ABSTRACT Care for human well-being and health requires the consumption of healthy foods, and therefore, the “baby-leaf” gains increased space in the market as they have higher concentrations of bioactive compounds. The present study aimed to evaluate the growth and bioactive compounds of baby-leaf chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) according to the color of cultivation benches with different wavelengths. The experiment was conducted in a non-acclimatized greenhouse, covered with low density polyethylene film with an aluminized screen of 50% shading under the film and 50% shading screens on the sides. In a completely randomized design, five types of benches were evaluated without and with bright reflective colored materials: Control bench without reflective material, a bench with reflective bright white laminate, reflective bright dark red laminate, reflective bright dark blue laminate, and reflective bright yellow laminate. The bright white and yellow laminates amplified the most photosynthetically active radiation. All the laminates enhanced yield of baby-leaf chicory plants, where white, yellow, red, and dark blue enhanced the fresh matter by 102.6%, 50.2%, 60.6%, and 37.4% compared to the control, respectively. The bright dark blue laminates enhanced the bioactive compounds of baby-leaf chicory plants. The bright dark blue laminate enhanced the carotenoid production of baby-leaf chicory plants by 11.0%. The use of colored laminates was effective in the cultivation of baby-leaf chicory, both in terms of yield and quality, with significant increases in fresh matter and bioactive compounds. To provide baby-leaf chicory with higher bioactive content with antioxidant effect (carotenoids) the use of dark blue laminates is necessary; however, if the objective is greater shoot DM it will be white laminates.

ABSTRACT The cultivation of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is of great importance to the national economy since they are grown in almost all regions of Brazil and the use of biostimulants based on phytohormones and plant vitamins can improve the yield of the crop. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of the application of the vitamin nicotinamide and phytohormones as biostimulants on bean plants. The experimental design was carried out in randomized blocks in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme with 4 replicates. The treatments consisted of the application of five doses of nicotinamide (0, 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg L-1) in the presence or absence of phytohormones containing auxin, gibberellin and cytokinin. The growth characteristics, production components and productivity of the bean grains were evaluated. The use of phytohormones and nicotinamide alone or together favored the growth, production components and grain productivity of the bean plant. The range of 366 to 469 mL L-1 nicotinamide achieved the highest values for the growth variables, production components and grain productivity of the bean plant, with 414 mL L-1 being the most suitable to achieve higher grain productivity. Phaseolus L. L crop plants replicates 0, 0 (0 200 400 60 80 L1 1 auxin cytokinin characteristics evaluated 36 46 L- variables 41 ( 20 40 6 8 3

Resumo Dentre as diversas tecnologias que podem ser utilizadas para modificar as condições ambientais no cultivo protegido, o aproveitamento de resíduos agrícolas e a utilização de bancadas de cultivo de diversas cores podem ser benéficos às plantas, proporcionando um desenvolvimento adequado e conferindo maior sustentabilidade ao sistema de produção. O estudo teve como objetivo identificar o potencial de utilização de substrato à base de resíduos agroindustriais e bancadas coloridas como alternativas para a produção de Zinnia elegans. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS), Cassilândia-MS, utilizando delineamento inteiramente casualizado, disposto em esquema fatorial 3 x 5 (três cores de bancada x cinco doses de substrato), com três repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de três bancadas coloridas (branca, vermelha e controle) e cinco misturas de substratos com diferentes concentrações de resíduo agroindustrial (SBRA) e Ecosolo® (0, 25%, 50%, 75% e 100%) em qual Zinnia elegans foi cultivada. As variáveis analisadas foram altura das plantas, comprimento dos entrenós, número de folhas, teor relativo de clorofila (SPAD), diâmetro do caule, diâmetro da flor, número de pétalas, tempo necessário para floração e massa seca da parte aérea. Verificou-se que a composição do substrato afetou a maioria das características avaliadas, exceto comprimento dos entrenós e diâmetro do caule. As bancadas resultaram em diferenças significativas no teor relativo de clorofila e no número de pétalas. A adição de proporções crescentes de SBRA proporciona maior crescimento vegetativo e desenvolvimento floral nas plantas de Zinnia elegans. protegido UEMS, UEMS , (UEMS) CassilândiaMS, CassilândiaMS Cassilândia MS, MS Cassilândia-MS casualizado substrato, substrato) repetições branca, branca (branca controle (SBRA Ecosolo 0, 0 (0 25 25% 50 50% 75 100% 100 cultivada folhas SPAD, SPAD (SPAD) caule flor pétalas aérea Verificouse Verificou se avaliadas (UEMS ( 2 7 10 (SPAD 1

