Resumen En este trabajo se describen los resultados más relevantes de una estrategia de aprendizaje activo diseñada como herramienta complementaria para mejorar los procesos de enseñanza de nomenclatura orgánica en estudiantes que cursan química orgánica general en la Universidad del Cauca (Popayán-Colombia). Este proceso se realizó utilizando una metodología definida en tres etapas: planificación, implementación y validación. En una primera etapa, de acuerdo al tipo de compuestos orgánicos, se diseñaron ocho (8) materiales interactivos soportados sobre la plataforma Genial.ly. Estudiantes de varios programas académicos participaron de la propuesta pedagógica y mediante trabajo colaborativo, cada estudiante exploró las plataformas interactivas en cuatro (4) sesiones, distribuidas según la temática de estudio, desde hidrocarburos hasta derivados de ácido. Finalmente, a través de encuestas dirigidas y un test de evaluación, se validó la eficacia de la dinámica de innovación educativa en sus componentes: operatividad, contenidos y percepción en la aplicación de las herramientas empleadas. El análisis de los resultados evidenció un alto grado de aceptación en la mayoría de los participantes (80-90%). De igual forma, el test final de evaluación realizado entre los grupos denominados como experimental y control, mostró que los mejores resultados obtenidos corresponden a aquellos estudiantes que participaron en las actividades propuestas, el 71.4 % del total de evaluados ganaron la prueba. Los estudiantes del grupo control presentaron un menor rendimiento en la prueba, solo el 40.0 % la aprobaron.

Abstract The present document describes the most relevant results from an active-learning activity design as a complementary tool to improve learning process of organic nomenclature on students from general organic chemistry course at Universidad del Cauca (Popayán-Colombia). This process was developed using a defined method in three parts: planning, setting, and validating. The first stage, according to organic compounds, eight (8) different interactive class materials from Genial.ly website were design. Secondly, students from various academic programs participated, and through collaborative work, each student handled the interactive program during four sessions, spread accordingly to the topic: from hydrocarbons to acid derivates. Finally, through guided surveys and an evaluation test, the activity’s innovative dynamic efficiency was evaluated under three components: effectiveness, content, and perceptions of applied tools. Results threw a high grade of acceptance on most of participants (80-90 %). Same way, the final test among experimental and control groups showed better results belonging to students participating in the activity with a total of 71.4% of students that passed the evaluating test. Control group students presented a lower performance on the test with only 40% of evaluated students approved.

Resumen Las 2,2’:6’,2’’-terpiridinas se consideran precursores versátiles para la obtención de complejos metálicos con gran uso en importantes aplicaciones, tanto en ciencia básica como aplicada, razón por lo cual deben explorarse metodologías de síntesis con rutas alternativas que, al ser comparadas con las tradicionales, se destaquen por presentar mejores resultados y con un mayor impacto en nuestro entorno. La apropiación de estas alternativas, junto con el cumplimiento de un diseño experimental bien planeado, permitirá trascender en la formación de nuestros estudiantes en conceptos de síntesis orgánica con un enfoque enmarcado dentro de la química verde. En esta investigación, se describe el uso de la reacción de Kröhnke, como estrategia modelo para evaluar la conveniencia de un diseño experimental 3x2 enfocado en la obtención de una serie de 4’-aril-2,2’:6’,2’’-terpiridinas, mediante calentamiento por irradiación microondas. Para lo cual se desarrolla una secuencia didáctica como método de enseñanza-aprendizaje en el laboratorio para que estudiantes de química y ciencias afines, puedan desarrollar un diseño experimental en diferentes contextos, por medio de una metodología guiada paso a paso, con la cual se logren los objetivos de aprendizaje esperados. De este modo, se estudiaron los parámetros, potencia de microondas y tiempo de irradiación, como variables determinantes en el proceso y en los rendimientos de reacción. La caracterización de los compuestos obtenidos se realizó a través de técnicas espectroscópicas y espectrofotométricas.

Abstract The 2,2’:6’,2’’-terpirydines are considered versatile precursors for obtaining metal complexes widely used in important applications, both in basic and applied science. For this reason, synthetic methodologies with alternative routes should be explored that, when compared with traditional ones, stand out for presenting better results and with a greater impact on our environment. The appropriation of these alternatives, together with the fulfillment of a well-planned experimental design, will allow us to transcend the training of our students in concepts of organic synthesis with an approach framed within green chemistry. In this research, the use of the Kröhnke reaction is described as a model strategy to evaluate the suitability of a 3x2 experimental design focused on obtaining a series of 4’-aryl-2,2’:6’,2’’-terpyridines, by microwave irradiation heating. For which a didactic sequence is proposed as a teaching-learning method in the laboratory, so that chemistry and related sciences students can carry out an experimental design in various contexts, through a step-by-step guided methodology, in which the expected learning objectives are achieved. The parameters, microwave power and irradiation time, were studied as determining variables in the process and the reaction yields. The characterization of the compounds was carried out through the measurement of their physical properties, spectroscopic and spectrophotometric techniques.

