (CFL1), tropomyosin alpha-3 chain (TPM3), and serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A alpha isoform (PPP2R1A) were screened in human dysplastic oral keratinocyte cells treated with nicotine. CFL1, TPM3, and PPP2R1A were highly expressed in human OLK tissues. The expression of CFL1 increased and the expression of PPP2R1A decreased in OLK of smokers compared to that in OLK of non-smokers. Nicotine upregulated CFL1 and downregulated PPP2R1A in 4-nitro-quinoline-1-oxide (4NQO)-induced OLK tissues in mice in part dependent on Prx1. Furthermore, the in-situ interaction of CFL1, TPM3, and PPP2R1A with Prx1 were validated in human OLK tissues. Our results suggested that tobacco might promote the development of OLK via regulating Prx1 and its interacting proteins CFL1 and PPP2R1A.

Abstract Cervical cancer is a common and fatal malignancy of the female reproductive system. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary causal agent for cervical cancer, but HPV infection alone is insufficient to cause the disease. Actually, most HPV infections are sub-clinical and cleared spontaneously by the host immune system; very few persist and eventually develop into cervical cancer. Therefore, other host or environmental alterations could also contribute to the malignant phenotype. One of the candidate co-factors is the β-catenin protein, a pivotal component of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. β-Catenin mainly implicates two major cellular activities: cell-cell adhesion and signal transduction. Recent studies have indicated that an imbalance in the structural and signaling properties of β-catenin leads to various cancers, such as cervical cancer. In this review, we will systematically summarize the role of β-catenin in cervical cancer and provide new insights into therapeutic strategies.

Abstract Purpose To examine effects of resveratrol on renal ischemia/ reperfusion injury (I/R) in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model. Methods Twenty-four male Sprague Dawley rats were treated with STZ injection for the development of diabetes, and divided into the following groups: Sham group, I/R group and Resveratrol group (n=8). Resveratrol (RSV) was administered at a dose of 10 mg.kg-1.d-1 fourteen days prior to suffering from I/R. Renal function, histology, SOD, MDA, TUNEL assay and expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB-P65, COX-2 and Caspase3, Bcl2 and Bax were analyzed. Results Administration of RSV significantly reduced the serum levels of renal dysfunction and injury markers, including creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and MDA; in the other hand, it significantly increased the serum levels of SOD. The protective effect of RSV was also reflected on histologic evaluation. RSV reduced the number of apoptotic cells as determined by TUNEL assay. RSV significantly reduced the protein expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB-P65, COX-2 and Caspase3, and Bax. Meanwhile, RSV significantly increased the protein expression of Bcl2. Conclusion RSV attenuated I/R-induced renal injury in diabetic rats through the modulation of oxidative stress and TNF-α-stimulated inflammation.

BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a potentially devastating form of acute inflammatory lung injury as well as a major cause of acute respiratory failure. Although researchers have made significant progresses in elucidating the pathophysiology of this complex syndrome over the years, the absence of a universal detail disease mechanism up until now has led to a series of practical problems for a definitive treatment. This study aimed to predict some genes or pathways associated with sepsis-related ARDS based on a public microarray dataset and to further explore the molecular mechanism of ARDS RESULTS: A total of 122 up-regulated DEGs and 91 down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained. The up- and down-regulated DEGs were mainly involved in functions like mitotic cell cycle and pathway like cell cycle. Protein-protein interaction network of ARDS analysis revealed 20 hub genes including cyclin B1 (CCNB1), cyclin B2 (CCNB2) and topoisomerase II alpha (TOP2A). A total of seven transcription factors including forkhead box protein M1 (FOXM1) and 30 target genes were revealed in the transcription factor-target gene regulation network. Furthermore, co-cited genes including CCNB2-CCNB1 were revealed in literature mining for the relations ARDS related genes CONCLUSIONS: Pathways like mitotic cell cycle were closed related with the development of ARDS. Genes including CCNB1, CCNB2 and TOP2A, as well as transcription factors like FOXM1 might be used as the novel gene therapy targets for sepsis related ARDS

PURPOSE:To investigate the effect of metformin on renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis and inflammation after kidney ischemia/ reperfusion in rats.METHODS:Eighteen SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: Sham (S), Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), and Metformin (E). Before establishing the I/R model, group E was administered metformin for three days, while groups S and I/R were administered equal volumes of saline. After three days, a right nephrectomy was performed on all groups, after which the left kidneys of groups E and I/R rats were subjected to 45 min renal ischemia. Renal function, histology, and cell apoptosis were assessed. AMPK, pAMPK, COX-2, and Caspase 3 were also detected.RESULTS:Compared to I/R group, Caspase 3 and COX-2 levels were decreased in group E. COX-2, Caspase3 and pAMPK levels were higher in groups E and I/R than in group S. The pAMPK level of group E was higher than that of I/R group, while COX-2 and caspase 3 were lower in group E than they were in the other groups. There was no significant difference between E and I/R groups in AMPK levels.CONCLUSION:Metformin preconditioning attenuated the inflammation caused by ischemia/reperfusion and inhibited the apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells.