Abstract Among the various technologies that can be used to modify the environmental conditions in protected cultivation, the use of agricultural waste and the use of cultivation benches of different colors can be beneficial to plants, providing adequate plant development and giving greater sustainability to the production system. The study aimed to identify the potential for using substrate based on agro-industrial waste and colored benches as alternatives for the production of Zinnia elegans. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of the Mato Grosso do Sul State University (UEMS), in the Unit of Cassilândia, using a completely randomized design arranged in a 3 x 5 factorial scheme (three bench colors x five substrate doses), with three replications of four plants for each treatment. The treatments consisted of three colored benches (white, red, and control - metal bench) and five substrate mixtures with different concentrations of agro-industrial waste (SBRA) and Ecosolo® (0, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) in which Zinnia elegans was grown. The variables analyzed were plant height, length of internodes, the number of leaves, relative chlorophyll content (SPAD), stem diameter, flower diameter, number of petals, time required for flowering and shoot dry mass. It was found that the composition of the substrate affected most of the characteristics evaluated, except for internode length and stem diameter. The benches resulted in significant differences in relative chlorophyll content and number of petals. Adding increasing proportions of SBRA, provides greater vegetative growth and flower development in Zinnia elegans plants. system agroindustrial agro industrial UEMS, UEMS , (UEMS) Cassilândia doses, doses doses) treatment white, white (white red SBRA (SBRA Ecosolo 0, 0 (0 25 25% 50 50% 75 75% 100% 100 grown height internodes leaves SPAD, SPAD (SPAD) diameter petals mass evaluated (UEMS ( 2 7 10 (SPAD 1

Resumo O setor de Flores e Plantas Ornamentais apoia uma extensa rede de empreendedores, em todas as etapas relacionadas ao cultivo, transporte e comercialização. Neste aspecto, há uma grande demanda por mão-de-obra qualificada, tornando este setor fonte de emprego e geração de renda nas regiões abrangidas. Porém, há grande interferência na comercialização de flores e plantas ornamentais pela sazonalidade da demanda, que muitas vezes está relacionada a datas festivas, clima, entre outros fatores. Assim, o conhecimento sobre as demandas sazonais permite ao setor desenvolver um planejamento, direcionando esforços para oferecer produtos com maior demanda em determinado período. Este estudo teve como objetivo gerar informações, por meio de um estudo de caso baseado na análise de dados de comercialização, e verificar a demanda sazonal na comercialização de espécies ornamentais no oeste paulista. Houve aumento na demanda por mudas de crisântemo, tanto para o mercado interno quanto para exportação, durante os anos de 2019 e 2020, além de oscilações na demanda por algumas cultivares de mudas de crisântemo em um ano em relação ao outro. Através desta análise conclui-se que a sazonalidade da comercialização de plantas ornamentais na Região Oeste de São Paulo realmente ocorre, principalmente entre a 26ª e a 34ª semana do ano, com a finalidade de atender ao mercado interno de crisântemos. Este resultado permite planejar a época de plantio e colheita, bem como a definição das melhores variedades a serem cultivadas nestes períodos. empreendedores cultivo aspecto mãodeobra mão obra qualificada abrangidas Porém festivas clima fatores Assim planejamento período informações paulista exportação 201 2020 outro concluise conclui se ocorre ª crisântemos colheita períodos 20 202 2

Abstract The Flowers and Ornamental Plant sector supports an extensive network of entrepreneurs, in all stages related to cultivation, transport and commercialization. In this aspect, there is a great demand for skilled labor, making this sector a source of employment and income generation in the regions covered. However, there is great interference on the commercialization of flowers and ornamental plants by the seasonality of demand, which is often related to festive dates, weather, among other factors. Thus, knowledge about seasonal demands allows the sector to develop a plan, directing efforts to offer products with greater demand in a given period. This study aimed to generate information, through a case study based on the analysis of commercialization data, and verify the seasonal demand on the commercialization of ornamental species in western São Paulo. There was an increase in the demand for chrysanthemum cuttings, both for the domestic and export markets, during the years 2019 and 2020, in addition to fluctuations in the demand for some cultivars of cuttings of chrysanthemum in one year compared to the other. Through the analysis, it is concluded that the seasonality of commercialization of ornamental plants in the West Region of São Paulo really occurs, especially between the 26th and 34th week of the year, with the purpose of serving the domestic market of chrysanthemums. This result allows planning the planting and harvesting time, as well as the definition of the best varieties to be cultivated in these periods. entrepreneurs cultivation aspect labor covered However dates weather factors Thus plan period information data markets 201 2020 occurs th chrysanthemums time periods 20 202 2