The aim of this investigation was to compare the relationship between different components of physical fitness with academic performance in public school students from La Serena, Chile. To perform the analysis, data from the following test was collected: Test Course-Navette, horizontal broad jump, body mass index (B.M.I.) and waist perimeter, test applied to public school students during 2019; as well as grades averages from Language, Mathematics, Sciences, History, Physical Education, and grade point average. The data from 1629 students from 19 different schools were included for the analysis. To compare the relationship between the mentioned variables, the Spearman correlation coefficient was applied through IBM® SPSS® statistics. Of the four test considered, waist perimeter and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2máx) were the ones with the highest number of statistically significant relationships with the different subjects and grade point average, with 3 out of 6 (50%) and 4 out of 6 (66,6%) respectively. According to the obtained results, it concludes that a significant relationship exists between the variables waist perimeter and VO2máx with academic performance in students from public schools from La Serena, Chile, so it is proposed to dedicate efforts and to use better strategies to strengthen both variables of physical fitness in educational institutions with the purpose to stimulate the academic performance of the students.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue comparar la relación entre distintos componentes de la condición física con el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes de colegios municipales de La Serena, Chile. Para llevar a cabo dicho análisis, se recogieron los datos de las siguientes pruebas: Test Course-Navette, prueba de salto horizontal, índice de masa corporal (I.M.C), y perímetro de cintura, pruebas aplicadas a los estudiantes de colegios municipales durante 2019; así como sus promedios de notas en las asignaturas de Lenguaje, Matemática, Ciencias, Historia, Educación Física y el promedio general. Los datos de 1629 estudiantes de 19 colegios distintos fueron incluidos para su análisis. Para comparar la relación entre las variables mencionadas, se aplicó el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman mediante el programa estadístico IBM® SPPS®. De las cuatro pruebas consideradas, el perímetro de cintura y el consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2máx) fueron los que presentaron mayor cantidad de relaciones estadísticamente significativas con las distintas asignaturas y promedio general, con 3 de 6 (50%) y 4 de 6 (66,6%) respectivamente. Según los resultados obtenidos, se concluye que existe una relación significativa entre las variables perímetro de cintura y VO2máx con el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes de colegio de dependencia municipal en la comuna de La Serena, Chile, por lo que se propone dedicar esfuerzos y usar mejores estrategias para fortalecer ambas variables de la condición física en las instituciones educativas con el fin de favorecer el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes.

Introducción: Los combates armados generan heridas oculares complejas con mal pronóstico visual. Nuestro objetivo es caracterizar la población militar que sufre trauma ocular de combate en Colombia asociado a minas antipersona, así como las características de las lesiones, el tratamiento recibido y desenlace visual final. Métodos: Se evaluó retrospectivamente las historias clínicas de soldados atendidos en el Hospital Pablo Tobon Uribe, que sufrieron accidente por mina antipersona durante el período entre enero de 2004 y diciembre de 2012. Resultados: 635 soldados, sufrieron trauma por mina antipersona; de estos, 153 (226 ojos) tuvieron trauma ocular. El 29.6% tuvieron trauma abierto. Se calculó el Ocular Trauma Score en 183 ojos. El 45% de los ojos se clasificaron como categoría 3. Tres pacientes tuvieron una visión final de no percepción de luz por ambos ojos. El 97.3% de los ojos tuvieron tratamiento farmacológico y 49.1% recibieron cirugía además. Se realizó evisceración primaria en el 5.8% y enucleación en 1.8%. Se logró comprobar cuerpo extraño intraocular por ecografía en el 11.1% y por tomografía de órbitas en el 5.8%. Once pacientes fueron legalmente ciegos, al momento de abandonar el hospital. Conclusiones: Las principales medidas terapéuticas asociadas con mejoría del pronóstico visual son el cierre primario de herida y la administración de antibióticos; aunque las características de las heridas oculares son el principal factor pronóstico. El Ocular Trauma Score es una herramienta útil para determinar el pronóstico visual en trauma ocular de combate.

