Abstract The use of biomass for energy production constitutes a promising strategy that warrants the search for new sources of biomass. Elephant grass has been gaining notoriety due to its high dry matter yield and rapid growth. The present study was carried out to quantify the genetic divergence of nine elephant grass half-sib families in order to identify genotypes with greater genetic divergence and productive potential for hybridization, using the hierarchical clustering methodology based on principal components. Half-sib families were generated using genotypes from the Active Germplasm Bank of Elephant Grass. The experiment was laid out in a randomized-block design with nine half-sib families, three replicates, and eight plants per plot. A total of 216 genotypes of elephant grass were evaluated. Principal component (PC), biplot, and hierarchical clustering analyses for diversity estimation were conducted using R software. The first two PCs of biplot analysis accounted for 64% of the cumulative variation. Dry matter yield was the most important trait for genotype discrimination (0.89), followed by plant height (0.67) and stem diameter (0.61) in PC1. In this analysis, the distances between accessions were considered and there were no family links, which indicates the existence of wide variability within the evaluated families, since genotypes belonging to the same family were not grouped together, but rather distributed into different groups. Crosses between genotypes of group three and genotypes of groups one and two are recommended for the development of high-yielding genotypes when aiming at energy production. growth halfsib half sib hybridization components Halfsib Half Grass randomizedblock randomized block replicates plot 21 PC, PC , (PC) software 64 variation 0.89, 089 0.89 0 89 (0.89) 0.67 067 67 (0.67 0.61 061 61 (0.61 PC1 links together highyielding yielding 2 (PC 6 08 0.8 8 (0.89 0.6 06 (0.6 0. (0.8 (0. (0 (

Resumo A utilização de biomassa para a produção de energia representa uma estratégia promissora, justificando a busca por novas fontes de biomassa. O capim-elefante tem ganhado destaque devido ao seu elevado rendimento de matéria seca e rápido crescimento. Este estudo teve como objetivo quantificar a divergência genética entre novas famílias de meio-irmãos de capim-elefante, com a finalidade de identificar genótipos com maior divergência genética e potencial produtivo para hibridização. Utilizou-se uma metodologia de agrupamento hierárquico baseada em componentes principais. As famílias de meio-irmãos foram obtidas a partir de genótipos do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma de Capim-Elefante. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com nove famílias de meio-irmãos, três repetições e oito plantas por parcela, totalizando a avaliação de 216 genótipos de capim-elefante. Foram realizadas análises de componentes principais (PC), biplot e agrupamento hierárquico para estimar a diversidade, utilizando o software R. Os dois primeiros PCs da análise biplot explicaram 64% da variação total. A produtividade de matéria seca foi a característica mais relevante para a discriminação genotípica (0,89), seguida pela altura da planta (0,67) e pelo diâmetro do caule (0,61) no PC1. Nesta análise, foram consideradas as distâncias entre os acessos, sem considerar parentesco, o que indica uma variabilidade significativa dentro das famílias avaliadas, uma vez que os genótipos pertencentes à mesma família não foram agrupados, mas sim distribuídos em grupos distintos. promissora capimelefante capim elefante crescimento meioirmãos meio irmãos capimelefante, elefante, hibridização Utilizouse Utilizou se CapimElefante. CapimElefante Capim Elefante. Elefante Capim-Elefante casualizados meioirmãos, irmãos, parcela 21 capimelefante. elefante. PC, PC , (PC) diversidade R 64 total 0,89, 089 0,89 0 89 (0,89) 0,67 067 67 (0,67 0,61 061 61 (0,61 PC1 acessos parentesco avaliadas agrupados distintos 2 (PC 6 08 0,8 8 (0,89 0,6 06 (0,6 0, (0,8 (0, (0 (