RESUMO O sudoeste do estado de Goiás apresenta elevada vocação para diversas atividades agropecuárias, mesmo em solos considerados mais frágeis, como os Neossolos Quartzarênicos. Objetivou-se avaliar os estoques e a labilidade de carbono em sistemas de uso e manejo de um Neossolo Quartzarênico, no sudoeste goiano. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente causualizado, constando de áreas submetidas a cinco sistemas de uso e manejo do solo (Cerrado nativo, pastagem intensiva, pastagem extensiva, plantio de soja com sucessão de milho, e eucalipto). Foram coletadas amostras nas profundidades de 0-0,1 e 0,1-0,2 m. Os sistemas de uso e manejo do solo alteraram os estoques e a qualidade do carbono. Na camada de 0-0,2 m, os estoques de carbono variaram entre 15,9 e 29,2 Mg ha−1. As áreas com eucalipto e sob pastejo intensivo proporcionaram incrementos variando entre 72 e 84 % nos estoques de carbono, em relação às áreas de Cerrado e soja-milho. Os teores de carbono nas frações F1, F2 e F4 foram superiores nas áreas com eucalipto e sob pastejo intensivo. Na camada de 0-0,1 m, as áreas com cultivo de eucalipto e sob pastejo intensivo incrementaram o índice de manejo de carbono em 33 e 36 %, respectivamente, quando comparadas à área de referência com Cerrado nativo. agropecuárias frágeis Quartzarênicos Objetivouse Objetivou se Quartzarênico goiano Utilizouse Utilizou causualizado nativo intensiva extensiva milho eucalipto. . eucalipto) 00,1 001 0 0,1 1 0-0, 0,10,2 0102 0,2 2 0,1-0, m 00,2 002 159 15 9 15, 292 29 29, ha1 ha ha−1 7 8 sojamilho. sojamilho milho. soja-milho F1 F 3 respectivamente 00 00, 01 0, 0-0 10 0,10, 010 02 0,1-0 ha− 0- 0,10 0,1-

ABSTRACT The southwest region of the Goiás state, Brazil, is suitable for several agricultural activities, even in more fragile soils such as Typic Quartzipsamments. This study aimed to evaluate the carbon stocks and lability of a Typic Quartzipsamment under land use and management systems in southwestern Goiás. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design and consisted of areas subjected to five land use and management systems [native Cerrado vegetation (Brazilian Savanna), pasture under intensive grazing, pasture under extensive grazing, soybean and maize rotation, and eucalyptus]. Soil samples were collected at the 0-0.1 and 0.1-0.2 m layers. The land use and management systems affected the carbon stocks and quality. In the 0-0.2 m layer, the carbon stocks ranged between 15.9 and 29.2 Mg ha−1. The areas with eucalyptus and under intensive grazing promoted increases in the carbon stocks that ranged between 72 and 84 %, when compared to the areas with Cerrado vegetation and soybean and maize rotation. The carbon contents in the F1, F2 and F4 fractions were higher in the areas with eucalyptus and under intensive grazing. In the 0-0.1 m soil layer, the areas with eucalyptus and under intensive grazing had an increase in the carbon management index by 33 and 36 %, respectively, when compared to the reference area with native Cerrado vegetation. state Brazil activities Quartzipsamments Brazilian Savanna, Savanna , Savanna) rotation eucalyptus. . eucalyptus] 00.1 001 0 0.1 1 0-0. 0.10.2 0102 0.2 2 0.1-0. layers quality 00.2 002 layer 159 15 9 15. 292 29 29. ha1 ha ha−1 7 8 % F1 F 3 respectively 00 00. 01 0. 0-0 10 0.10. 010 02 0.1-0 ha− 0- 0.10 0.1-

Resumo O setor que abrange desde o cultivo até a comercialização de espécies ornamentais é destaque no cenário do agronegócio, devido ao frequente aumento da demanda pelos seus produtos.Essa importância incentiva a busca por novas tecnologias que permitam o desenvolvimento de protocolos para a multiplicação de espécies de interesse comercial. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e validar a utilização do anelamento, do ethephon e da seleção do grau de maturação de ramos como técnicas para o incremento do estabelecimento de estacas de Rhododendron simsii Planch.Os tratamentos foram aplicados aos ramos das plantas matrizes, combinando-se os três fatores de estudos, sendo dois níveis de anelamento (com e sem), dois níveis de aplicação de ethephon na concentração de 900 mg L-1(com e sem aplicação) e dois graus de maturação (lenhoso e herbáceo). Verificou-se que a presença de anelamento dos ramos incrementou a taxa de estabelecimento das estacas em 43,75%, enquanto a utilização conjunta de duas técnicas, a aplicação de ethephon e a seleção de estacas herbáceas na azaleia, resultou em uma taxa de estabelecimento 56,25% maior que a média dos demais tratamentos. Dessa maneira, pode-se concluir que tanto o anelamento de ramos quanto a aplicação de ethephon, combinada à utilização de ramos herbáceos, podem ser utilizados como técnicas para o maior estabelecimento de estacas de Rhododendron simsii Planch.

