In this manuscript, we report the electrodeposition of nickel-copper alloys in a two steps methodology. Firstly, the copper electrode is oxidized to generate Cu2+ ions followed by the reduction of both Ni2+ and Cu2+. The electrodes were further cycled in KOH to convert the metallic alloy into the respective electroactive hydroxide. This methodology created an electrode with high roughness and distinct electrochemical behavior. The modified electrodes were also characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Finally, the modified electrodes were studied in their supercapacitive properties by galvanostatic charge and discharge curves; the electrodes showed a good specific capacitance of 58 mF cm-2. The results indicated a new strategy using a simple methodology to modified Cu-electrodes to develop supercapacitors at low cost.

This review deals with the basis and novel trends in electrochromism, describing the basic aspects and methodologies employed for the construction and analyses of different modified electrodes. The work presents the classic materials used for the construction of electrochromic electrodes, such as WO3 and a view on the basic concepts of chromaticity as a useful approach for analyzing colorimetric results. The report also addresses how the incorporation of nanomaterials and the consequent novel modification of electrodes have furthered this area of science, producing electrochromic electrodes with high performance, high efficiency and low response times.

O presente trabalho de revisão aborda os mais recentes avanços na tecnologia de biossensores alcançados através da montagem de biomoléculas associada com nanopartículas de ouro na construção de dispositivos analíticos. Esta revisão está dividida de acordo com a biomolécula empregada no desenvolvimento de biossensores: (i) compostos imunológicos; (ii) DNA/RNA funcionais; e (iii) enzimas e proteínas Heme. A fim de facilitar a compreensão, cada seção foi subdividida de acordo com o modo de transdução. Os imunossensores contendo nanopartículas de ouro têm uma ampla gama de aplicações nos campos alimentício, ambiental, farmacêutico, químico e de diagnósticos clínicos. As nanopartículas foram empregadas para melhorar o sinal analítico ou a imobilização dos imunocompostos. Em outra seção, os biossensores DNA/RNA empregando nanoestruturas de ouro como labels e biossensores label-free associados a nanoestruturas de ouro como transdutores foram sistematicamente relatados para a rápida identificação de patógenos, espécies de interesse ambiental e diagnóstico clínico. A inclusão de nanopartículas de ouro em eletrodos modificados aumenta a transferência de elétrons entre o transdutor e a biomolécula proporcionando um melhor desempenho quando enzimas e proteínas redox heme são usados. Biossensores para a detecção e quantificação de glicose e peróxido de hidrogênio foram também discutidos.

The present review discusses the latest advances in biosensor technology achieved by the assembly of biomolecules associated with gold nanoparticles in analytical devices. This review is divided in sections according to the biomolecule employed in the biosensor development: (i) immunocompounds; (ii) DNA/RNA and functional DNA/RNA; and (iii) enzymes and Heme proteins. In order to facilitate the comprehension each section was subdivided according to the transduction mode. Gold nanoparticles based immunosensors have a wide range of applications in food, environmental, pharmaceutical, chemistry and clinical diagnostics. The nanoparticles were employed to improve whether the analytical signal or the immunocompounds immobilization. In another section, biosensors based on DNA/RNA biomolecules employing gold nanostructures as labels and label-free funtional DNA/RNA biosensors associated to gold nanostructures as tranducers were systematically reported for rapid identification of pathogens, species of environmental interest and clinical diagnostics, respectively. The inclusion of gold nanoparticles in modified electrodes itself enhances the electron transfer between the transducer and biomolecules leading to improved bioanalytical devices when redox enzymes and heme proteins are used. Biosensors for the detection and quantification of glucose and hydrogen peroxide are discussed as well.

The present review paper describes the main features of nickel hydroxide modified electrodes covering its structural and electrochemical behavior and the newest advances promoted by nanostructured architectures. Important aspects such as synthetic procedures and characterization techniques such as X-Ray diffraction, Raman and Infrared spectroscopy, Electronic Microscopy and many others are detailed herein. The most important aspect concerning nickel hydroxide is related to its great versatility covering different fields in electrochemical-based devices such as batteries, electrocatalytic systems and electrochromic electrodes, the fundamental issues of these devices are also commented. Finally, some of the newest advances achieved in each field by the incorporation of nanomaterials will be shown.

Com o desenvolvimento da nanociência, o estudo do fenômeno do eletrocromismo desperta forte e continuado interesse devido à possibilidade de obter maiores eficiências eletrocrômicas, contrastes cromáticos, sintonização de cores e baixos tempos de resposta por meio da montagem de nanomateriais. Estas vantagens são possíveis devido à alta área superficial que os nanomateriais possuem e a enorme quantidade de moléculas orgânicas eletrocrômicas que podem ser facilmente ligadas a nanopartículas inorgânicas como TiO2 ou SiO2. Somado a isto, o contato direto entre o eletrólito e os nanomateriais produz altas velocidades de transferência iônica, com a concomitante compensação de carga rápida, o que é essencial para preparar eletrodos eletrocrômicos de alto desempenho. Recentemente a técnica de deposição eletrostática camada por camada foi apresentada como uma maneira interessante de preparar diferentes arquiteturas combinando nanopartículas e polímeros. O presente trabalho mostra alguns dos últimos avanços em nanocromismo.

Due to the development of nanoscience, the interest in electrochromism has increased and new assemblies of electrochromic materials at nanoscale leading to higher efficiencies and chromatic contrasts, low switching times and the possibility of color tuning have been developed. These advantages are reached due to the extensive surface area found in nanomaterials and the large amount of organic electrochromic molecules that can be easily attached onto inorganic nanoparticles, as TiO2 or SiO2. Moreover, the direct contact between electrolyte and nanomaterials produces high ionic transfer rates, leading to fast charge compensation, which is essential for high performance electrochromic electrodes. Recently, the layer-by-layer technique was presented as an interesting way to produce different architectures by the combination of both electrochromic nanoparticles and polymers. The present paper shows some of the newest insights into nanochromic science.