Introduction: Currently ocular combat injuries are complex and associated with poor visual outcomes. Our objective is to characterize the military population that suffer land mine combat ocular trauma in Colombia and identify the type of wound, treatment and visual outcomes. Methods: Retrospectively review of medical history of soldiers evaluated in Pablo Tobon Uribe Hospital, whom had land mine trauma during January of 2004 and December 2012. Results: 635 soldiers had land mine trauma, 153 of them had ocular trauma (226 eyes). Open ocular trauma was observed in 29.6%. The Ocular Trauma Score was calculated in 183 eyes, the initial visual acuity was not possible to be reported in the rest of them; the 45% of the eyes were classified in category 3. Three patients had no light perception in both eyes. 97.3% of the eyes received medical treatment and 49.1% had surgery also. Primary evisceration was made in 5.8% and enucleation in 1.8%. Intraocular foreign body was observed by ultrasonography in 11.1% and in 5.8% by orbital tomography. Eleven patients were legally blind at discharge. Conclusions: The ocular trauma related to a land mine is highly destructive at an ocular level. The treatments associated with better visual outcomes are primary closure of globe and systemic antibiotics; although the characteristics of the wound itself are the main prognostic factor. The Ocular trauma score is a useful tool for determining visual outcome in combat ocular trauma.

Background: The progress in material science and the recent advances in biodegradable/biocompatible polymers and magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have led to develop innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for diseases based on multifunctional nanoparticles, which include contrast medium for magnetic resonance imaging, agent for hyperthermia and nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery. The aim of this work is to synthesize and characterize superparamagnetic iron oxide (magnetite), and to encapsulate them into poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Results: The magnetite nanoparticles were confirmed by X-ray diffraction and exhibited a size of 22.3 ± 8.8 nm measured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Polymeric PHBV nanoparticles loaded with magnetite (MgNPs) were analyzed using dynamic light scattering and showed a size of 258.6 ± 35.7 nm and a negative zeta potential (-10.8 ± 3.5 mV). The TEM examination of MgNPs exhibited a spherical core-shell structure and the magnetic measurements showed in both, non-encapsulated magnetite and MgNPs, a superparamagnetic performance. Finally, the in vitro studies about the magnetic retention of MgNPs in a segment of small intestine of rats showed an active accumulation in the region of the magnetic field. Conclusions: The results obtained make the MgNPs suitable as potential magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents, also promoting hyperthermia and even as potential nanocarriers for site-specific transport and delivery of drugs.

BACKGROUND: The role of mycoplasmas on the development and sequelae of pelvic inflammatory disease remains controversial. The objective of the present study is to correlate directly the presence of Mycoplasmateceae through polimerase chain reaction (PCR) determinations in cervix and Fallopian tubes of infertile patients with tubo-peritoneal factor diagnosed through laparoscopy. METHODS: Thirty patients with tubo-peritoneal infertility and 30 normal fertile patients were included in the study; cervical samples and tubal flushings were obtained during laparoscopy. PCR determinations for the detection of genetic material of Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealiticum, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis in cervix and tubal flushings were performed. RESULTS: No Mycoplasmataceae species as "only" microorganisms were found in tubal flushings of tubo-peritoneal infertility patients, whereas three (10%) fertile patients with normal tubes were positive for mycoplasma presence. This difference was not significant (p = 0.237). Among the 30 patients suffering from tubal infertility diagnosed through laparoscopy, Mycoplasmatecae species were not detected in the Fallopian tubes by PCR determinations, while in normal tubes from fertile patients these and other microorganisms could be found without distorting tubal anatomy. CONCLUSION: Mycoplasmateceae species were not detected in Fallopian tubes of women with tubo-peritoneal infertility.

Background: Infection of the Fallopian tubes (FT) by Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ngo) can lead to acute salpingitis, an inflammatory condition resulting in damage primarily to the ciliated cells, with loss of ciliary activity and sloughing of the cells from the epithelium. Recently, we have shown that Ngo infection induced apoptosis in FT epithelium cells by a TNF-alpha dependent mechanism that could contribute to the cell and tissue damage observed in gonococcal salpingitis. Aim: To investigate the apoptosis-related genes expressed during apoptosis induction in cultured FT epithelial cells infected in vitro by Ngo. Materials and Methods: In the current study, we used cDNA macroarrays and real time PCR to identify and determine the expression levels of apoptosis related genes during the in vitro gonococci infection of FT epithelial cells. Results: Significant apoptosis was induced following infection with Ngo. Macroarray analysis identified the expression of multiple genes of the TNF receptor family (TNFRSF1B, -4, -6, -10A, -10B and -10D) and the Bcl-2 family (BAK1, BAX, BLK, HRK and MCL-1) without differences between controls and infected cells. This lack of difference was confirmed by RT-PCR of BAX, Bcl-2, TNFRS1A (TNFR-I) and TNFRSF1B (TNFR-II). Conclusion: Several genes related to apoptosis are expressed in primary cultures of epithelial cells of the human Fallopian tube. Infection with Ngo induces apoptosis without changes in the pattern of gene expression of several apoptosis-related genes. Results strongly suggest that Ngo regulates apoptosis in the FT by post-transcriptional mechanisms that need to be further addressed