Abstract The sector that ranges from cultivation to sale of ornamental species is highlighted in the agribusiness scenario, due to the frequent increase in demand for its products. This importance encourages the exploration of new technologies that allow the development of protocols for the multiplication of species of commercial interest. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate and validate the use of girdling, ethephon and the selection of degree of branch maturation as techniques for increasing the establishment of cuttings of Rhododendron simsii Planch. The treatments combining the three study factors were applied to the branches of the parent plants: two levels of girdling (with and without), two levels of application of ethephon at the concentration of 900 mg L-1 (with and without application) and two degrees of maturation (woody and herbaceous). It was found that the presence of branch girdling increased the rate of establishment of cuttings by 43.75%, while the joint use of two techniques, the application of ethephon and the selection of herbaceous cuttings, resulted in an establishment rate 56.25% higher than the average of other treatments. Thus, it can be concluded that both branch girdling and the application of ethephon combined with the use of herbaceous branches can be used as techniques for the greater establishment of cuttings of Rhododendron simsii Planch.

Abstract Improving environmental conditions in the production of seedlings by expanding the distribution of photosynthetically active radiation in abaxial leaves and protecting the substrate with straw can promote the production of higher quality seedlings. This study aimed to evaluate the reflective materials over the cultivation bench and the use of rice straw over the substrate in the formation of papaya seedlings of the group ‘Formosa’. The joint analysis was performed considering a completely randomized experimental design in a 3 x 2 factorial scheme, with five replications and six seedlings per plot. The use of aluminized screen (Aluminet®) and aluminum foil with an area of 1 m x 1.2 m as reflective material on the cultivation bench and treatment without reflective material were evaluated. Also, the presence and absence of a rice straw layer with 5 cm height, as covering over the substrate were evaluated. In the benches with aluminum foil and without reflective material, the seedling production without rice straw over the substrate provided papaya seedlings of higher quality than the rice straw over the substrate. The aluminum foil produced high-quality papaya seedlings in the treatments with rice straw over the substrate. The aluminized screen on the cultivation bench was not favorable for the papaya seedlings production.

Resumen Mejorar las condiciones ambientales en la producción de plántulas al expandir la distribución de la radiación fotosintéticamente activa en las hojas abaxiales y proteger el sustrato con paja puede promover la producción de plántulas de mayor calidad. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los materiales reflectantes sobre el banco de cultivo y el uso de paja de arroz sobre el sustrato en la formación de plántulas de papaya del grupo ‘Formosa’. El análisis conjunto se realizó considerando un diseño experimental completamente al azar en un esquema factorial 3 x 2, con cinco repeticiones y seis plántulas por parcela. Se evaluó el uso de pantalla aluminizada (Aluminet®) y papel de aluminio con un área de 1 m x 1.2 m como material reflectante en el banco de cultivo y el tratamiento sin material reflectante. Además, se evaluó la presencia y ausencia de una capa de paja de arroz con una altura de 5 cm, como cobertura sobre el sustrato. En los bancos con papel de aluminio y sin material reflectante, la producción de plántulas sin paja de arroz sobre el sustrato proporcionó plántulas de papaya de mayor calidad que la paja de arroz sobre el sustrato. El papel de aluminio produjo plántulas de papaya de alta calidad en los tratamientos con paja de arroz sobre el sustrato. La pantalla aluminizada en el banco de cultivo no fue favorable para la producción de plántulas de papaya.

RESUMEN Jabuticaba representa una de las especies nativas de explotación industrial ascendente debido a sus características organolépticas y funcionales, lo que la hace atractiva para la producción de alimentos y productos farmacéuticos. Sin embargo, la composición de las frutas no es favorable para el procesamiento, ya que las semillas constituyen gran parte de su composición. El uso de técnicas ya establecidas para otros cultivos debe estudiarse para mejorar las características de uso industrial. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el desarrollo y la calidad organoléptica de la jabuticaba, en función de la aplicación exógena de ácido giberélico en el tallo de las plantas en tres etapas reproductivas. Para esto, los tratamientos consistieron en cuatro concentraciones de ácido giberélico (0, 50, 100 y 200 mg L-1) aplicadas a los tallos de las plantas de jabuticaba en tres etapas fenológicas reproductivas (botones florales, antesis y post-floración). Se adoptó un diseño de bloques completos al azar en un esquema factorial (4×3) con seis repeticiones. Se observó que la aplicación durante la antesis y después de la floración dio como resultado valores más bajos de masa de semillas, número de semillas y mayor rendimiento de pulpa, en promedio 23.08, 22.97 y 20.87%, respectivamente. Sobre el tratamiento de los botones florales el aumento de las concentraciones de ácido giberélico también dio como resultado un aumento del rendimiento de la pulpa hasta un máximo del 12,58%. Por lo tanto, se concluyó que la aplicación de concentraciones crecientes de ácido giberélico, hasta 200 mg L-1, mejora el rendimiento de la pulpa, sin alterar las características organolépticas de los frutos de jabuticaba y que la aplicación en post-floración o antesis proporciona una mayor calidad para su industrialización.

