ABSTRACT The Crop-Livestock Integration system has sustainable potential. But pests such as the defoliating caterpillar Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) can reduce the productivity of this system. The objective was to report transgenic maize and Brachiaria brizantha (A. Rich.) (Poaceae) plants attacked by S. frugiperda in the Crop-Livestock Integration system. Feroz VIP3 ® transgenic maize (SYN8A98 TLTG Viptera) and B. brizantha MG-5 Xaraés plants attacked by S. frugiperda were evaluated 20 days after planting, weekly and for 28 days. The transgenic maize plants were less attacked by S. frugiperda than those of B. brizantha. The negative impact of this pest on B. brizantha suggests the planning and adopting strategies for its control, such as the use of traps, resistant cultivars, and biological or chemical products, minimizing losses in animal production and, consequently, in human food.

ABSTRACT The study of arthropod communities foraging on monocultures of native plants (e.g. Caryocar brasiliense) in biodiversity hotspots (e.g. Brazilian Cerrado) is important to understand the processes driving their performance. This study evaluated the possible interactions between galling herbivores, free-feeding arthropods, and of their natural enemies on C. brasiliense trees, in an orchard (monoculture). The possible competition observed were: i) between galling insects with defoliators and phytophagous mites, ii) between sucking insects, iii) between phytophagous mites and, iv) between Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) with Histiostoma sp. (Acari: Histiostomidae) on C. brasiliense trees. Numbers of predators and prey, parasitoids and hosts, and predators and parasitoids were directly related among them. The competitive interactions between herbivorous predator and parasitoid may reduce Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) populations, a potential pest of C. brasiliense. The predator Zelus armillatus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and the parasitoids Sycophila sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) and Ablerus magistretti (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) are important to determine the numbers of Eurytoma sp. and of its galls. These natural enemies may be important to control this galling insect on C. brasiliense trees. The arthropod competition affected their guild associated to C. brasiliense trees.

Pela primeira vez foi identificado o inseto herbívoro que induz uma das galhas foliares mais conspícuas em Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Caryocaraceae), uma planta amplamente distribuída no Cerrado brasileiro e de relevante importância econômica. O galhador identificado, preliminarmente, como uma nova espécie ainda não descrita de Eurytoma (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae). Além disso, foi observado a distribuição espacial desse galhador na copa das árvores de C. brasiliense. O lado leste da planta apresentou maior abundância de galhas de Eurytoma sp. seguido pelos lados sudeste e nordeste. No interior da copa houve um maior número de galhas em relação à porção mais externa. Em relação às folhas, a maior abundância ocorreu na porção mediana comparada às regiões proximal e distal, provavelmente devido ao menor número de tricomas na porção mais central da folha. Após colonizar cerca de 50% das folhas marginais Eurytoma sp. inicia a colonização das folhas na porção central da folha.

For the first time, we identified the insect herbivore that induces one of the most conspicuous galls on the leaves of Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Caryocaraceae), a widespread, typical cerrado woody plant of large economic importance. The gall inducing organism is a new and undescribed species of Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae). Furthermore, we recorded its spatial distribution within C. brasiliense trees. More Eurytoma galls were found on the eastern tree slope, followed the southern and northern slopes. More galls were found in the interior of the tree crown, i.e., on the proximal portion of the stems compared to the terminal portion. At the leaf level, more galls were found on the median region compared to the distal or proximal, perhaps due to the lower trichome density found in there. Leaf colonization by Eurytoma sp. may initiate at the leaf margin but after colonization reaches 50% the central portion starts to be colonized.

O objetivo deste estudo foi testar a influência de quatro concentrações do hormônio vegetal ácido indolbutírico (AIB) (0, 500, 1.000 e 2.000 ppm) na obtenção de alporques de Caryocar brasiliense Camb (Caryocaraceae) fitossanitariamente adequados. Avaliou-se o efeito direto desse hormônio na indução de galha por Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) nas folhas dos alporques, bem como o seu efeito indireto sobre os parasitóides de Eurytoma sp. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições, cada parcela experimental com dois alporques, e cinco tratamentos: 1) sem anelamento; 2) anelado + 0 ppm de AIB; 3) anelado + 500 ppm de AIB; 4) anelado + 1.000 ppm de AIB; e 5) anelado + 2.000 ppm de AIB. Não houve diferença significativa (p>0,05) nas taxas de enraizamento dos alporques, de raízes/alporque, de comprimento da maior raiz/alporque, de taxas de calejamento e de sobrevivência dos ramos anelados. Também, não se verificou diferença estatística entre os tratamentos quanto ao número do parasitóide Quadrastichus sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) e das características morfológicas externas das galhas induzidas por Eurytoma sp. Entretanto, observaram-se efeito positivo entre as concentrações de AIB e o número de galhas e maior número de adultos de Eurytoma sp. e de seu principal parasitóide Sycophila sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) na concentração de 2.000 ppm de AIB. Esses dados indicam que esse galhador pode selecionar partes da planta ou plantas com maior concentração de hormônio. Devido à baixa efetividade desse hormônio na produção de estacas para a propagação assexuada de C. brasiliense, mais estudos são necessários devido ao fato de esta ser uma das mais importantes espécies no bioma Cerrado. Estudos futuros também são necessários para elucidar o envolvimento do AIB na formação de galhas e o seu impacto indireto na comunidade de parasitóides associados.

The aim of this study was to test the influence of indol butiric acid (IBA) at four levels (0, 500, 1000, and 2000 ppm) to obtain healthy air layering of Caryocar brasiliense Camb (Caryocaraceae). In addition, we also observed the direct effect of this hormone on the success of leaf gall induction by Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), and its indirect effect on galling insect parasitoids. A complete randomized design was used, with three replicates of each plot containing two air layering, and five treatments: 1) no girdling, 2) girdled + 0ppm IBA; 3) girdled + 500ppm IBA; 4) girdled + 1000ppm IBA, 5) girdled + 2000ppm IBA. The rates of air layering rooting, root/air layering, largest root length/air layering, callus formation and girdled shoots survival were not influenced by the different concentrations of IBA (p> 0.05). Furthermore, the number of the parasitoid Quadrastichus sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and external morphological traits of the gall induced by Eurytoma sp. were not influenced by the different treatments. However, a positive relationship was found between IBA concentration and galls successfully induced, and between the number of adults of the galling Eurytoma sp. and its major parasitoid, Sycophila sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) with 2.000ppm of IBA. These data indicate that the galling insect may select plant modules or plants with higher hormone concentration and that IBA may play a role in gall induction. Due to the low success of this hormone in the asexual propagation of C. brasiliense more studies are needed as this plant is one of the most important species in the Brazilian woodland savanna biome. Further studies are also needed to address hormone role in gall formation and its indirect effect on the community of associated parasitoids.