RESUMO Introdução As pessoas com doenças mentais vivenciam atitudes estigmatizantes da população em geral, incluindo profissionais de saúde e estudantes. Estudos internacionais estimam o estigma em estudantes de terapia ocupacional em relação a pessoas com doença mental como moderado. Objetivo Descrever o estigma em relação às pessoas com doença mental em estudantes e professores de graduação em terapia ocupacional. Método Estudo transversal e descritivo, com professores e alunos do 1º e 4º anos de terapia ocupacional em uma universidade de Santiago, Chile. Foi utilizado um formulário online (Opening Minds Stigma Scale for Health Care Providers [OMS-HC]) e um formulário de dados sociodemográficos. Os escores médios foram calculados para um questionário com 20 itens e ajustado para três dimensões com 15 itens. Foram utilizados os testes UMann-Whitney e t-Student para calcular as diferenças entre os grupos. Os dados sociodemográficos foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva. Resultados Amostra de 87 pessoas, idade média 27 anos (18-58), 81 (93%) mulheres, 41 (47%) alunos do 4º ano, 28 (24%) alunos do 1º ano e 22 (25%) professores. A pontuação média do OMS-HC para a amostra total foi 42,2 pontos (28-57), indicando nível moderado-baixo de atitudes estigmatizantes. Os alunos do 1º ano obtiveram pontuações mais altas, mas as diferenças não foram significativas. Conclusão Os resultados são consistentes com a literatura anterior, referindo-se a um nível moderado-baixo de estigma em relação às pessoas com doenças mentais. As diferenças incipientes entre alunos do 1º e 4º anos sugerem ser relevantes novos estudos com uma amostra maior em outros contextos.

Abstract Introduction People with mental illness experience stigmatizing attitudes from the general population, including health professionals and students. International studies have estimated the stigma in occupational therapy students towards people with mental illness as moderate. Objective To describe stigma against people with mental illness in occupational therapy undergraduate students and professors at one university in Chile. Method This is a descriptive cross-sectional study including 1st and 4th-year occupational therapy students and professors at one university in Santiago, Chile, 2020. An adapted version of the Opening Minds Stigma Scale for Health Care Providers (WHO-HC) was used to assess stigmatizing attitudes, and sociodemographic data were also collected. Average scores for WHO-HC were calculated for the 20-item questionnaire and also adjusted by its 3 dimensions with 15 items. UMann-Whitney y t-student tests were used to estimate group differences. Sociodemographic data were analyzed with descriptive statistics. Results Sample consisted of 87 subjects, average age 27 (18-58), 81 (93%) women, 41 (47%) 4th year students, 28 (24%) 1st year students, and 22 (25%) professors. WHO-HC average score for the sample was 42,2 (28-57) indicating moderate to low stigmatizing attitudes. The 1st year students obtained higher scores, with a non-significant difference. Conclusion The results are consistent with previous literature estimating moderate to low levels of stigmatizing attitudes towards people with mental illness. Emerging differences were observed between 1st and 4th-year students, to be explored by further studies in larger samples and other contexts.

Resumen Introducción Las personas con enfermedad mental experimentan actitudes estigmatizadoras desde la población general, incluyendo profesionales y estudiantes de la salud. Estudios internacionales han estimado el estigma en estudiantes de terapia ocupacional hacia personas con enfermedad mental como moderado. Objetivo Describir el estigma hacia personas con enfermedad mental en estudiantes y profesores de terapia ocupacional en una universidad chilena. Método Estudio descriptivo transversal con docentes y estudiantes en 1er y 4° año de terapia ocupacional en una universidad en Santiago de Chile, año 2020. Se aplicó formato online de cuestionario Opening Minds Stigma Scale for Health Care Providers (OMS-HC), versión adaptada a Chile, y formulario de datos sociodemográficos. Se calculó puntajes promedio para cuestionario de 20 ítems y ajustado a tres dimensiones con 15 ítems. Se usó pruebas de UMann-Whitney y t student para diferencias entre grupos. Los datos sociodemográficos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva. Resultados Muestra de 87 personas, edad promedio 27 años (18-58), 81 (93%) mujeres, 41 (47%) estudiantes de 4to año, 28 (24%) estudiantes de 1er año, y 22 (25%) docentes. Puntaje promedio OMS-HC para muestra total fue 42,2 puntos (28-57), indicando nivel moderado-bajo de actitudes estigmatizadoras. Estudiantes de 1er año obtuvieron mayores puntajes, pero diferencias no fueron significativas. Conclusión Los resultados son consistentes con literatura previa refiriendo nivel moderado-bajo de actitudes estigmatizadoras hacia personas con enfermedades mentales. Las diferencias incipientes entre estudiantes de 1er y 4to año hacen pertinentes nuevos estudios con mayor tamaño muestral y en otros contextos.

Introduction: People with mental illnesses frequently experience stigma from health care professionals, which is why it is an urge to count with adequate assessments to evaluate stigma to address it. This manuscript describes the process of language translation and content validation in Chile of the Opening Minds Scale for the assessment of stigma against people with mental illnesses in Healthcare Practitioners (WHO-HC), originally developed in Canada. Methods: Language translation and content validation analysis were performed, including English-Spanish translation and reverse translation by professional translator, item triangulation by researchers, and content validity analysis of the translated questionnaire by expert evaluation based on the Content Validity Index (CVI), including 10 experts in academia, research, and one expert by experience. Items rated with CVI 0.51-0.99 were considered acceptable. Results: From the total of 20 items of the questionnaire, two were rated with lower CVI than acceptable, specifically related to the constructs "hope" and "compassion", part of the theoretical framework of Recovery in which the questionnaire is based on. The two items were re-evaluated including original authors to adapt them seeking fidelity to the foundational constructs, through an iterative process with experts. Conclusions: The translation of the Opening Minds Scale for Healthcare Practitioners (WHO-HC) is presented, adapted to Spanish in Chile after content analysis, consisting of 20 items for the evaluation of stigma towards people with mental illness in health professionals, enabling the development of new studies to analyze criterion validity, and the exploration of feasibility and utility at the local level.