PURPOSE:To investigate if oxymatrine pretreatment could ameliorate renal I/R injury induced in rats and explore the possible role of oxymatrine in Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.METHODS: Unilaterally nephrectomized rats were insulted by I/R in their left kidney. Twenty four rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham group, I/R + saline-treated group, I/R + OMT-treated group. Oxymatrine or vehicle solution was administered intraperitoneally injected 60 min before renal ischemia, respectively. Renal function, histology, makers of oxidative stress, cell apoptosis and Nrf2/HO-1 expressions were assessed.RESULTS: Oxymatrine pretreatment exhibited an improved renal functional recovery, alleviated histological injury and oxidative stress, inhibiting tubular apoptosis, and accompanied by upregulated the expression of Nrf2/HO-1 proteins.CONCLUSION:Oxymatrine may attenuate renal ischemia/reperfusion injury, and this renoprotective effect may be through activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

This paper presents an adaptive imaging technique run on a mobile service system for endoscopic image enhancement by using color transform and Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrices (GLCM) for a single input endoscopy image. The method is simply deal with the color image channels combination which chose the maximum scalar values of red, green and blue channel images, respectively. The GLCM subsequently applied for selecting the highest contrast and entropy images of the expanding image series. The enhanced endoscopy image is generated by fusing of the color, contrast and entropy images. We also proposed a service system with medical image retrieval application via quick response code authentication based on the Android operating system, which helps clinicians convenient in using mobile phone and reviewing images of the patient with cost efficiency. For the mobile technologies are growing rapidly, the mobile service system is installed to connect a Picture Archive and Communication Systems (PACS) system in hospital and applied for automatic evaluation of colon images screening. The experimental results show the proposed system is efficient for observing gastrointestinal tract polyp. The performance is evaluated and compared with Fujinon intelligent chromo endoscopy enhanced method.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of acute hyperglycemia on dexmedetomidine-induced preconditioning against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly arranged to the normoglycemic (NG) or hyperglycemic group (HG), with each group further divided into sham (no I/R injury), I/R (ischemia-reperfusion) and dex (given by dexmedetomidine) groups. Acute hyperglycemia was induced by intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of 25% glucose (3 g/kg) 45 min before ischemia. Dexmedetomidine (50 μg/kg, i.p.) was administrated 30 min before induction of ischemia. Renal function, histology, apoptosis, expression of Bax, Bcl-2 and phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT) were detected. RESULTS: I/R insult significantly increased the serum levels of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, apoptotic tubular epithelial cells, expression of Bax and p-AKT, but decreased Bcl-2 expression. All these changes were further enhanced by hyperglycemia (p<0.05). In hyperglycemic condition, there was no statistically difference between the I/R group and Dex group in all the aforementioned detection indexes (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Acute hyperglycemia attenuates dexmedetomidine-induced preconditioning against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in non-diabetic rats.

Enteric methane (CH4) emissions in ruminants have attracted considerable attention due to their impact on greenhouse gases and the contribution of agricultural practices to global warming. Over the last two decades, a number of approaches have been adopted to mitigate CH4 emissions. However, the mechanisms of methanogenesis have still not been fully defined. According to the genome sequences of M. ruminantium in the rumen and of M. AbM4 in the abomasum, the pathways of carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction and formate oxidation to CH4 have now been authenticated in ruminants. Furthermore, in the light of species or genera description of methanogens, the precursors of methanogenesis discovered in the rumen and research advances in related subjects, pathways of acetate dissimilation via Methanosarcina and Methanosaeta as well as metabolism of methanol to CH4 might be present in the rumen, although neither process has yet been experimentally demonstrated in the rumen. Herein the research advances in methanogenesic mechanisms including existing and potential mechanisms are reviewed in detail. In addition, further research efforts to understand the methanogenesis mechanism should focus on isolation and identification of more specific methanogens, and their genome sequences. Such increased knowledge will provide benefits in terms of improved dietary energy utilization and a reduced contribution of enteric CH4 emissions to total global greenhouse gas emissions from the ruminant production system.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an important human pathogen, which commonly causes the acquired infectious diseases in the hospital and community. Effective and simple antibiotic treatment against S. aureus-related disease becomes increasingly difficult. Developing a safe and effective vaccine against S. aureus has become one of the world's hot spots once again. The key issue of developing the vaccine of S. aureus is how to find an ideal key pathogenic gene of S. aureus. It was previously suggested that EsxA might be a very important factor in S. aureus abscess formation in mice, but clinical experimental evidence was lacking. We therefore expressed EsxA protein through prokaryotic expression system and purified EsxA protein by Ni-affinity chromatography. ELISA was used to detect the anti-EsxA antibodies in sera of 78 patients with S. aureus infection and results showed that the anti-EsxA antibodies were positive in the sera of 19 patients. We further analyzed the EsxA positive antibodies related strains by antimicrobial susceptibility assay and found that all of the corresponding strains were multi-drug resistant. Among those multi-drug resistant strains, 73.7% were resistant to MRSA. The results indicated EsxA is very important in the pathogenesis of S. aureus. We suggested that the EsxA is very valuable as vaccine candidate target antigens for prevention and control of S. aureus infection.