Abstract Unconventional food plants (PANC) are spontaneous or cultivated plants capable of expanding the sources of nutrients available to the population and promoting food sovereignty and security. Despite the potential that PANC represent, most native species in Brazil are not part of the most consumed food group in the country. The objective of this work was to analyze the state of the art of academic research related to PANC, using a bibliometric analysis of research and world scientific production on the subject. A total of 2.056 articles were identified from research with 50 search terms, of which 26 returned results. An increase in publications on the topic was observed, especially since 1996. The most relevant source on the topic is the Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. The United States ranks first in terms of the number of citations on the subject and Brazil ranks 28th. Words such as wild, edible, plant, flowers, food, traditional, indigenous, and plants were the most cited in article titles. Despite the increase in research on the subject, the scenario is still incipient considering the large number of plants understood as “unconventional” existing.

Resumen Las plantas alimentícias no convencionales (PANC) son plantas espontáneas o cultivadas, capaces de ampliar las fuentes de nutrientes disponibles para la población y promover la soberania y seguridad alimentaria. A pesar del potencial que representan los PANC, la mayoría de las especies nativas de Brasil no forman parte del grupo de alimentos más consumidos en el país. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar el estado del arte de la investigación académica relacionada con PANC, utilizando un análisis bibliométrico de la investigación y producción científica mundial sobre el tema. Se identificaron un total de 2.056 artículos a partir de la investigación, con 50 términos de búsqueda, de los cuales 26 arrojaron resultados. Se observó un aumento de publicaciones sobre el tema, especialmente a partir de 1996. La fuente más relevante sobre el tema es el Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. Estados Unidos ocupan el primer lugar en cuanto al número de citas sobre el tema, y Brasil ocupa el puesto 28. Palabras como wild, edible, plant, flowers, food, traditional, indigenous e plants fueron las más citadas en los títulos de los artículos. A pesar del aumento de las investigaciones sobre el tema, el escenario aún es incipiente, considerando la gran cantidad de plantas entendidas como “no convencionales” existentes.

Resumo As plantas alimentícias não convencionais (PANC) são plantas espontâneas ou cultivadas, capazes de ampliar as fontes de nutrientes disponíveis à população e promover a soberania e segurança alimentar. Apesar do potencial que as PANC representam, as espécies nativas do Brasil, em sua maioria, não fazem parte do grupo de alimentos mais consumidos no país. O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar o estado da arte das pesquisas acadêmicas relacionadas às PANC, utilizando uma análise bibliométrica de pesquisa e produção científica mundial a respeito do tema. Foram identificados 2.056 artigos provenientes de pesquisa, com 50 termos de busca, sendo que, desses, 26 retornaram resultados. Foi observado um aumento em publicações sobre o tema, em especial a partir de 1996. A fonte mais relevante sobre o tema é o Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. Os Estados Unidos ocupam o primeiro lugar em relação ao número de citações sobre a temática, e o Brasil ocupa a 28ª colocação. Palavras como wild, edible, plant, flowers, food, traditional, indigenous e plants foram as mais citadas em títulos dos artigos. Apesar do aumento das pesquisas acerca do tema, o cenário ainda é incipiente, considerando a grande quantidade de plantas compreendidas como “não convencionais” existentes.

ABSTRACT The importance of maintaining straw on the soil surface is a subject widely discussed and proven in the literature. However, the effects of this straw on planting efficiency and quality still lack information. In this sense, both time and method of the black oat management influence the permanence of the straw on the soil and, thus, can interfere in the next crop's germination and plantability of the seed drill. This study aimed to evaluate methods and times of black oat management and their implications on the plantability and development of the corn crop in succession in two harvests. A randomized block design with twelve treatments was used, consisting of the combination of three methods of management (crushed, rolled, and desiccated) and four times of management (0, 10, 20, and 30 days before the corn sowing) of black oat straw, arranged in a 3 x 4 factorial scheme, with four replications. The black oat management carried out 30 days before the corn sowing provides the highest corn emergence rate. Management methods that promote greater fragmentation of straw tend to offer less mechanical impediment to seedling development and result in a greater initial and final plant population.