ABSTRACT The jabuticaba is a native species that is seeing increased industrial exploitation because of its organoleptic and functional characteristics, making it attractive for food and pharmaceutical products. However, the fruit composition is not favorable for processing because of the abundance of seeds. Techniques already established for other crops should be studied to improve industrial use characteristics. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the development and organoleptic quality of jaboticaba fruits as a function of exogenous applications of gibberellic acid on the stem of plants in three reproductive stages. The treatments consisted of four concentrations of gibberellic acid (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg L-1) applied to jabuticaba plant stems in three reproductive phenological stages (flower buds, anthesis and post-flowering). A randomized complete block design was used with a factorial scheme (4×3) with six replications. It was observed that applications during anthesis and after flowering resulted in lower seed mass values and seed numbers and higher pulp yield, on average 23.08, 22.97 and 20.87%, respectively. The treatment with flower buds and increased gibberellic acid concentrations also resulted in an increased pulp yield, up to a maximum of 12.58%. Thus, it was concluded that the application of increasing concentrations of gibberellic acid, up to 200 mg L-1, improves pulp yield without altering the organoleptic characteristics of jabuticaba fruits and that applications at post-flowering or anthesis provide higher quality for industrial uses.

RESUMEN Dekopon es un tangor sin semillas de tamaño expresivo y su cosecha no es la misma que ‘Ponkan’, quien es el cultivar más comercializado. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar fisicoquímica y sensorialmente este tangor, a través de evaluaciones de sólidos solubles, acidez, proporción, vitamina C, diámetro, grosor de la cáscara, firmeza, volumen de jugo e impresiones sensoriales sobre sabor, apariencia, aroma, textura, impresión general e intención de compra. Se destacaron los altos niveles de vitamina C y el volumen de jugo que corresponde a aproximadamente al 50% del peso de la fruta con respecto a los atributos químicos. La mayoría de los puntajes atribuidos a 'Dekopon' estaban por encima de 6.0 y los de intención de compra superiores a 3.0. La fruta puede considerarse prometedora para ser comercializada debido a sus buenas características.

ABSTRACT The Dekopon is a seedless tangor of expressive size that its harvested differently than the most commercialized cultivar, Ponkan’s. The aim of this study was to physico-chemically and sensorially characterize this tangor through evaluations of soluble solids, acidity, ratio, vitamin C, diameter, peel thickness, firmness, juice volume and sensory impressions on taste, appearance, aroma, texture, overall impression and purchase intention. High levels of vitamin C and a juice volume that represented about 50% of the fruit weight stood out for the chemical attributes. Most of the 'Dekopon' scores were above 6.0, and the purchase intention scores were above 3.0. This fruit is promising for commercialization because of its good characteristics.

RESUMO Os avanços tecnológicos, no atual contexto mundial, atingem todos os setores de produção, melhorando o cotidiano das pessoas, trazendo rapidez na informação e segurança do produto. O presente trabalho apresenta uma revisão de literatura do uso da interface Agricultura 4.0 em casas de vegetação e as melhorias que essas tecnologias trouxeram ao setor. Para o setor agropecuário, em especial a área de produção vegetal intensiva em ambientes protegidos, as tecnologias da Agricultura 4.0 são amplamente aplicadas diminuindo erros humanos e garantindo produtos de elevada qualidade. A modelagem matemática, os softwares, os medidores eletrônicos, a robótica, as decisões dos sistemas inteligentes em tempo real, o controle automático das atividades em todo ciclo de produção garante a segurança de produção intensiva nos sistemas de cultivo protegido e uma ambiência vegetal de precisão. A exatidão, precisão e desempenho da Agricultura 4.0 em estufas dependem, como em outros setores agrícolas, de uma melhor comunicação entre as plataformas digitais e também de uma internet estável para a programação das máquinas e operação nos sistemas de produção.