ABSTRACT Introduction: In Spain, COVID-19 infection in the health and social-health workers is considered as an occupational accident (OA) if the Occupational Risk Prevention Services (ORPS) certificate it. The aim of our study was to verify it in our area and to correct deficiencies. Material and Method: Descriptive study from May 28, 2020 to January 27, 2021. The health Inspection Unit of our area required OA certificate to the ORPS, and the assessment by the National Institute of Social Security (NISS) when the private insurance fund denied OA. Results: Total of 204 cases (55.4% healthcare workers, 52.5% from public centres (33.3% in our area). ORPS OA certificate: 61.8%. NISS recognised OA: 41.2%. OA recognition was greater in socio-health and private workers than in sanitary and public workers. The medical inspection Unit intervention partially improve the results. Conclusions: Despite complying with legal requirements there were no OA recognition in all cases of COVID-19 infection in these workers. The medical inspection Unit was not guarantor enough.

RESUMEN. Introducción: El contagio COVID-19 en trabajadores sanitarios y socio-sanitarios en España se considera accidente de trabajo (AT) si lo certifican los Servicios de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales (SPRL). El objetivo del estudio fue verificar su cumplimiento en nuestra Área y subsanar posibles deficiencias. Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo del 28 de mayo de 2020 al 27 de enero de 2021. Inspección solicitó certificado AT a SPRL, y que el Instituto Nacional de Seguridad Social (INSS) reconociera el AT si la Mutua lo negaba. Resultados: 204 casos: 55,4% sanitarios, 52,5% públicos. Certificado AT de SPRL: 61,8%. INSS reconoció AT: 41,2%. Mayor reconocimiento AT en trabajadores socio-sanitarios y privados, menor en sanitarios y públicos del Área V. La intervención de la Inspección mejoró parcialmente los resultados. Conclusiones: Pese a cumplir los requisitos legales la infección COVID-19 en estos colectivos no siempre fue reconocida AT. El papel garante de la Inspección fue insufiente.

RESUMEN. Introducción: El contagio COVID-19 en trabajadores sanitarios y socio-sanitarios en España se considera accidente de trabajo (AT) si lo certifican los Servicios de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales (SPRL). El objetivo del estudio fue verificar su cumplimiento en nuestra Área y subsanar posibles deficiencias. Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo del 28 de mayo de 2020 al 27 de enero de 2021. Inspección solicitó certificado AT a SPRL, y que el Instituto Nacional de Seguridad Social (INSS) reconociera el AT si la Mutua lo negaba. Resultados: 204 casos: 55,4% sanitarios, 52,5% públicos. Certificado AT de SPRL: 61,8%. INSS reconoció AT: 41,2%. Mayor reconocimiento AT en trabajadores socio-sanitarios y privados, menor en sanitarios y públicos del Área V. La intervención de la Inspección mejoró parcialmente los resultados. Conclusiones: Pese a cumplir los requisitos legales la infección COVID-19 en estos colectivos no siempre fue reconocida AT. El papel garante de la Inspección fue insufiente.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In Spain, COVID-19 infection in the health and social-health workers is considered as an occupational accident (OA) if the Occupational Risk Prevention Services (ORPS) certificate it. The aim of our study was to verify it in our area and to correct deficiencies. Material and Method: Descriptive study from May 28, 2020 to January 27, 2021. The health Inspection Unit of our area required OA certificate to the ORPS, and the assessment by the National Institute of Social Security (NISS) when the private insurance fund denied OA. Results: Total of 204 cases (55.4% healthcare workers, 52.5% from public centres (33.3% in our area). ORPS OA certificate: 61.8%. NISS recognised OA: 41.2%. OA recognition was greater in socio-health and private workers than in sanitary and public workers. The medical inspection Unit intervention partially improve the results. Conclusions: Despite complying with legal requirements there were no OA recognition in all cases of COVID-19 infection in these workers. The medical inspection Unit was not guarantor enough.