ABSTRACT Tomatoes are a highlight in the organic vegetables production, but in order to cultivate them, there is a lack of information on cultivars adapted to the organic system. The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive performance and to characterize the quality attributed to tomato fruits under the organic production system. The experiment was conducted in field, on an agroecological farm , in the municipality of Verê, Paraná State - Brazil. The experiment consisted on fourteen tomato cultivars, under a randomized complete block design, with four replications. The evaluated traits were the total and commercial fruit production, total and commercial number of fruits, mass and average diameter of commercial fruits and physicochemical quality traits (firmness, pH, color (L*, C and h°), soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), and the ratio of SS/TA). Considering together production traits and fruit quality aspects, the cultivars Netuno, Aguamiel, and Cordilheira can be considered the best choices, having potential to be recommended for organic production system.

ABSTRACT Onion production is conditioned to the adopted techniques during the cultivation. Sowing depth, soil preparation and cultivars are determinant factors for productivity to be increased. Two experiments were developed, the first with the objective of evaluating the effect of sowing depths and soil preparation methods on the germination and development of onion seedlings, while the objective of the second was to evaluate the productivity of onion cultivars as a soil preparation function. In experiment I, the split plot scheme was adopted, where the main plots consisted on soil tillage methods (total area and bed) and in the subplots, the sowing depths (0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0 cm), with six replicates. Experiment II was carried out in a split plot scheme, in which the main plots consisted on soil tillage methods (total area and bed) and in the subplots, such as onion cultivars (Itajubá, Rainha, Salto Grande, Ômega, Mulata and BR29), with four replicates. The 1.5 cm sowing depth provided greater speed of germination and plant stand. Raising beds offers the best initial seedling development. The onion cultivation under beds offers the highest vegetative development and productivity.

Resumo: As mulheres rurais vêm ganhando espaço nos debates e nas formulações das políticas públicas, bem como reconhecimento para o fortalecimento da agricultura familiar e para o desenvolvimento rural sustentável. Nesse sentido, o presente artigo tem como objetivo compreender a percepção sobre o papel e a representatividade das mulheres rurais no município de Vitorino, estado do Paraná. A metodologia adotada para o levantamento dos dados foi qualitativa, por meio de vinte e duas entrevistas semiestruturadas com agricultores familiares do município, conjuntamente com o apoio de uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a temática. De acordo com os resultados apurados, pode ser aferida a existência do êxodo das mulheres jovens para os centros urbanos, consequentemente ocasionando o fenômeno do envelhecimento da população do campo. Em relação à divisão de trabalho, pode ser percebido que as concepções existentes ainda são masculinizadas no que se refere à divisão e hierarquização do trabalho feminino na propriedade. Nesse sentido, apesar de existir um incentivo e mudança na sociedade no que tange às conquistas femininas, ainda é possível encontrar espaços onde existe a separação dos papéis pelo gênero. Assim, torna-se de suma importância repensar meios e alternativas para assegurar a participação efetiva na gestão da propriedade, além de fomentar os cursos e a assistência técnica para que esses atendam às necessidades das mulheres rurais, pois somente assim teremos o desenvolvimento rural em sua totalidade.

Abstract: Rural women have been gaining ground in the debates and formulations of public policies, as well as their recognition for the strengthening of family farming and sustainable rural development. In this sense, this article aims to understand the perception of the role and representativeness of rural women in the municipality of Vitorino, Paraná state. The methodology adopted for the data collection was qualitative, through twenty-two semi-structured interviews with the family farmers of the municipality, together with the support of a bibliographic review on the subject. According to the results, the existence of the exodus of young women to the urban centers can be verified, consequently causing the phenomenon of the aging of the female population in the countryside. Concerning the division of labor, it can be seen that the existing conceptions are still masculinized in what concerns the division and hierarchy of the feminine work in the property. In this sense, although there is an incentive and change in the society regarding the achievements of women, it is still possible to find spaces where there is still the separation of roles by gender. Thus, it becomes very important to rethink means and alternatives to ensure effective participation in property management, as well as to encourage courses and technical assistance so they can meet the needs of rural women, because only then will we have full rural development.