ABSTRACT Global technological advances can be applied to all production sectors to improve people’s daily lives, efficiently deliver information, and product safety. This study is a literature review of the use of the Agricultura 4.0 interface in greenhouses and the improvements that these technologies have made to the industry. For the agricultural sector, especially intensive plant production in protected environments, Agricultura 4.0 technologies are widely used to reduce human error and ensure high quality plant products. Mathematical modeling, computer software, electronic meters, robotics, intelligent real-time system decisions, and automatic activity control throughout the production cycle guarantees extreme production safety in protected cultivation systems and precision planting environments. The accuracy, precision, and performance of Agricultura 4.0 in greenhouses depends, as in others agricultural sectors, on improved communication between digital platforms as well as in stable Internet for machine programming and operation in the production systems.

RESUMEN La propagación de la palma Syagrus romanzoffiano se realiza sexualmente a través de semillas, lo que hace que el proceso de obtención de nuevas plantas sea lento y difícil, especialmente a gran escala. Además, la germinación de la semilla es lenta, desigual y susceptible a la degradación y pérdida de vigor debido al deterioro del embrión, incluso en condiciones de laboratorio. Debido a la falta de información sobre métodos eficientes de despulpado de frutos de palma reina, con el presente estudio se buscó establecer una metodología de despulpado menos agresiva para el embrión, manteniendo la calidad de la emergencia de las plántulas. El experimento se llevó a cabo en Goiânia, Brasil, utilizando frutas de ocho plantas de stock sometidas a tres tratamientos de pre-despulpado (control, fermentación y secado) y dos métodos de despulpado (despulpado industrial y mezcladora de cemento más grava). Después de los diferentes procesos previos a la siembra, se evaluaron la masa de pirenos frescos y secos, la pulpa restante adherida al pireno y la emergencia de plántulas. Se observó que el despulpado industrial eliminó un promedio de 45% más de fibra del pireno que la mezcladora de cemento. Sin embargo, estas metodologías no presentaron diferencias en la emergencia de plantas, que se vio afectada solo por el tratamiento pre-despulpado, con superioridad en el uso de frutas frescas. Por lo tanto, se concluye que el despulpado industrial es más eficiente para la eliminación de pulpa y fibras en comparación con el mezclador de cemento. El método de despulpado no afectó significativamente la masa de pirenos. Se observaron valores de emergencia de plántulas más altos para las frutas frescas despulpadas y sembradas inmediatamente. La fermentación y la deshidratación parcial de la pulpa ejercen una influencia negativa en la emergencia de las plántulas.

ABSTRACT The propagation of the palm Syagrus romanzoffiano is done sexually with seeds, making the process of obtaining new plants slow and difficult, especially on large scales. In addition, seed germination is slow, uneven and susceptible to degradation and loss of vigor because of embryo deterioration, even under laboratory conditions. As a result of the lack of information on efficient depulping methods for queen palm fruits, the present study aimed to establish a depulping methodology that is less aggressive to embryos, maintaining emergence quality. This experiment was carried out in Goiânia, Brazil, using fruits from eight stock plants submitted to three pre-depulping treatments (control, fermentation and drying) and two depulping methods (industrial depulping and concrete-mixer with the addition of gravel). After the different pre-sowing processes, the fresh and dry pyrenes mass, remaining fibers adhered to the pyrene and seedling emergence were evaluated. The pulper removed an average of 45% more pyrene pulp than the concrete mixer. However, these methodologies did not result in differences in the emergence of plants, which was affected only by the pre-depulping treatment, with superiority in the use of fresh fruits. Thus, the pulper was more efficient for the removal of pulp and pulp fibers than the concrete mixer. The depulping method did not significantly affect the pyrenes mass. Higher seedlings emergence values were observed for the fresh fruits that were pulped and sown immediately. Fermentation and partial pulp dehydration exert a negative influence on seedling emergence.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar los efectos sobre el crecimiento de las plantas, la productividad y la calidad de la fruta estudiando la combinación entre el sistema de siembra, fertilización con nitrógeno e inoculación con Azospirillum brasilense en melón cantaloupe cultivado en ambiente protegido. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar en esquema factorial de 2x2x2, con cinco repeticiones. Los tratamientos correspondieron a: sistemas de siembra (trasplante de plántulas o siembra directa), inoculación con Azospirillum brasilense (con o sin) y fertilización con nitrógeno (con y sin). Durante la fase vegetativa, se evaluaron la altura, diámetro del cuello, número y longitud de entrenudos, así como el contenido relativo de clorofila total. También se obtuvo a los 55 días de la siembra el contenido de nitrógeno foliar, el área foliar y la masa seca. En la cosecha, se calculó el número de días entre la siembra y la cosecha, junto con la masa fresca, circunferencia, longitud, grosor de la corteza y pulpa, y el rendimiento de la fruta. Se verificó que la inoculación con A. brasiliense no alteró ninguna de las características evaluadas. Por otro lado, la siembra directa en el campo disminuyó el tiempo de producción y proporcionó un mejor desarrollo de las plantas. Sin embargo, el trasplante de plántulas y la fertilización con nitrógeno, incrementó el tamaño y la productividad de las frutas de melón Cantaloupe. Se concluyó que la combinación entre diferentes métodos de siembra, fertilización nitrogenada e inoculación con A. brasilense afecta el desarrollo y las características de las plantas y frutos de melón Cantaloupe.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects on plant development, productivity and fruit quality from combinations of planting methods, nitrogen fertilizer applications and inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense in Cantaloupe melons cultivated in a protected environment. A randomized blocks design was adopted with a 2x2x2 factorial scheme with five replications. The treatments consisted of combinations of planting methods (pre-established seedlings or direct field sowing), inoculation with A. brasilense (with or without) and nitrogen fertilization (with and without). During the vegetative phase, the height, stem diameter, number and length of plant internodes and relative chlorophyll content were evaluated. Fifty-five days after planting, the leaf nitrogen content, leaf area and dry mass were measured. At harvest, the number of days between planting and harvesting was calculated, and the fresh weight, circumference, length, bark and pulp thickness and fruit productivity were evaluated. It was verified that A. brasilense did not affect any of the evaluated characteristics. On the other hand, direct field seed sowing decreased the production time and provided good plant development. However, the size and productivity of the fruits were higher when pre-established seedlings were used, with or without inoculation with A. brasilense, fertilized with nitrogen. It was concluded that the combinations of the different sowing methods, nitrogen fertilization and inoculation with A. brasilense affected the development and characteristics of the Cantaloupe melon plants and fruits.