Abstract As sports were one of the main cultural elements during the 20thCentury and football specifically was used as an instrument to strength national identity in South America, this paper aims at analyzing the propagandistic use of football made by the military governments from the 60s and 70s, in which this sport may have turned into soft power. We analyze the governments of Argentina, Brazil and Chile and their relationship with the national football teams at specific times when associations with it were attempted, paying attention to the experiences and the concept. We conclude that only for Brazil football provided benefits in both legitimacy and international influence.

Resumo Sendo o esporte um dos elementos culturais mais importantes do século XX, e o futebol em particular um dos instrumentos que favorecem a identidade nacional dos países do Cone Sul, o presente trabalho propõe analisar se o uso propagandístico que os governos militares das décadas de 60 e 70 faziam do futebol refletiu em ganhos desoft powerpara esses Estados. Analisamos os regimes da Argentina, Brasil e Chile e a relação desses governos com as seleções nacionais de futebol em momentos cruciais de tentativa de associação, analisando as experiências e o conceito. Concluímos que somente para o Brasil o futebol possibilitou ganhos de legitimidade e influência internacional.

Resumen Dado que el deporte es uno de los elementos culturales más importantes del siglo XX y el fútbol, en particular, uno de los instrumentos que favorecen la identidad nacional de los países del Cono Sur, el presente trabajo propone analizar el uso propagandístico que los gobiernos militares de los 60 y 70 hicieron, en los que el fútbol se refleja en soft power para estos Estados. Analizamos los regímenes en Argentina, Brasil y Chile, y la relación de estos gobiernos con los equipos nacionales de fútbol en momentos cruciales de intento de asociación, a partir del estudio de las experiencias y el concepto. Concluimos que solo para Brasil el fútbol permitió ganancias en legitimidad y influencia internacional.

Abstract: COVID-19 is a viral disease produced by SARS-CoV-2 that was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 2020. The pandemic has caused a great impact in several medical disciplines, including radiology. Radiologists have a fundamental role in identifying characteristic imaging findings of the COVID-19 disease. The studies regarding extra pulmonary findings of COVID-19 are relatively new. These findings include cardiac, thoracic and abdominal manifestations as a result of the pro-thrombotic state produced by the virus. Unexpected extrapulmonary imaging findings of COVID-19 patients from two different institutions are presented. In addition, we conducted a literature review of extra pulmonary manifestations and complications of this disease. The aim of this study is to provide information for an early recognition and optimal management of these complications.

Resumen: COVID-19 es una enfermedad viral que fue declarada pandemia por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) durante el año 2020 que ha causado un gran impacto en el área médica, y específicamente en la radiología. El rol del radiólogo es fundamental para identificar de forma correcta las manifestaciones de esta enfermedad, principalmente los hallazgos pulmonares en imágenes. Sin embargo, durante el último tiempo se han descrito hallazgos extra-pulmonares en pacientes infectados, entre las que incluyen manifestaciones cardíacas, torácicas y derivadas del estado pro trombótico producido por el virus. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar de forma retrospectiva hallazgos imagenológicos extrapulmonares en pacientes con COVID-19 de nuestras dos instituciones. Además, se realizó una revisión de la literatura sobre las manifestaciones extra-pulmonares y complicaciones reportadas de la enfermedad. Esperamos aportar información para un adecuado y óptimo manejo de estos pacientes.

Abstract: Study of territory had been undertaken mainly from a perspective derived from Geography and Social Sciences, the main focus being territory as understood as a cultural signification obtained from sociocultural practices. The research proposal is a study of territory under the influence of the kawésqar natives community of Puerto Edén under a formal perspective originated from Literary Theory of Russian Formalists, which its theoretical principles are applied to the study of territory in order to recognize uses and occupations from within, establishing a sense of territory from the disposition of these uses and occupations from within a territory, managing of these uses and occupations which at the same time give meaning and produce knowledge over itself and its transformation when these elements of uses and occupation change their function. Another aspect of this perspective is the addition of the Actor-Network Theory (ANT) from Bruno Latour which amplifies the comprehension of these elements to human and non-human agents as integral components of the diverse uses and occupations of the territory. In this way, the aiming is to understand the management in which an indigenous community such as the kawésqar has over their area of geographical influence obtained from knowledge acquired from their experience and inspection of said area (socioecological knowledge), without transforming the territory in a symbolic product signifying certain qualities to the community.