Resumen: Las mujeres rurales vienen ganando espacio en los debates y en las formulaciones de las políticas públicas, así como su reconocimiento para el fortalecimiento de la agricultura familiar y para el desarrollo rural sostenible. En este sentido, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo comprender la percepción sobre el papel y la representatividad de las mujeres rurales en el municipio de Vitorino, estado de Paraná. La metodología adoptada para el levantamiento de los datos fue cualitativa, a través de veintidós entrevistas semiestructuradas con los agricultores familiares del municipio, junto con el apoyo de una revisión bibliográfica sobre la temática. De acuerdo con los resultados constatados, puede ser evaluada la existencia del éxodo de las mujeres jóvenes hacia los centros urbanos, consecuentemente ocasionando el fenómeno del envejecimiento de la población femenina en el campo. Con relación a la división de trabajo, puede ser percibido que las concepciones existentes todavía son masculinizadas en lo que se refiere a la división y jerarquización del trabajo femenino en la propiedad. En ese sentido, a pesar de existir un incentivo y cambio en la sociedad en lo que se refiere a las conquistas femeninas, aún es posible encontrar espacios donde aún existe la separación de los papeles por género. Así, se vuelve de suma importancia repensar medias y alternativas para asegurar la participación efectiva en la gestión de la propiedad, además de fomentar los cursos y la asistencia técnica para que estos atiendan a las necesidades de las mujeres rurales, pues solo así tendremos el desarrollo rural en su totalidad.

Abstract Unconventional food plants (UFPs) are by definition little known and infrequently consumed by population, although are recognized as having high nutritional value and economic potential. The objective was to assess the knowledge about UFPs by the population in the southwestern region of the state of Paraná, Brazil; and more particularly to evaluate the holistic perception of an ice cream prepared with the UFP ora-pro-nóbis, a plant that is gaining attention in recent years We applied a questionnaire to assess knowledge of several UFPs; check-all-that-apply questions to evaluate the knowledge, habits and perceptions regarding UFPs; and word association (WA) and acceptance tests for holistic and hedonic evaluation of the ice cream. The results revealed that the best known UFP species were taro and roselle, followed by ora-pro-nóbis and lamb’s ear. They also revealed that among participants, the majority (63%) had heard of UFPs, but only 19.4% stated they had the custom of eating these plants. The respondents also indicated interest in buying UFPs, but stated it was not easy to find them for sale. In the WA test, ice cream was described mainly in the categories tasty, innovation, sweet taste, plant flavor, smooth and creamy, and the acceptance index was 74%.

ABSTRACT The effects of foliar application of Mo and use of N from cover crops (Crotalaria juncea L. and Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC) on the performance of common beans were investigated in this study. Field experiments were carried out in a succession planting system (cover crops - common beans), and nitrate reductase activities were evaluated in the laboratory. The production of cover crops was done in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme installed in random blocks with four replications. The two cover crops sunn hemp and jack bean composed the first factor and the molibdenum doses (0, 40, 80, and 120 g ha-1) the second. These doses were applied as foliar fertilization using sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4) as Mo source. For bean cultivation, an unfertilized control treatment was evaluated.. Sunn hemp showed a linear positive response to Mo application in terms of shoot dry matter and N accumulation, while jack bean showed a quadratic negative response for shoot dry matter; for N accumulation, there was no adjustment of the regression models. Nitrate reductase activity in the common beans was up to three times higher at the Mo dose of 0 g ha-1 when compared to the treatments with Mo application to both cover crops. Cover crops or Mo doses had no significant effect on bean productivity.

RESUMO. O intenso tráfego de máquinas no sistema plantio direto tem acarretado problemas de compactação do solo, ocasionando queda de rendimento das culturas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade de soja em razão de mecanismos sulcadores e níveis de compactação do solo, em duas safras agrícolas. O experimento foi conduzido em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico típico, em delineamento de blocos ao caso com parcelas subdivididas, onde nas parcelas foram dispostos os níveis de densidade (1,16; 1,20; 1,22 e 1,26 Mg m-3) e nas subparcelas os sulcadores (disco duplo e haste sulcadora). Foram avaliados a resistência à penetração, profundidade de sulco, área de solo mobilizada, estande final de plantas, altura de plantas, número médio de grãos por vagem, massa de 1.000 grãos, número de vagens por planta e produtividade da cultura. Independente do ano agrícola, a resistência à penetração aumentou com os níveis de compactação do solo até em torno de 0,20 m de profundidade. Na primeira safra, foi observado maior produtividade com o uso da haste. Na segunda safra, a haste proporcionou, aumento na profundidade de sulco, área mobilizada, altura de plantas e estande final de plantas, mas isso não se refletiu em ganhos de produtividade.