Resumen Introducción: Las personas con enfermedades mentales con frecuencia experimentan estigma por parte de profesionales de la salud, por lo que es necesario disponer de instrumentos para evaluar el estigma e implementar acciones para reducirlo. Este manuscrito describe el proceso de traducción y validación de contenido en Chile del instrumento Opening Minds Scale for Healthcare Practitioners (OMS-HC), para la evaluación del estigma en profesionales de la salud hacia personas con enfermedad mental desarrollado originalmente en Canadá. Método: Se realizó la traducción y análisis de validación de contenido, incluyendo etapas de traducción inglés-castellano y traducción inversa por traductora profesional, triangulación, y finalmente consulta a expertos para evaluación de validez de contenido según Índice de Validez de Contenido (IVC) con 10 expertos de investigación, academia, y experto por experiencia en salud mental. Se consideró aceptables ítems con IVC entre 0,51-0,99. Resultados: Del total de 20 ítems del cuestionario, dos fueron evaluados con IVC menor al establecido, relacionados con constructos “hope” y “compassion”, propios del marco teórico-modelo de Recovery, base del instrumento. Los dos ítems fueron re-evaluados con autores originales para adaptarlos procurando fidelidad al constructo, en un proceso iterativo con expertos. Conclusiones: Se presenta la traducción del instrumento Opening Minds Scale for Healthcare Practitioners (OMS-HC) adaptado al castellano y con análisis de su validación de contenido, consistente de 20 ítems para evaluación del estigma hacia personas con enfermedades mentales en profesionales de la salud, posibilitando nuevos estudios que analicen su validez de criterio, y la exploración de su utilidad a nivel local.

Late season cherry (Prunus avium [L.] L.) cultivars have turned of important relevance in production systems of the south of Chile with a continuous increase in exports. Cherries reach final markets after long distance ocean shipping and pitting damage continues to be the main postharvest detrimental quality loss during this period. Different factors affect pitting expression responses during harvest and postharvest fruit management. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of postharvest factors in pitting development of two late cherry ’Regina’ and ’Sweetheart’ using an impact energy method. Maturity stage (red and dark red), impact energy (0.00342 and 0.0107 J) and storage time (0, 7, 14, 21, 28 d) were evaluated. Fruit composition (soluble solids, pH, and titratable acidity), weight loss (%) and firmness were measured. Induced pitting was determined after allocating a known impact energy level and obtaining an imprint of the damaged area. Pit diameter, depth and volume were determined by light microscopy techniques and image analysis. Pitting damage that occurred naturally on fruit picked at commercial maturity stage was determined at harvest and during cold storage. The induced pitting device allowed for the application of a mechanical injury of known impact energy, useful to determine pitting susceptibility differences among cultivars. The coefficient of variation of the method was 0.18 for pit diameter, 0.37 for pit depth and 0.6 for pit volume, indicating repeatability of results independent of the impact energy applied or the variety studied. ’Sweetheart’ showed higher incidence of induced pitting during storage, with an average 2.8 pit volume increase compared to a 2.2 increase in ’Regina’ during the same period. Naturally occurring damage of commercial fruit verified results obtained with the induced pitting device, with ’Sweetheart’ more susceptible than ’Regina’ (P < 0.05).

Unstable proteins may react with polyphenols, forming haze and precipitation in white wines. Therefore, the adsorption of these wine proteins is an essential step in the production of white wines. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of adsorption of these proteins on the stability, and protein and phenolic composition of a Chardonnay wine. In this work, protein stabilization of Chardonnay wine was done by continuous adsorption using a packed bed with a SP-Trisacryl-M adsorbent (Sigma-Aldrich). A more pronounced breakthrough of proteins and turbidity causing compounds was found after treating 65 bed volumes of wine by the resin. An increased retention of the protein fraction of 20-50 kDa during the first 62 bed volumes of treated wine was related to improved wine stability. The removal of phenolics by Trisacryl was low. Caffeic acid and (-)-epicatechin were the main phenolic compounds that could be detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Chardonnay, a low protein content wine, improved its stability after Trisacryl treatment due to the adsorption of the 20-50 kDa protein fraction.

Proteínas inestables pueden reaccionar con polifenoles, formando turbidez y precipitación en vinos blancos. Por ende, la adsorción de estas proteínas de vino es una etapa esencial en la producción de vinos blancos. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la influencia de la adsorción de estas proteínas en la estabilidad y la composición proteica y fenólica de un vino Chardonnay. En este trabajo, la estabilización proteica de vino Chardonnay se realizó mediante adsorción en continuo, utilizando un lecho empaquetado con adsorbente de SP-Trisacryl-M (Sigma-Aldrich). Un quiebre más pronunciado de proteínas y componentes causantes de turbidez se encontró después de pasar un volumen de vino equivalente a 65 lechos de volumen de Trisacryl a través de la resina. Una mayor retención de la fracción proteica de 20-50 kDa durante los primeros 62 lechos de volumen de vino tratado se relacionó con una mayor estabilidad del vino tratado mediante Trisacryl. La remoción de los fenoles mediante Trisacryl fue baja. El ácido cafeico y (-)-epicatequina fueron los principales compuestos fenólicos detectados mediante cromatografía líquida de alta eficiencia (HPLC). Chardonnay, un vino de bajo contenido proteico, mejoró su estabilidad después del tratamiento con Trisacryl debido a la adsorción de la fracción proteica de 20-50 kDa.