Resumen: El estudio del territorio se ha llevado a cabo principalmente desde la perspectiva de la geografía y las ciencias sociales, siendo el punto común un enfoque que entiende el territorio como significación cultural a partir de las prácticas socioculturales. La propuesta de investigación es un estudio del territorio de influencia de la comunidad kawésqar de Puerto Edén desde un enfoque formal proveniente de la teoría literaria de los formalistas rusos a partir del reconocimiento de usos y ocupaciones dentro del territorio para establecer el sentido territorial según disposición de esos usos y ocupación y que produce, a su vez, el conocimiento sobre el mismo y su transformación cuando los elementos de los usos y ocupación cambian de función. Otro aspecto de esta perspectiva formal es el complemento con la Teoría del Actor Red (TAR) de Bruno Latour con la cual se amplía la comprensión de dichos elementos a agentes humanos y no-humanos como partes integrantes de los diversos usos y ocupación territorial. De esta forma, se busca comprender el manejo que una comunidad indígena como la kawésqar tiene de su área de influencia geográfica a partir del conocimiento que adquiere debido a su experiencia y observación de dicha área (conocimiento socioecológico), sin transformar el territorio en un producto simbólico que representa ciertas cualidades para la comunidad.

Resumen Objetivo: Probar una metodología de enseñanza-aprendizaje, instrumentos de medición y sistema de implementación de la ECOE en relación con lactancia materna, alimentación complementaria, crecimiento y consejería. Material y Métodos: Se estudió la adquisición de competencias sobre alimentación en menores de dos años en internos de pediatría aplicando la evaluación clínica objetiva estructurada (ECOE) antes y después del desarrollo de un proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje (PEA) estructurado. Se organizaron cuatro estaciones de evaluación de los aspectos centrales de alimentación y crecimiento, en un grupo de internos seleccionados al azar. Resultados: Las cuatro estaciones de la ECOE se aplicaron sin dificultades antes y después del PEA. Los resultados mostraron una mejora en el rendimiento de los internos, de manera individual y de grupo; en este último las diferencias en la media fueron para alimentación complementaria pre 2,5 (DE 0,93) y post 5 (DE 2,39); consejería pre 5,75 (DE 1,49) y post 8,13 (DE 1,25); lactancia materna pre 12,63 (DE 2,5) y post 16,38 (DE 2) y velocidad de crecimiento pre 3,13 (DE 1,36) y post 3,38 (DE 0,92). Los resultados fueron estadísticamente significativos para los tres primeros rubros. Conclusiones: En base a estos resultados se sugieren mejoras en el programa de enseñanza y se verifica la aplicabilidad de la ECOE en el internado del Hospital del Niño Dr. Ovidio Aliaga Uría.

Abstract Objetive: To test a teaching-learning methodology, measurement tools and OSCE implementation system in relation to breastfeeding, complementary feeding, growth and counseling. Methodology: The acquisition of competences was studied by applying objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) before and after the development of a structured teaching-learning process. Four assessment stations were organized considering central aspects on feeding and growth of children under two years of age, in a group of randomly selected students during medical internship. Results: The four OSCE stations were applied without difficulties before and after the learning and teaching process. The results showed an improvement in the performance of interns, individually and in groups; in the latter, mean differences were: for complementary feeding pre 2.5 (SD 0.93) and post 5 (SD 2.39); counseling pre 5.75 (SD 1.49) and post 8.13 (SD 1.25); breastfeeding pre 12.63 (SD 2.5) and post 16.38 (SD 2) and growth velocity pre 3.13 (SD 1.36) and post 3.38 (SD 0.92). The results were statistically significant for the first three ítems. Conclusions: Based on these results, the authors suggest improvements in the teaching program, and verify the applicability of the OSCE for the evaluation of rotatory internship at the Hospital del Niño Dr. Ovidio Aliaga Uria.