ABSTRACT. The heavy traffic of machines in no-tillage systems causes problems as soil compaction and loss of crops productivity. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the productivity of soybeans in reference to furrow openers and the levels of soil compaction in two crops. The experiment was conducted on Rhodic Hapludox by tracing random blocks with subdivided parcels. The soil bulk density levels were laid out in the parcels (1.16, 1.20, 1.22, and 1.26 Mg m-3) and the furrowers in the sub-parcels (double disc and shanks). The resistance to penetration, depth of the furrow, mobilized soil area, final plant stands, height of plants, mean number of beans by pod, 1,000 bean mass, number of pods per plant and productivity of the culture were evaluated. The resistance to penetration increased with the levels of soil compaction regardless of the farming year and up to a depth of 0.20 m. In the first crop, higher productivity with the use of the shank was observed. In the second crop, the use of the shank resulted in an increase in depth of the furrow, mobilized soil, height of the plants and final stand of the plants, but this did not indicate an increase in productivity.

RESUMO: O aumento do consumo do brócolis de cabeça única é devido à produção do alimento na forma minimamente processada e ao surgimento de híbridos com adaptação a climas variados, além da facilidade de colheita com esse tipo de arquitetura. Objetivou-se identificar os caracteres de maior relevância da planta de brócolis, representadas por caracteres de crescimento, que são determinantes da produção e da área do dossel. O experimento foi conduzido em área experimental no município de Pato Branco, PR. Os 11 caracteres foram avaliados em 365 plantas, espaçadas em 0,8x0,5m, sobre um experimento em branco. Os caracteres do grupo 1: altura, número de folhas, altura de caule, diâmetro de caule, foram avaliados aos 21 e aos 58 dias após o transplante (DAT); a área foliar foi avaliada aos 17 e 32 DAT. Os caracteres do grupo 2 foram: Massa da matéria fresca de cabeça e área do dossel. Nas fases iniciais da cultura, aos 17 e 21 DAT, as variações das características da planta não influenciam na variação da produção. Maior número de folhas e maior diâmetro do caule aos 58 dias após transplante determinam maior massa de cabeça de brócolis.

ABSTRACT: The increasing consumption of single-head broccoli is due to several factors, among them there are food production in minimally processing form and the existence of hybrids that adapt to various climates, in addition to the simple harvesting of this typical architecture.This study aimed to identify the most relevant plant characters of broccoli, represented by growth characters, which are determinant in the production and canopy area. The study was conducted in an experimental area in Pato Branco city, PR. The 11 characters were evaluated for 365 plants, spaced with 0.8x0.5m, on a blank experiment. The characters of group 1 (height, number of leaves, stem height, stem diameter) were evaluated on the 21 and 58 day after transplanting (DAT), and the leaf area was evaluated on the 17 and 32 DAT. The characters of group 2 were quantity of fresh head mass and canopy area. At the initial stage of cultivation, on the 17 and 21 DAT, variations in the plants characters did not lead toany variation in production. The higher number of leaves and the larger stem diameter on the 58 DAT determined the greater mass of the broccoli heads.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o tamanho ótimo de parcela (Xo), por amostragem na área total e nas frações de áreas, a fim de avaliar a massa e o diâmetro de cabeças de brócolis. Em campo, foram demarcadas 27 filas do híbrido BRO 68(r). Cada planta foi considerada como sendo uma unidade experimental básica (UEB). Para fins de análise, cada fila foi considerada como sendo um ensaio em branco com 100 UEB. Para os resultados das 27 filas, obtiveram-se os valores: mínimo, máximo, média, desvio padrão, CV, intervalo de confiança, o tamanho de amostra (número de filas) para estimar o Xo e para estimar a média. O tamanho ótimo de parcela para avaliar a massa e diâmetro de cabeças de brócolis é igual a cinco unidades experimentais básicas (plantas).