Estradiol (E2) accelerates oviductal egg transport through nongenomic pathways involving oviductal protein phosphorylation in non-mated rats, and through genomic pathways in mated rats. Here we investigated the ability of cervico-vaginal stimulation (CVS) to switch the mode of action of E2 in the absence of other male-associated components. Pro-estrous rats were subjected to CVS with a glass rod and 12 hours later were injected subcutaneously with E2 and intrabursally with the RNA synthesis inhibitor Actinomycin D or the protein phosphorylation inhibitor H-89. The number of eggs in the oviduct, assessed 24 h later, showed that Actinomycin D, but not H-89 blocked the E2-induced egg transport acceleration. This clearly indicates that CVS alone, without other mating-associated signals, is able to shift E2 signaling from nongenomic to genomic pathways. Since mating and CVS activate a neuroendocrine reflex that causes iterative prolactin (PRL) surges, the involvement of PRL pathway in this phenomenon was evaluated. Prolactin receptor mRNA and protein expression in the rat oviduct was demonstrated by RT-PCR and Western blot, but their levels were not different on day 2 of the cycle (C2) or pregnancy (P2). Activated ST AT 5a/b (phosphorylated) was detected by Western blot on P2 in the ovary, but not in the oviduct, showing that mating does not stimulate this PRL signalling pathway in the oviduct. Other rats subjected to CVS in the evening of pro-estrus were treated with bromoergocriptine to suppress PRL surges. In these rats, H-89 did not block the E2-induced acceleration of egg transport suggesting that PRL surges are not essential to shift E2 signaling pathways in the oviduct. We conclude that CVS is one of the components of mating that shifts E2 signaling in the oviduct from nongenomic to genomic pathways, and this effect is independent of PRL surges elicited by mating

Hydrolysis of albumin (BSA), as a model protein, in 6N HCl inside a PFA screw capped sample vial, was analysed at diferent times by heating in a household microwave oven. The protein hydrolisis reaction times were followed through molecular filtration chromatography, by measuring in a UV monitor at 254 nm, the decreasing in protein and increasing in free amino acids (tyrosine) peak´s absorbances, of the samples eluted from a Sephadex G-25 column. The total hydrolysis of the protein was achieved after 30 minutes and at a half of the nominal power of the microwave oven (approx. 300 W). The method was succesfully applied to the hydrolysis of the protein present in fish meal, as previous preparation of the sample, for later determination of basic amino acids and biogenic amines, by ion exchange chromatography, followed by HPLC

La hidrólisis de albúmina (BSA), utilizada como una proteína modelo, en HCl 6N en el interior de una cápsula de teflón PFA con tapa atornillada, fue analizada a diferentes tiempos de calentamiento en un horno de microondas doméstico. Los tiempos de la reacción de hidrólisis de la proteína fueron seguidos, por cromatografía de filtración molecular, a través de la disminución de la absorbancia, medida en un monitor UV a 254 nm, del peak proteico y aumento de la correspondiente a aminoácidos libres (tirosina), en las muestras eluídas de una columna de Sephadex G-25. La hidrólisis completa de la proteína fue obtenida después de 30 minutos, cuando se utilizó la mitad de la potencia nominal del horno de microondas (aproximadamente 300W). El método fue aplicado satisfactoriamente a la hidrólisis de la proteína presente en harinas de pescado, como preparación previa de la muestra, para determinar posteriormente los aminoácidos básicos y aminas biógenas, por cromatografía de intercambio iónico, seguida de HPLC

Estradiol accelerates oviductal embryo transport in the rat through changes of genomic expression in oviductal cells. However, the genes involved are unknown. We used a differential display by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to detect estradiol (E2)-dependent genes in the rat oviduct. Rats on day 2 of pregnancy were untreated or treated with 10 µg of E2 and the oviducts were extracted at 30, 180 and 360 min later and used to isolate RNA. Products of reverse transcriptase-PCR, made with pairs of arbitrary and oligo-deoxythymidine primers, were separated on denaturing polyacrylamide gels and candidate bands were excised and reamplified. Truly positive cDNA fragments determined by a single strand conformation polymorphism assay were cloned and sequenced. A ribonuclease protection assay confirmed that clone 25 is up-regulated by E2 in the oviduct at 30, 180 and 360 min. This clone exhibited no homology with known genes and in situ hybridization showed it is only expressed in the epithelial cells of the isthmic segment. Clone 25 is likely to represent a new gene, which is up-regulated by E2 in the epithelium of the isthmic segment of the rat oviduct. Its time frame of response is compatible with a mediator of the effect of E2 on oviductal embryo transport