Backgroud: Tuberculosis (TB) is still a problem that impacts on hospitals of high complexity. Aim: To assess demand for care and/or hospitalization because of TB in Puerto Montt Hospital (PMH), located in the southern of Chile. Patients and Methods: Retrospective study of all Reloncaví Health Service (RHS) and PMH clinical records, between 2011 and 2015. We include all ambulatory or hospitalized cases of active TB registered in PMH during the period of the study. Results: In RHS there were 298 cases of TB and 64% of them (192/298) was detected in HPM. We present social, economic, epidemiological, clinical, laboratory studies, and specific type of diagnosis of 180 cases that met inclusion criteria: men 62%, mean age 45 ± 19 years-old. The population with lower income was 72%, 4% homeless, 14% with complete high school, 11% illiterate and 19% lived at country side. Main co-morbidities were alcoholism 17%, HIV 12%, Diabetes Mellitus 10%. In the specific group of lung/pleural TB (128 cases) the time with symptoms was often prolonged (15% > 90 days) and imagen studies showed advanced pathology: bilateral infiltrates 73%>, affecting three or more lobes 55%, cavitations 34%. 71% (126/180) were hospitalized, because of necessity of more study (50%) or severity (48%), 8% required to enter to the Critical Care Unit (CCU). Twenty-four patients died (13%). Illiteracy and the need for CCU were associated with mortality. Conclusions: In RHS TB is a sanitary problem that affects principally the most poor and vulnerable populations.

Resumen Objetivo: Dimensionar la demanda de atención y/u hospitalización de la tuberculosis (TBC) en el Hospital de Puerto Montt (HPM). Método: Revisión retrospectiva de los registros de TBC del Servicio de Salud del Reloncaví (SSDR) y del HPM entre los años 2011 y 2015. Se incluyeron todos los casos de TBC activa vistos en forma ambulatoria u hospitalizada en el HPM. Resultados: Se diagnosticaron en el SSDR 298 casos de TBC, y de ellos un 64% (192/298) fue pesquisado en el HPM. Se presentan datos socioeconómicos, epidemiológicos, clínicos, de laboratorio y forma de diagnóstico de 180 casos, que cumplieron criterios de inclusión: varones 62%, edad media 44 ± 19 años. El 72% correspondieron al estrato social de menores ingresos, 4% indigentes, solo 14% poseía enseñanza media completa, 11% analfabetos, ruralidad 19%. Las principales co-morbilidades fueron alcoholismo (17%), VIH (12%), Diabetes (10%). En aquellos con TBC pulmonar o pleural (128) el tiempo con síntomas con frecuencia era prolongado (15% > 90 días) y la radiología mostraba enfermedad avanzada: infiltrados bilaterales 73%, compromiso > 3 lóbulos 55%, una o más cavitaciones 34%. Se hospitalizó el 71% (126/180), 50% por necesidad de estudio, 48%por gravedad. El 8% necesitó Unidad de Paciente Crítico (UPC). Fallecieron 24 pacientes (13%). Se asoció significativamente a mortalidad el analfabetismo y necesidad de UPC. Conclusiones: En el SSDR la TBC es un problema sanitario que afecta principalmente a poblaciones más pobres y vulnerables.

