A multiphase- hydrodynamic model was solved with the phase field method and the Cahn-Hilliard equation to simulate the behavior of particle injection with nitrogen as conveying gas through a submerged lance into a lead bath in two dimensions. The residence and mixing time were obtained for different operating parameters like gas flow rate, lance depth, and different kettle and lance dimensions. The residence and mixing time decreased when the injection rate and the lance diameter increased. Therefore, the particle will have less opportunity to react with the liquid bath decreasing the refining metal processes efficiency. When the lance height and kettle dimensions were increased, the residence and mixing time also increased. In order to have an efficient disengagement of the particles from the carrier gas within molten lead, the operating parameters must take into account the residence and mixing times. The Cahn-Hilliard equation represents adequately the hydrodynamic behavior in the lance-kettle system studied.

In the present studies potentiostatic were conducted in a cell experimental electro remediation, a real soil type sand (93% sand) contaminated by oxidation mining waste from the zone Zimapan Hidalgo, was used deionized water, 0.001 M CH3COOH and C3HCOONH4 either as ground or as wetting electrolyte, we applied a constant potential of 20 V for 24 hours. At the end of the experiments was recovered soil pH was determined, showing that the soil has a high buffering capacity. The electrical conductivity showed a decrease in soil and an increase in electrolytes, which was attributed to ion migration of contaminants due to the imposition of electric potential, at the end of the experiments was achieved with removal of 12% (98 ppm ) for Pb, 20% (7 ppm) for Cd and 22% (79 ppm As).

En el presente trabajo se realizaron estudios potenciostáticos en una celda de electrorremediación experimental, de un suelo real tipo arenoso (93% arena) contaminado por la oxidación residuos mineros proveniente de la zona de Zimapán Hidalgo, se utilizó agua desionizada, CH3COOH y CH3COONH4 0.001 M, ya sea como humectante del suelo o como electrolitos, se aplicó un potencial constante de 20 V durante 24 horas. Al terminar los experimentos se recuperó el suelo, se determinó el pH, observándose que el suelo presenta una gran capacidad de amortiguamiento. La conductividad eléctrica presentó una disminución en el suelo y un incremento en los electrolitos, el cual fue atribuido a la migración iónica de los contaminantes debido a la imposición del potencial eléctrico; al final de los experimentos se logró una remoción de 12 % (98 ppm) para Pb, 20 % (7 ppm) para Cd y 22 % para As (79 ppm).

En el presente trabajo, se llevó a cabo una evaluación de las propiedades termodinámicas y diagramas de fase de los sistemas NiO-SiO2, Cu2O-SiO2 y SiO2- NiO-Cu2O mediante la aplicación del modelo estructural de escorias para la fase líquida. Este modelo termodinámico considera que cada óxido metálico produce una reacción de depolimerización de la red de SiO2 involucrando un cambio en la energía libre de Gibbs del sistema. Un programa que lleva a cabo una optimización por mínimos cuadrados, permite que todos los datos termodinámicos y diagramas de fases sean optimizados simultáneamente para los sistemas binarios. De esta forma, los datos de estos sistemas binarios han sido analizados y representados con un número pequeño de parámetros de ajuste. El modelo estructural para sistemas binarios se extrapoló para sistemas ternarios considerando una mezcla aleatoria de cationes Cu+ y Ni2+, debido a que los sistemas binarios Cu2OSiO2 y NiO-SiO2 presentan comportamientos termodinámicos distintos, el sistema ternario SiO2- NiO-Cu2O se propone como diagrama de fase tentativo.

In this work, the evaluation of the thermodynamic properties and phase diagrams of the NiO-SiO2, Cu2O-SiO2 and SiO2- NiO-Cu2O systems is presented in which a structural model is used for the liquid phase. This thermodynamic model is based on the assumption that each metallic oxide produces the depolymerization reaction of silica network with a characteristic Gibbs free energy change. A least squares optimization program permits all available thermodynamic and phase diagram data to be optimized simultaneously for the binary systems. In this manner, data for these binary systems have been analyzed and represented with a small number of parameters. The binary structural model is extended to the ternary system assuming a random mixing of cations Cu+ and Ni2+, since the Cu2O-SiO2 and NiO-SiO2 binary systems exhibit dissimilar thermodynamic behavior, the SiO2- NiO-Cu2O ternary system is proposed as a tentative phase diagram.