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to determine the optimum plot size by sampling the total area and the fractions' areas in order to evaluate the mass and diameter of broccoli heads. In the field, 27 rows of hybrid BRO 68(r) were demarcated. Each plant was considered as an experimental basic unit (UEB). For analysis purposes, each row was regarded as being one blank test on 100 UEB. For the results of 27 rows yielded values: minimum, maximum, average, standard deviation, CV, confidence interval, the sample size (number of rows) to estimate Xo and to estimate the mean. The optimum plot size to evaluate the mass and diameter of broccoli heads equals five basic experimental units (plants).

The effects of roots are generally not considered in studies assessing crop responses to green manure. However, measuring such effects can contribute to a better understanding of crop rotation. In two experiments, we evaluated the content of legume-N in crop tissue and the fertilizer value of the roots and shoots of two legume species. Roots, shoots, or whole plants of the legumes sunhemp (Crotalaria juncea) and jack beans (Canavalia ensiformis) were cropped as green manure to supply nitrogen to cabbage crops (Brassica oleracea var. capitata). The principle of the A-value technique was applied to estimate the fertilizer value of each plant part. In a pot experiment, both the content of legume-N in cabbage and the fertilizer value of the whole plant was higher than the shoots, which was in turn higher than that of the roots. In field condition, roots had a decreasing effect on the N content of cabbage plants. Growing cabbage on legume root residue resulted in an increased absorption of 15N-urea, resulting in negative values for legume-N content: -13.59 g kg-1 and -3.51 g kg-1 for sunhemp and jack beans, respectively. Suggesting both low N supply by roots and N immobilization in soil organic matter or microbial biomass. Future research should focus on estimating the net N acquisition by plants from root residues under field conditions, where rooting patterns and biomass distribution differ from those in pot experiments, therefore giving a more realistic quantitative estimate.

Em estudos de avaliação do desempenho de culturas em sequência à adubação verde, geralmente não se considera o efeito das raízes dos adubos verdes. Entretanto, tais efeitos podem contribuir para maior entendimento científico dessa modalidade de adubação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da raiz e da parte aérea de duas leguminosas sobre a produção do repolho. O trabalho foi conduzido em vasos de 10 L de solo/areia, na proporção de 2:1. O experimento foi instalado em esquema fatorial (2x3) + 2, sendo duas espécies de leguminosas (Crotalaria juncea L. e Canavalia ensiformis L.), três partes das plantas (raiz, parte aérea ou planta inteira) e dois tratamentos adicionais (adubação mineral, com 100 e 50% da dose recomendada de N para a cultura do repolho), em blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições. Os vasos com os tratamentos de leguminosas receberam adubação mineral com 50% da dose recomendada de N para a cultura do repolho. A unidade experimental constou de um vaso com uma planta. As leguminosas foram cultivadas nos vasos e cortadas aos 78 dias. A massa das raízes foi determinada em vasos extras. A produção foi avaliada pelas massas das matérias fresca e seca da cabeça de repolho. A aplicação da planta inteira de ambas as espécies de leguminosas diminui a produção de repolho. A aplicação de raiz ou de parte aérea de quaisquer das espécies de leguminosas foi equivalente a 50% da adubação com N-mineral requerida para a cultura do repolho.

Roots effect is not generally considered in studies assessing the performance of crops in response to green manuring. However, such effect can contribute to a better understanding of crop rotation. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of root and shoot of two legumes on the production of cabbage. The experiment was conducted in pots of 10 liters containing substrate of 2:1 soil/sand. The experiment was arranged in a factorial scheme (2x3 + 2) in a randomized block design with five replicates using two legume species (Crotalaria juncea L. and Canavalia ensiformis L), three plant parts (root, shoot, or whole plant), and two additional treatments (mineral fertilization with 100% and 50% of the recommended dose of N for growing cabbage). Pots with legume treatments received mineral fertilizer with 50% of the recommended dose of N for growing cabbage. The experimental plot consisted of a pot containing one plant of cabbage. Legumes were grown in pots and harvested at 78 days. The root biomass was determined in extra pots. Production was assessed using head fresh and dry weight. The application of the whole plant of both legume species reduced cabbage production. However, root or shoot of both legume species was equivalent to 50% of mineral N fertilization required for the cultivation of cabbage.