La capacidad de resiliencia para mantener la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional de la población requiere proteger los sistemas de vida contra las crisis, desastres y reforzar la producción alimentaria familiar para contrarrestar estos efectos a largo plazo. El proyecto "Fortalecer la capacidad de resiliencia de los sistemas de vida en base a la papa nativa en el municipio de Tiahuanacu" asume la promoción de la lactancia materna como práctica que asegura la base de la seguridad alimentaria en menores de dos años, sumada a otros productos locales como las papas nativas con mayor contenido de hierro y zinc. A fin de mantener o mejorar las tasas actuales de lactancia materna se programó un curso de consejería con duración de dos semanas, la metodología del curso fue teórica y práctica participativa, las sesiones teóricas incluyeron conferencias dialogadas, juegos de roles, demostraciones, ejercicios escritos, las sesiones prácticas se condujeron en aula y en el servicio de maternidad del Hospital Boliviano-Holandés, consulta externa del Centro de Salud Tiahuanacu. Todos los participantes adquirieron competencias básicas en consejería, lactancia materna y alimentación complementaria y las demostraron en sesiones prácticas en aula o establecimientos de salud. Se realizó una evaluación a los participantes de Tiahuanaco en tres momentos; dicha evaluación mostró que los participantes adquirieron competencias adecuadas en consejería, lactancia materna y alimentación complementaria. Es importante incluir la promoción de prácticas adecuadas de lactancia materna y alimentación complementaria en todo programa de seguridad alimentaria, así como, diseminar el conocimiento de la relación entre lactancia materna y seguridad alimentaria.

The ability of resilience to maintain food and nutrition security of the population requires protecting life systems against crises, disasters and strengthening family food production to counteract these effects in the long term. The project "Strengthen the resilience capacity of life systems based on the native potato in the municipality of Tiahuanacu" assumes the promotion of breastfeeding as a practice that ensures the basis of food security in children undertwo years, added to other local products such as native potatoes with higher iron and zinc content. In orderto maintain or improve current breastfeeding rates, a counseling course was scheduled for two weeks, the methodology of the course was theoretical and participatory practice, the theoretical sessions included dialogue conferences, role plays, demonstrations, written exercises, the practical sessions were conducted in the classroom and in the maternity service of the Bolivian-Dutch Hospital, external consultation of the Tiahuanacu Health Center. All participants acquired basic skills in counseling, breastfeeding and complementary feeding and demonstrated them in practical sessions in the classroom or health facilities. An evaluation was made to the participants of Tiahuanaco in three moments; This evaluation showed that the participants acquired adequate skills in counseling, breastfeeding and complementary feeding. It is important to include the promotion of adequate breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices in any food security program, as well as to disseminate knowledge about the relationship between breastfeeding and food security.

Abstract Introduction: The gastric cancer is the first cause of death from cancer, in men, in Chile, being the adenocarcinoma the most frequent variant. Clinical case: We report the case of a large early gastric cancer of 7.2 cm in a 74-year-old man who was treated in INDISA Clinic in Santiago, Chile. A total gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy with End-to-Side esophagojejunostomy in a Roux-en-Y anastomosis was successfully performed. The histology showed a polypoid well differentiated adenocarcinoma infiltrating up to the submucosa without regional lymph node involvement. Five years after the surgery, he remains asymptomatic and without tumor recurrence.

Resumen Introducción: El cáncer gástrico es la primera causa de muerte por cáncer, en hombres, en Chile, siendo el adenocarcinoma la variante más frecuente. Caso clínico: Reportamos el caso de un cáncer gástrico incipiente gigante de 7,2 cm en un hombre de 74 años tratado en la Clínica INDISA en Santiago de Chile. El paciente fue sometido exitosamente a una gastrectomía total con linfoadenectomía D2 y esófago-yeyuno anastomosis en Y de Roux. La histología evidenció un adenocarcinoma bien diferenciado, polipoide, invasivo hasta la submucosa, sin compromiso ganglionar. A los 5 años de su cirugía, el paciente se encuentra asintomático y sin recidiva tumoral.