ABSTRACT Melon is responsive to the cultivation environment and the production techniques that are used, factors crucial for obtaining high quality fruits. The objective of this research was to study the vegetative growth, productive potential and quality of Cantaloupe melon fruits as a function of a reduction of spacing in two growing environments. Using a randomized block design, melon plants (cv. Trinity) were cultivated in an open field and a protected environment, with five different spacing between plants (15, 25, 35, 45 and 55 cm). It was observed that the plant growth rates, leaf emission rate, thickness of bark and pulp, total soluble solids content, and ratio were higher with the protected cultivation. For spacing, the increase influenced, in a linear and positive manner, the characteristics of dry mass of plants, fresh mass of fruits and thickness of the pulp. However, increasing the plant density increased productivity. For growth velocity, foliar emission velocity and fruit length and circumference, maximum points were observed when the plants were spaced at 47.50, 53.75, 49.95 and 47.51 cm from each other, respectively. Considering these results, for regions with similar conditions to the present study, the cultivation of the Cantaloupe melon is favored when conducted under protected cultivation conditions, with a plant spacing between 45 and 55 cm.

RESUMO A cultura do melão é responsiva ao ambiente de cultivo e às técnicas de produção utilizadas, sendo estes fatores cruciais para a obtenção de frutos de maior qualidade. Desta forma, objetivou-se estudar, o crescimento vegetativo, o potencial produtivo e a qualidade de frutos de meloeiro Cantaloupe em função da redução do espaçamento em dois ambientes de cultivo. Em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, plantas de meloeiro, cultivar Trinity, foram cultivadas em campo aberto e ambiente protegido, sob cinco espaçamentos entre plantas (15, 25, 35, 45 e 55 cm). Observou-se que a taxa de crescimento de plantas, a taxa de emissão foliar, bem como a espessura de casca e polpa, o teor de sólidos solúveis, e o ratio foram superiores sob cultivo protegido. Em relação aos espaçamentos, verificou-se que seu aumento influenciou, de forma linear e positiva, as características de massa seca de plantas, massa fresca de frutos e espessura da polpa. No entanto, o aumento da densidade de plantas aumentou a produtividade. Para velocidade de crescimento, velocidade de emissão foliar e comprimento e circunferência de fruto constataram-se pontos de máximos de 47,50; 53,75; 49,95 e 47,51 cm, respectivamente. Em vista dos resultados, para regiões com condições semelhantes à do presente estudo, o cultivo do meloeiro Cantaloupe é favorecido em condições de cultivo protegido e espaçamentos entre 45 e 55 cm na linha de plantio.