Introduction: Cholelithiasis is a prevalent disease in Chile. Therefore, there is sufficient evidence regarding the results of cholecystectomy in adults; however, information in pediatric population is scarce. The aim of this study is to report the results of a series of pediatric patients undergoing surgery for cholelithiasis, in terms of postoperative morbidity (POM). Material and Methods: Retrospective case series. All patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis in the period 2004 to 2013, in the Department of Surgery of Hospital de Puerto Montt, Chile, were included. The main outcome variable was POM. Other variables of interest were cause of consult, coexistence of choledocholithiasis, concomitant diseases, nature of surgery, hospital stay and mortality. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate percentages, measures of center tendency and dispersion. Results: 71 patients, with a median age of 13 years, 84.5% female, were operated. POM was 1.4% (one case of hemoperitoneum that required reoperation, Dindo-Clavien IIIb). The most frequent cause of consultation was biliary colic (95.8% of cases). Coexistence of choledocholithiasis was determined in 6 cases (8.5%). The most common concomitant disease was familiar microspherocytosis (4 cases, 5.6%). The surgery was elective in 62 patients (87.3%). Median hospital stay were 2 days. The serie has no mortality. Conclusion: The observed results are comparable with those from other series of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in pediatric patients.

Introducción: La colelitiasis es una enfermedad prevalente en Chile; por ende, existe suficiente evidencia respecto de los resultados de la colecistectomía en población adulta; sin embargo, la información en población pediátrica es escasa. El objetivo de este estudio, es reportar los resultados de una serie de pacientes pediátricos, intervenidos quirúrgicamente por colelitiasis, en términos de morbilidad postoperatoria (MPO). Material y Método: Serie de casos retrospectiva. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes pediátricos colecistectomizados vía laparoscópica en el Servicio de Cirugía del Hospital de Puerto Montt, Chile; en el período 2004 y 2013. La variable resultado fue MPO. Otras variables de interés fueron causa de consulta, coexistencia de coledocolitiasis, enfermedades concomitantes, carácter de la cirugía, estancia hospitalaria y mortalidad. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva con cálculo de porcentajes, medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Resultados: Se intervinieron 71 pacientes, con una mediana de edad de 13 años; 84,5% de sexo femenino. La MPO fue de 1,4% (un caso de hemoperitoneo que requirió reoperación; Dindo-Clavien IIIb). La causa de consulta más frecuente fue el cólico biliar (95,8% de los casos). Se determinó coexistencia de coledocolitiasis en 6 casos (8,5%). La enfermedad concomitante más frecuente fue microesferocitosis familiar (4 casos; 5,6%). La cirugía fue electiva en 62 pacientes (87,3%). La mediana de la estancia hospitalaria fue 2 días y no se reporta mortalidad. Conclusión: Los resultados observados son comparables con los de otras series de colecistectomía laparoscópica en pacientes pediátricos.

Background: Copper has a bactericidal activity against a series of bacterial strains. Aim: To measure resistance to bacterial adherence of copper (Cu) and stainless steel (SS) metal coupons. Material and Methods: Bacterial strains causing nosocomial infections in Chile were analyzed. Bacterial adherence was studied using apreviously described method based on a system of metal coupons that are immersed in culture media containing the bacteria ofinterest at room temperature. Results: Adherence to Cu and SS coupons was differentfor Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii strains. For these strains, no adherence to Cu coupons occurred during the 48 h observation period compared to a rapidly increasing adherence to SS coupons, with a final colony count of 1.00E + 07 cfu/mL. For two different Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical strains, inhibition of adherence was not observed on Cu coupons, and colony counts were similar for Cu and SS using the standard inoculum (2-3 xlO7 cfu).Apartial decrease in adherence was observed for Cu but not for SS coupons, when a lower inoculum was used. Conclusions: Copper surfaces represent an interesting option to reduce bacterial contamination in the hospital environment due to its resistance to bacterial adhesión ofmost ofthe common nosocomial bacterial strains.

Background: Copper is essential for cell metabolism in animals and plants and thus for life. Along centuries, copper has been identified as a metal containing antimicrobial properties. In recent years, laboratory assays and clinical studies have revealed that surfaces of metallic copper or its alloys, containing at least 70% copper, eliminate in a few hours several pathogenic organisms including bacterial strains associated with nosocomial infections, influenza virus, HIV, and fungi such as Candida albicans. In March 2008, the American Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), supported by scientific evidence gathered to date, registered copper as the first and only metal with antimicrobial properties. We herein review certain mechanisms proposed for the antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal activity of copper. We also discuss in vitro and clinical efficacy studies developed world wide and in Chile, focusing on bactericidal activity of copper surface areas in comparison to materials typically used in hospital environments such as stainless steel and polymers. Scientific evidence gathered to date, consistently shows that the use of copper surface areas in high contact critical points in hospitals, significantly reduces environmental bacterial load. This is associated with a decreased risk of pathogen transmission to patients and represents therefore an interesting complement to infection control programs.

Objective: To describe the results of the home enteral nutrition (HEN) registry of the NADYA-SENPE group in 2010. Material and methods: We retrieved the data of the patients recorded from January 1st to December 31st 2010. Results: We registered 6,591 patients (51% males) with 6,688 episodes of HEN, from 32 hospitals. Mean age in those younger than 14 yr (4%) was 1 ± 2 yrs (m ± SD) and 69,9 ± 17,8 yrs in those older than 14 yr. The length of HEN was longer than 2 yrs in 76% of the patients. The most frequent underlying disease was neurological disorders 42%, followed by cancer 28% (mostly head and neck cancer 18%). We had information related to the enteral access route in only 626 cases (9,4%), 51% of them used nasogastric tubes, 27% gastrostomies, 10% oral route and 3% jejunostomies. Only 251 episodes were closed during the year, mostly due to patient death 57% and progress to oral diet 14%. The activity level was limited in 29% of the patients and 39% of them were bed- or chairridden. Total or partial help was needed by 68% of the patients. The hospitals and the private pharmacies delivered the enteral formula in 63% and 34% of the cases, respectively. The hospitals and the primary care centres delivered the disposables in 83% and 16% of the cases, respectively. Conclusions: The results of the 2010 HEN registry are similar to those published in previous years regarding the number and characteristics of the patients. We continue finding problems in the entrance of data referred to the enteral access route and the closing of the episodes.

Objetivos: Describir los resultados del registro de nutrición enteral domiciliaria (NED) del grupo NADYA-SENPE del año 2010. Material y métodos: Se recopilaron los datos introducidos en el registro desde el 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre de 2010. Resultados: Se registraron 6.591 pacientes (51% varones) con 6.688 episodios de NED, procedentes de 32 hospitales. La edad media en los menores de 14 años (4%) fue de 1 ± 2 años (m ± DS) y de 69,9 ± 17,8 en los mayores de 14 años. El 76% de los pacientes recibieron la NED por un tiempo superior a 2 años. La patología más prevalente fue la neurológica 42%, seguida de la neoplasia 28% (en su mayoría cáncer de cabeza y cuello 18%). La información referente a la vía de acceso sólo se recogió en 626 casos (9,4%), el 51% de los pacientes utilizaron sonda nasogástrica, 27% gastrostomías, 10% vía oral y 3% yeyunostomías. Sólo 251 episodios finalizaron a lo largo del año, siendo el motivo más frecuente el fallecimiento del paciente en el 57% de los casos y el paso a la alimentación oral en el 14%. El 29% de los pacientes presentaban una actividad limitada y el 39% estaba confinado en cama/sillón. El 68% de los adultos requerían ayuda total o parcial. El suministro del producto se realizó desde el hospital o la farmacia de referencia en el 63% y 34%, respectivamente. El suministro del material fungible se realizó desde el hospital o atención primaria en el 83% y 16%, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos en el registro de NED del año 2010 muestran características muy similares a las recogidas en los años previos en cuanto al número y características de los pacientes registrados. Seguimos encontrando problemas en la recogida de datos relativos a la vía de acceso y finalización de los episodios.