RESUMEN El cultivo de Crambe abyssinica, es explotado comercialmente en Brasil, así la importancia de desarrollar estudios que posibiliten el perfeccionamiento de las técnicas involucradas en su producción. La plantación sobre restos culturales de diferentes especies de cobertura puede aumentar el desarrollo vegetativo y productivo del crambe. Así, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el desarrollo vegetativo y reproductivo del crambe cultivado sobre restos culturales de diferentes especies, en sucesión al cultivo de lechuga crespa. El delineamiento experimental utilizado fue en bloques al azar. Los tratamientos correspondieron a restos culturales de plantas de cobertura, siendo estas: crotalária (Crotalaria juncea), frijol guandu (Cajanus cajan), frijol de porco (Canavalia ensiformis), milheto (Pennisetum glaucum) y sorgo (Sorghum bicolor), además de un tratamiento control, con uso de vegetación espontánea. A los 49 días se evaluó altura de planta, diámetro de tallo, número de hojas, contenido relativo de clorofila, número de ramas laterales, masa seca y fresca de la parte aérea. Las variables productivas se evaluaron a los 95 días después de la siembra, obteniendo la masa de granos por planta, el peso hectolitro de los granos. Posteriormente fue estimada la productividad de cada tratamiento y el ingreso bruto. Se verificó que mantener los restos culturales de plantas de cobertura beneficia el desarrollo vegetativo de la cultura de crambe y no altera la productividad de los granos. Esta técnica aumenta el beneficio económico del cultivo, siendo recomendada durante el barbecho, en detrimento del manejo de plantas espontáneas.

ABSTRACT Although the crambe is commercially exploited in Brazil, there is a demand for studies that allow the improvement of the techniques involved in its cultivation. Planting on residues of different species can provide greater vegetative and reproductive development. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the vegetative and reproductive development of crambe cultivated on residue of different species, in succession to the cultivation of lettuce. The experimental design was a randomized block design, with six treatments containing the following cover crops residues: crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), porcine bean (Canavalia ensiformis), millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), besides a control treatment, with the use of spontaneous vegetation. At 49 days the vegetative development was evaluated by measuring plant height, stem diameter at the soil level, number of leaves, relative content of leaf chlorophyll, number of lateral branches, fresh and dry biomass of shoot. The productive variables were evaluated at 95 days after planting, obtaining the grain mass per plant, the hectoliter weight of the grains and estimating the productivity of each treatment, as well as its gross revenue. It was verified that the maintenance of residue of cover crops benefits the vegetative development of the crambe crop, without statistically altering grain yield. However, this technique results in an economic benefit, with the increase in gross revenue, being recommended during the fallow, to the detriment of the management of spontaneous plants.

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of applying a paclobutrazol growth regulator on plants and plant spacing in the planting lines of industrial tomatoes was evaluated. The experiment was conducted from July to October. A randomized block strategy in a 5×2 factorial design (spacing x presence or absence of paclobutrazol) was used. The length of the main stem and stem diameter of the plants, chlorophyll content in leaves, total production (t ha-1), average number of fruits and fresh fruit weight, distribution of ripe, unripe and rotten fruits, number of ripe and unripe fruits, average weight of ripe and unripe fruits, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, pH, SS/TA ratio, percentage of compression and maximum strength to break and paclobutrazol residue in fruits were all determined. The results showed that Paclobutrazol influences the length of rods and chlorophyll content in leaves up to 15 days after transplanting, showing that the effect of the regulator is limited during the culture cycle. And, the regulator did not influence the production parameters of the industrial tomatoes. The application of PBZ did not influence any of the chemical or physical quality parameters that were evaluated. The plant densities studied did not alter the production and fruit quality components of the tomato. No residues of paclobutrazol were detected in tomato fruits for industrial processing that received an application of the regulator in the seedlings.

RESUMEN O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação do regulador de crescimento paclobutrazol nas mudas e do espaçamento entre plantas na linha de plantio do tomate industrial. O experimento foi conduzido de julho a outubro de 2013 em Anápolis, GO. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial de 5×2 (espaçamento × presença ou ausência de paclobutrazol). Foram determinados o comprimento da haste principal e diâmetro médio do caule das plantas, teor de clorofila nas folhas, produção total (t ha-1), número médio de frutos e massa fresca de frutos, distribuição dos frutos em maduro, verde e deteriorados, número de frutos maduro e verde, massa média de frutos maduro e verde, teores de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, pH, relação SS/AT, porcentagem de compressão e força máxima para rompimento da epiderme e resíduo de paclobutrazol nos frutos. Os resultados mostraram que a aplicação de paclobutrazol influencia até os 15 após o transplantio o comprimento das hastes e o teor de clorofila nas folhas, mostrando que o efeito do regulador é limitado durante o ciclo da cultura, não influenciando sobre os parâmetros de produção do tomate industrial. A aplicação de PBZ não influenciou em nenhum dos parâmetros de qualidade química e física avaliados. As densidades de plantio estudadas não alteraram os componentes de produção e qualidade de frutos do tomateiro. Não foram detectados resíduos de paclobutrazol em frutos de tomateiro para processamento industrial que receberam a aplicação do regulador nas mudas.